职业有害因素对女工子代先天畸形的影响

目的　为了更全面地研究职业有害因素对女工生殖系统的影响 ,指导育龄妇女的工位调整 ,保证下一代健康。方法　对驻马店市二十几个有害工种的已生育女工 32 10名、2 6 92名对照组及其子女进行问卷调查。结果　有害作业女工子代先天畸形发生率 2 1.4‰ ,比对照组显著增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,增高 16 .98‰ ,五种毒物作业女工子代先天畸形发生率以铅和苯最高 ,分别为 6 8.18‰和 19.90‰。结论　因此改善劳动条件 ,不但关系有害作业者本身的健康 ,同样关系到优生优育 ,提高人口素质     

锰对女工生殖机能的影响

本文研究了锰对女工生殖机能的影响。作业场所空气中MnO_2的浓度为0.18～7.32mg/m~3。接触锰女工性欲减退者占7.35%,月经异常发生率为40.2%,子代先天畸形发生率为13.85‰,显著高于对照组(P<0,05)。为控制混杂因素的作用,对月经异常进行了条件Logistic回归分析。并对研究结果进行了讨论。     

职业接触某些工业毒物女工月经及妊娠结局的变化

目的观察女工职业接触某些工业毒物生殖功能的变化。方法对某农药厂、化工厂和机械厂3家女工进行整群抽样,分接触组(2 301人)和非接触组(1 407人)。采取收集当年妇科普查表的方式进行调查分析。结果接触组女工月经经期异常、周期异常、经量异常的发生率均显著高于非接触组(P<0.05)。妊娠结局的指标中早产的发生率,接触组显著高于非接触组(P<0.05);死产及自然流产的发生率,接触组与非接触组组间差异无显著性。结论职业接触某些工业毒物,女工月经和妊娠结局会发生某些变化。     

石化作业女工宫外孕自然流产死胎死产情况调查分析

有关职业有害因素对不良妊娠结局的影响国内外已开展了大量研究,发现职业性接触金属毒物的女工发生死胎、死产的危险性比职业性接触其它化学物质的女工高,铅作业女工自然流产、死产率均高于对照组。石     

铅作业工人尿铅在性别上的差异

目的探讨铅作业工人尿铅有无性别上差异。方法选择接触铅作业1 a以上,并且平均年龄及铅作业工龄段人数构成比均相近的不同性别的两组工人(女工组1 133名,男工组342名)作为研究对象,测定其尿铅,对测定结果进行统计学分析。结果女工组同工龄尿铅异常发生率除25岁~组外,其他均明显高于男工组,女工组尿铅异常总发生率为29.7%,与男工相比(8.2%),差异有非常显著性,P<0.01。结论铅对作业工人尿铅的影响有性别差异,女性高于男性。是否与女性的解剖生理特点及对毒物的敏感性高有关,有待于继续研究。     

职业铅接触对女工及其子代的影响

铅是古老而常用的金属,其生殖毒性和发育毒性在动物实验已得到证实,本文仅就近年来职业铅接触对女工及其子代的影响作一综述。 铅接触女工和男工的效应和反应     

氯乙烯作业人员生育情况调查

接触组为已婚从事氯乙烯作业满1年的工人289(男213,女76)名,对照组选不接触毒物的化机工人331(男265,女66)名。调查结果:接触组女工子代先天异常和月经异常的检出率分别为33.47‰和35.33％,明显高于对照组的11.36‰和22.73％,P 值均     

铅作业女工生殖机能及子代发育情况的调查

为观察铅对作业女工月经、生育机能及子代的影响,1987～1989年对198名铅作业女工进行流行病学调查,并做统计分析。1 调查对象、方法 选择铅作业女工198人为观察对象;选择除不接触有害因素,其他条件相同女工106人为对照组。按     

焦化作业对女工生殖结局及子代的影响

应用职业流行病学方法,对焦化厂有毒作业210名已婚女工(简称接触组)及对照组134名女工的生殖结局进行了调查。结果表明,接触组女工妊娠合并贫血、自然流产、不足月产显著高于对照组,P<0.05;接触组出生缺陷与对照组相比,呈中等联系强度,RR=2.17,P>0.05;Logistic回归分析表明,早产、足月产率下降与作业环境浓度相关联。焦化作业环境中存在多种职业有害因素,其中BSO超标3.35～72倍,其它毒物未超标。     

工业毒物与女性生殖效应

工业毒物与女性生殖效应的关系,可追溯至1860年Paul的报道,英国陶器厂的女工患不孕、流产的发病率明显高于其他工种的女工,表明与职业接触铅有关。本世纪60～70年代,出现二溴氯丙烷及甲基汞对子代造成的影响;从而对工业毒物与女性生殖效应引起了注意。国外已先后报道了有关工业毒物对女性的生殖效应。国内在解放后也作了关于铅、汞、二硫化碳、氯乙烯等的报道。1987年在南宁召开的首届全国妇女劳动卫生学术讨论会上报告了65篇论文,其中36篇是关于工业毒物与女性生殖效应的论文,占55.4％。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.