尿肌酐的高效液相色谱测定法

肌酐是体内组织蛋白代谢的产物之一。在正常情况下,肌酐由肾小球滤过后再被肾小管重吸收,排出量相当恒定。正常排泄量,男性1.0～2.0克/24h,女性0.6～1.5克/24h。尿肌酐的测定.除具有众所周知的临床价值外,由于它排泄量较恒定,故有人在报告尿中某些物质排出量时,不再用24h 排出量或每升尿含量来表示,而用排出每毫克或每克肌酐时     

农药氧乐果生产的劳动卫生学调查

本文报导了对氧化乐果生产2年的劳动卫生学调查结果。空气中氧乐果平均浓度在合成工段为0.502±0.293mg/m~3,包装车间为1.177±0.302和3.203±2.856mg/m~3。包装车间工人手污染量平均为9.56±13.85μg/cm~2。体检表明所有受检的接触者均无明显的症状和体征,仅发现包装工人血液胆硷酯酶活力有轻度下降,接触者尿中代谢产物二甲基磷酸酯和外周血淋巴细胞SCE与对照组相比无显著差异。本文建议车间空气中氧乐果的最高容许浓度可定为0.3mg/m~3。     

从胚胎毒性和生殖毒性角度对二硫化碳容许浓度值的探讨

本文对接触CS_2的已婚工人的自然流产和子代先天缺陷发生率进行了回顾性调查,结果表明:接触CS_2的浓度为12.1～43.0毫克/米~3的女工组和男工妻子组的自然流产和子代先天缺陷的发生率均显著高于对照组;接触5.6～7.3毫克/米~3的女工组的子代先天缺陷发生率仍显著高于对照组。根据这一结果,我们认为现行CS_2的卫生标准(10毫克/米~3)必须加以修订,CS_2的容许浓度应降至5毫克/米~3以下。     

职业接触二甲苯尿中甲基马尿酸生物限值的研究

选择不同暴露水平的二甲苯接触个体,检测个体二甲苯暴露浓度,同时采集当日工人班末尿样,对尿中二甲苯的代谢产物甲基马尿酸的含量进行测定,将二甲苯的外暴露空气浓度与体内甲基马尿酸代谢量进行回归分析,结合国外限值资料,提出适合我国职业卫生现状的甲基马尿酸生物限值的建议。接触工人在空气中二甲苯浓度为0～144.21 mg/m3时,班末尿中甲基马尿酸(MHA)与空气中二甲苯浓度之间存在良好相关性,肌酐校正回归方程为y(g/g肌酐)=0.0052x(mg/m3)+0.0112,r=0.731;比重校正回归方程为y(g/L)=0.0089x(mg/m3)-0.0259,r=0.793。将我国二甲苯职业接触限值50 mg/m3分别代入回归方程,推出工作班末尿中甲基马尿酸含量为0.271 g/g肌酐和0.419 g/L。依据我国二甲苯实际接触情况,参考国外相关标准和文献,建议我国职业接触二甲苯的代谢产物尿中甲基马尿酸的生物接触限值为班末尿0.3 g/g肌酐或0.4 g/L。     

应用毛细管离子分析仪测定尿液中肌酐的含量

肌酐是人体内肌酸的代谢产物,它是反映肾功能的重要指标,而尿肌酐含量的测定是临床常规检验项目。由于一天内人体排出尿的浓度有很大的波动,而每个人的尿肌酐排泄量却相对比较稳定;另外在不同人之间尿的浓度也有一定的差异,因此尿中其它代谢物质与尿肌酐含量的比值常作为这些物质的相对排泄量,     

接触无机汞工人血中溶酶体酶的改变

由于血汞及尿汞水平和接触汞的程度很少一致的关系,近年来各国都趋向研究敏感的生化指标或仪器测定,以便检查出汞的异常吸收或反映汞危害健康的临床前期征象。基于这个目的,作者对某氯碱工厂接触空气含汞浓度0.06～0.3毫克/米~6的100名工人进行了检查。由于理论上认为汞可阻滞溶酶体膜(lysosomial membrane)上的受体,干扰溶酶体酶持续     

153名接触氟化物工人晨尿与全日尿含氟量的测定比较

尿氟增高是氟过量摄入的特异性指标,对于氟中毒的诊断和防治以及评价环境污染都有一定参考价值。但通常收集受检者24小时尿液的方法,繁琐不便。为方便留尿者和有利于大批检查起见,我们于1974年6～8月研究了我市某厂车间空气中氟化氢浓度平均4～6毫克/米~3条件下,接触氟化物工人同日晨尿与全日尿含氟量的差异问题。测定结果经统计学处理,二者之差异无显著意义。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法检测尿中磷酸二甲酯

采用氮吹保护尿样中久效磷的代谢产物磷酸二甲酯（DMP），以有机溶剂萃取将DMP以2,3,4,5,6-五氟溴苄苯（PFB-Br）衍生化，采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）法对待测物磷酸二甲酯衍生物（DMP-PFB）浓度进行检测。结果显示，尿中DMP的工作曲线在0~985 μg/L范围内呈线性关系，r2=0.999 7，最低检出限为3.0 μg/L；高、低浓度DMP尿样精密度实验RSD均＜5%，经质谱图确证精密度良好。本法线性范围广，操作简单，反应条件温和，值得广泛推广。     

北京地区成人雌马酚代谢表型与血清性激素关系研究

目的确定北京地区成人雌马酚代谢表型与血清性激素的关系。方法应用现况调查方法,调查北京市区180名20～72岁志愿者生活方式及膳食营养素摄入量;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析负荷大豆异黄酮(Iso)前后尿中雌马酚等大豆异黄酮24h排泄量,分析雌马酚代谢表型与血清性激素的关系。结果男性血清总睾酮浓度,女性血清雌二醇和孕酮浓度,在产雌马酚者与非产生者间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在男性产雌马酚者中,日常膳食情况下的尿液总大豆异黄酮、大豆素、雌马酚、邻脱甲基安哥拉柴檀素、黄豆黄素和双氢黄豆黄素24h排泄量与血清总睾酮浓度呈负相关(r=-0.29～-0.36,P<0.05);而女性日常膳食情况下的尿液大豆异黄酮代谢产物24h排泄量与血清雌二醇和孕激素相关性无统计学意义(P>0.05),且与雌马酚代谢表型无关。结论日常膳食Iso暴露与男性血清总睾酮水平有关。     

慢性二硫化碳中毒时电解质的代谢障碍

作者报告了125例慢性二硫化碳中毒病人血钾和血钠的测定结果。受检病人中,三分之二以上是女工,接触二硫化碳的工龄都在十年以上。工作带二硫化碳的浓度通常不超过60毫克/米~3,近4～5年来为30～40毫克/米~3。在检查期间继续接触二硫化碳的病人为第一组,在2～10年前已脱离接触二硫化碳的病人为第二组。各项测定均有健康人作为对照组,人数30～67不等。慢性二硫化碳中毒,在临床上根据病理改变的发展程度分为三期:(1) 亚临床     

Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus insecticides by assay of urinary alkyl phosphates: influence of protective measures during manual operations with treated plants

Biological monitoring was carried out by assaying urinary dimethylated alkylphosphates [dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), dimethylthio-phosphate (DMTP), and dimethylphosphate (DMP)] in 11 workers exposed to chlorpyrifos-methyl and azinphosmethyl during operations in a previously sprayed peach orchard. The subjects were divided into groups on the basis of the protective clothing worn. The results were compared with those of a reference group of 99 subjects not occupationally exposed to organophosphorus insecticides. The hand-wash liquid of the workers was also analyzed to evaluate skin contamination. Significantly higher levels of urinary excretion of alkylphosphates were found in all groups than in unexposed controls (Student's t test). A good correlation was found between quantities of the active ingredients on the hands and urinary excretion of total dimethylated alkylphosphates (r = 0.788) and of DMTP (r = 0.749) and DMP (r = 0.790) alone. The correlation between azinphos-methyl on the hands and urinary excretion of DMDTP was poor (r = 0.069). Under the working conditions investigated, the main route of absorption seems to be via the skin. Respiratory absorption, however, also appears significant in view of the difference in urinary excretion of dimethylated alkylphosphates found between subjects with and without face masks.     

氧乐果在大鼠体内的毒代动力学

本文研究了氧乐果的毒代动力学。结果表明,氧乐果及其代谢物在大鼠血中的动态分布规律符合二室开放模型。有关动力学参数分析结果提示,氧乐果及其代谢物在大鼠体内的特点是,自中央室向周围室分布快,自周围室向中央室返分布慢,自体内排除慢.     

Multiroute Exposure Assessment and Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of Fenitrothion During Manual Operations on Treated Ornamental Plants in Greenhouses

The results of environmental and biological (five subjects) monitoring of exposure to fenitrothion during manual operations on treated ornamental plants in greenhouses are reported. Urinary excretion [GM (GSD)] of alkylphosphates [dimethylphosphate (DMP) + dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP)] (nmol/g creat) was 244.8 (1.8), 174.0 (2.0), and 354.4 (1.6) respectively, on the first (Monday), third (Wednesday), and fifth (Friday) days of work. These levels were not significantly higher than those recorded in a control group (21 subjects) in which urinary excretion [GM (GSD)] of DMP + DMTP was 102.8 (4.2) nmol/g creat. Air concentrations of fenitrothion (nmol/m³) ranged from 45.5 to 81.2 on Monday, 17.3 to 27.1 on Wednesday, and 9.7 to 19.1 on Friday. Dose estimates showed that the respiratory-absorbed doses of fenitrothion accounted, on the average (GM), for 94.7%, 93.1%, and 91.5% of the total absorbed dose on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation (r² = 0.595) between urinary excretion of DMP + DMTP, respiratory-absorbed dose, and skin-absorbed dose, estimated on Monday and Wednesday. Total estimated absorbed doses did not exceed the acceptable daily intake for fenitrothion. Serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities were not significantly different before and after exposure. Received: 18 February 1998/Accepted: 12 November 1998     

早期慢性肾脏病患者血清脂联素水平的变化

目的检测早期慢性肾脏病（GFR≥60ml／min）患者血清脂联素、血清白蛋白、尿蛋白排泄量、血脂、肾功能水平，探讨早期慢性肾脏病患者血清脂联素水平的变化及与各影响因素的关系。方法选择早期原发性慢性肾脏病患者42例，分为2组：肾病综合征组（19例）和非肾病综合征组（23例）。另设健康对照组（20例）。用ELISA方法检测血清脂联素，同时测定血肌酐、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血脂和24h尿蛋白量，按公式计算体重指数（BMI），比较各组间的差别。结果患者血清脂联素水平在肾病综合征组[（21．9±11．3）mg／L]和非肾病综合征组[（11．0±7．0）mg／L]均显著升高，与对照组[（5，6±3．3）mg／L]相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），且肾病综合征组血清脂联素水平明显高于非肾病综合征组（P〈0．01）；血清脂联素与血清总蛋白（r=-n5680）、白蛋白（r=-0．6241）、BMI（r=-0．4083）呈负相关，与24h尿蛋白量呈正相关（r=0．6154）（P〈0．01）。结论在早期慢性肾脏病，尤其是大量蛋白尿患者，血清脂联素水平明显升高，并与血清白蛋白、尿蛋白量及BMI有关。血清脂联素升高的发生机制及其在慢性肾脏病中的意义尚待探讨。     

Evidence for concurrent effects of exposure to environmental cadmium and lead on hepatic CYP2A6 phenotype and renal function biomarkers in nonsmokers

We examined the interrelationships between phenotype of hepatic cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), nephropathy, and exposure to cadmium and lead in a group of 118 healthy Thai men and women who had never smoked. Their urinary Cd excretion ranged from 0.05 to 2.36 microg/g creatinine, whereas their urinary Pb excretion ranged from 0.1 to 12 microg/g creatinine. Average age and Cd burden of women and men did not differ. Women, however, on average showed a 46% higher urinary Pb excretion (p < 0.001) and lower zinc status, suggested by lower average serum Zn and urinary Zn excretion compared with those in men. Cd-linked nephropathy was detected in both men and women. However, Pb-linked nephropathy was seen only in women, possibly because of higher Pb burden coupled with lower protective factors, notably of Zn (p < 0.001), in women compared with men. In men, Pb burden showed a negative association with CYP2A6 activity (adjusted beta = -0.29, p = 0.003), whereas Cd burden showed a positive association with CYP2A6 activity (adjusted beta = 0.38, p = 0.001), suggesting opposing effects of Cd and Pb on hepatic CYP2A6 phenotype. The weaker correlation between Cd burden CYP2A6 activity in women despite similarity in Cd burden between men and women is consistent with opposing effects of Pb and Cd on hepatic CYP2A6 phenotypic expression. A positive correlation between Cd-linked nephropathy (urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase excretion) and CYP2A6 activity in men (r = 0.39, p = 0.002) and women (r = 0.37, p = 0.001) suggests that Cd induction of hepatic CYP2A6 expression and Cd-linked nephropathy occurred simultaneously.     

Renal tubular function of workers exposed to low levels of cadmium.

Cadmium induced renal tubular effects were examined in 65 female workers in a factory manufacturing nickel cadmium batteries. Urinary beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity (NAG), and serum creatinine and serum urea concentrations were used to assess the renal effects. Of the four measures, only urinary NAG and urinary beta 2m showed a strong positive correlation with blood cadmium concentrations (r = 0.49 and 0.43 respectively); NAG showed a weaker correlation with urinary cadmium concentrations (r = 0.35). Urinary beta 2m has weak correlation with urinary cadmium (r = 0.04). Only urinary NAG showed a significant deterioration in renal function among the exposed group. NAG detects the largest proportion of abnormalities among the exposed group. Abnormal urinary beta 2m is detected in only 15.4% of the workers, half of whom have blood cadmium above 10 micrograms/l. The proportion of abnormalities detected by urinary NAG differs significantly from the proportion of abnormalities detected by urinary beta 2m (p less than 0.01). The age adjusted mean urinary NAG excretion showed a significant rise with urinary cadmium of above 3 micrograms/g creatinine. Urinary beta 2m failed to show any significant rise. With blood cadmium concentrations, the age adjusted mean urinary NAG excretion showed a rise from 1 microgram/l of blood cadmium followed by a plateau between blood cadmium concentrations of 3-10 micrograms/l. No significant rise in mean urinary excretion in beta 2m was seen until blood cadmium concentrations exceeded 10 micrograms/l.     

Renal tubular function of workers exposed to low levels of cadmium

Cadmium induced renal tubular effects were examined in 65 female workers in a factory manufacturing nickel cadmium batteries. Urinary beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity (NAG), and serum creatinine and serum urea concentrations were used to assess the renal effects. Of the four measures, only urinary NAG and urinary beta 2m showed a strong positive correlation with blood cadmium concentrations (r = 0.49 and 0.43 respectively); NAG showed a weaker correlation with urinary cadmium concentrations (r = 0.35). Urinary beta 2m has weak correlation with urinary cadmium (r = 0.04). Only urinary NAG showed a significant deterioration in renal function among the exposed group. NAG detects the largest proportion of abnormalities among the exposed group. Abnormal urinary beta 2m is detected in only 15.4% of the workers, half of whom have blood cadmium above 10 micrograms/l. The proportion of abnormalities detected by urinary NAG differs significantly from the proportion of abnormalities detected by urinary beta 2m (p less than 0.01). The age adjusted mean urinary NAG excretion showed a significant rise with urinary cadmium of above 3 micrograms/g creatinine. Urinary beta 2m failed to show any significant rise. With blood cadmium concentrations, the age adjusted mean urinary NAG excretion showed a rise from 1 microgram/l of blood cadmium followed by a plateau between blood cadmium concentrations of 3-10 micrograms/l. No significant rise in mean urinary excretion in beta 2m was seen until blood cadmium concentrations exceeded 10 micrograms/l.     

氧化乐果对小鼠睾丸细胞DNA的损伤

目的 研究有机磷农药氧化乐果对小鼠睾丸细胞DNA的损伤作用.方法 24只昆明小鼠随机分成4组（对照组、1、2、4mg/kg染毒组）,每组6只.经口染毒7 d,用彗星试验技术（SCGE）检测小鼠睾丸细胞DNA的损伤.结果 1、2、4 mg/kg氧化乐果暴露的小鼠睾丸细胞彗星尾长和彗星尾长与头长之比均大于对照组（P＜0.01）,且随氧化乐果染毒剂量的增加,睾丸细胞彗星尾长也增加,具有剂量-效应关系.结论 氧化乐果可引起小鼠睾丸细胞DNA的损伤.     

镉对大鼠体内钙贮留的影响

为探讨镉对机体钙贮留的影响以及两者之间存在的关系,本实验采用大白鼠进行亚慢性镉毒性试验。研究结果表明:体内镉负荷、尿镉排出量与钙贮留量之间存在着负相关关系。     

Assessment of dietary nitrate intake by a self-administered questionnaire and by overnight urinary measurement

The relationship between dietary intake and urinary excretion of nitrate was investigated among 35 male and 24 female graduate students in Boston. The dietary assessment method consisted of a self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire currently used for large-scale epidemiological studies. Calculated mean daily nitrate intake was 1.83 mmol for men and 2.96 mmol for women; broccoli and green leafy vegetables accounted for 60% of the total. Urinary measurements involved two overnight specimens with a mean collection time of approximately 13 hours. The ratio of intra-to-inter individual variance in urinary nitrate excretion (lambda) was 1.87. The simple correlation coefficient between intake and excretion of nitrate was found to be 0.20; after correction for the within-person variation by using lambda, the correlation coefficient was 0.28. Adjustment for gender, age and Quetelet's index in multiple regression analyses resulted in a partial correlation coefficient between nitrate intake and excretion of 0.37 (p = 0.005). Correction for within-person variation in urinary excretion increased this partial correlation coefficient between intake and excretion to 0.59 (95% CI = 0.03 to 0.87). These data suggest that a self-administered questionnaire may provide useful information on usual nitrate intake, and indicate the need to pursue this possibility further.