系统性红斑狼疮与CD19基因多态性的相关性研究

目的研究CD19基因第4外显子705位点(以下简称CD19基因705位点)多态性在中国南方地区汉族人群中的分布及其与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)和狼疮肾炎(LN)的相关性。方法103例患者诊断均符合1982年美国风湿病学会修订的SLE分类标准,男13例,女90例,其中62例伴有LN。正常对照组110例,男21例,女89例。全部研究对象均为无血缘关系的中国南方地区汉族人群。应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,对所有SLE患者和正常对照者进行CD19基因705位点多态性检测。结果CD19基因705位点多态性在中国南方地区汉族人群中普遍存在。SLE患者CD19基因705位点基因型和等位基因频率分布与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CD19基因705位点基因型和等位基因频率分布,按性别分层后,男性和女性SLE患者分别与正常对照组比较及LN患者和正常对照组比较以及伴有LN患者与未伴有LN的SLE患者间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论CD19基因705位点多态性与SLE及LN无相关性。     

昆明汉族2型糖尿病肾病与ATIR基因A1166C多态性关系

运用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应（PCR—RFLP）检测184例T2DM患者，其中110例为DN者[DN（＋）组]、74例为无肾病者[DN（-）组]及56例正常对照组（NC组）的AT1R基因多态性。结果（1）昆明汉族正常人群中AT1R基因型AA型86％，AC型14％，CC型未检出；A等位基因频率93％，C等位基因频率7％。（2）T2DM组与NC组A1R基因T的A1166C多态基因型频率和等位基因频率分布均无差异（P〉0．05）。（3）DN（＋）与DN（-）中AT1R基因的A1166C多态基因型频率和等位基因频率分布均无差异（P〉0．05）。结论（1）昆明地区汉族正常人群AT1R基因多态性频率分布具有一定的地区特征。（2）昆明汉族T2DM及2型DN与AT1R基因A1166C多态性无关。     

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4/CT60基因多态性与溃疡性结肠炎的关系

目的探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA4）CT00位点基因多态性与中国湖北地区汉族人溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的相关性。方法共收集64例UC患者和109例正常对照静脉血标本提取基因组DNA。采用多聚酶链反应．限制性片段长度多态性分析（PCR-RFLP）方法检测CT60G／A（rs3087243）位点的多态性，计算CTLA4的基因型和等位基因频率。结果CT60G／A基因型分布及等位基因频率，UC组与正常对照组比较差异无显著性，中国湖北地区汉族人群CTLA4CT60基因型和等位基因分布与日本人群相似。而与西班牙人群分布存在显著差异。结论CT60基因多态性与中国湖北汉族人UC易感性无关。     

IRF5 rs2004640基因多态性与系统性红斑狼疮的相关性研究

目的：研究山东地区汉族人群干扰素调节因子5（IRF5）基因rs2004640单核苷酸多态性,探讨其与系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）易感性之间的关系。方法：采用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性等方法对92例SLE患者和88例健康对照IRF5基因rs2004640G/T多态性进行分析,计算基因型和等位基因频率。结果：SLE患者IRF5rs2004640GG、GT、TT基因型频率分别是0.198、0.521和0.281,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.73,P〈0.05）;SLE患者IRF5rs2004640T、G等位基因的频率分别为0.402、0.598,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.41,P〈0.01）。结论：山东汉族人群IRF5基因位点rs2004640的多态性可能与山东地区汉族人群SLE的易感性有关。     

中国南方汉族人群中SCN5A基因多态位点和病态窦房结综合征的关联性

目的 中国南方汉族人群中SCN5A基因多态位点C5457T(D1819D)与病态窦房结综合征（SSS）的相关性。方法 选取南方汉族SSS患者108例为病例组,以南方健康汉族人群123例为对照组,采用限制性片段长度多态性分析(RFLP),对SCN5A基因C5457T(D1819D)的多态位点进行基因型鉴定,并随机挑选样本进行测序,检验其可靠性。结果 SCN5A基因C5457T(D1819D)多态位点在中国南方汉族人群 SSS组和正常组比较,在年龄和性别上无显著性差异;基因型频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律;D1819D多态的基因型频率在两组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,SSS组T等位基因高于正常组;CC为保护基因型,CC基因型对病窦有明显影响(P<0.05)。结论 中国南方汉族人群中D1819D多态位点可能和SSS发生相关;C等位基因可能是SSS的保护基因;T等位基因可能是SSS发病的易患基因。     

遵义汉族人群维生素D受体基因FokⅠ多态性与强直性脊柱炎的关系

目的 探讨遵义汉族人群维生素D受体（VDR）基因第二外显子（Fok Ⅰ位点）多态性与强直性脊柱炎（AS）的关系.方法 收集遵义地区汉族人群静脉血标本110例,其中AS患者49例（AS组）,体检健康者61例（对照组）;采用聚合酶链反应—限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）法测定两组标本的VDR基因Fok Ⅰ酶切位点多态性,观察AS组和对照组中基因型频率和基因频率分布规律,分析其与AS的关系.结果 AS组中Fok Ⅰ的等位基因频率F为74.00％、f为26.00％,对照组中分布F为73.80％、f为26.20％;两组中基因型分布比较,P均＞0.05.结论 VDR基因Fok Ⅰ酶切位点多态性与遵义汉族人群的AS发病无关.     

OCTN1/OCTN2基因多态性与中国汉族人群炎症性肠病相关性的初步研究

近年研究证实OCTN1/OCTN2基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与西方白种人群克罗恩病（CD）明显相关,其中OCTN1基因rs1050152位点和OCTN2基因rs2631367位点SNP与CD的相关性尤为显著.目的：初步探讨OCTN1基因rs1050152位点和OCTN2基因rs2631367位点基因多态性与中国汉族人群炎症性肠病（IBD）的相关性.方法：KR联合直接测序法检测45例CD患者、45例溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者和50名正常对照者OCTN1基因rs1050152位点和OCTN2基因rs2631367位点的基因型,比较各组基因型和等位基因频率.结果：CD,UC和正常对照组间OCTN1基因rs1050152位点基因型和等位基因频率差异均无统计学意义（R〉0.05）;三组OCTN2基因rs2631367位点均未发现突变基因型.结论：OCTN1基因rs1050152位点和OCTN2基因rs2631367位点基因多态性与中国汉族人群IBD不相关.     

中国汉族人群NOD2、IRGM、ATG16L1和STAT4基因多态性与克罗恩病的相关性研究

背景：克罗恩病（CD）的病因和发病机制尚未完全阐明,近年国外研究发现NOD2、IRGM、ATG16L1、STAT4基因突变与CD相关。目的：分析NOD2、IRGM、ATG16L1、STAT4基因多态性与中国汉族人群CD发病的相关性。方法：连续纳入2007年1月～2010年1月苏州市立医院中国汉族CD患者66例,66名健康体检者作为正常对照,以PCR联合基因测序检测4种基因相应单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点的基因型,分析各基因型和等位基因频率。结果：CD组和正常对照组NOD2基因rs2066842位点、IRGM基因rs13361189位点、ATG16L1基因rs2241880位点和STAT4基因rs7574865位点基因型和等位基因频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律,两组间4种基因相应SNP位点的基因型和等位基因频率差异均无统计学意义。结论：NOD2、IRGM、ATG16L1和STAT4基因多态性与中国汉族人群CD发病不相关。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者基质金属蛋白酶9基因多态性

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶9基因C1562T多态性与中国南方汉族人群冠心病的关系.方法 对经冠状动脉造影证实的急性冠状动脉综合征患者150例(急性冠状动脉综合征组)、稳定型心绞痛患者110例(稳定型心绞痛组)和同期冠状动脉造影阴性、排除冠心病诊断的患者70例(对照组)进行研究,采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血浆基质金属蛋白酶9水平,采用聚合酶链反应-限制片长多态性技术分析基质金属蛋白酶9基因中C1562T基因多态性,比较各组的基因型和等位基因频率.结果 急性冠状动脉综合征组血浆基质金属蛋白酶9水平明显高于稳定型心绞痛组(P＜0.05)和对照组(P＜0.01),而稳定型心绞痛组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).急性冠状动脉综合征组基质金属蛋白酶9基因CT、CT TT基因型频率以及T等位基因频率均高于对照组和稳定型心绞痛组(P＜0.05或0.01),稳定型心绞痛组与对照组各基因型和等位基因频率分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).C1562T位点CT/TT基因型患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶9水平显著高于CC基因型患者(P＜0.01).结论 基质金属蛋白酶9基因C1562T多态性可能与中国南方汉族人群急性冠状动脉综合征有关,1562T等位基因是动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定性的易感基因.     

浙江温州地区人群染色体9p21上rs1333049位点的单核苷酸多态性分布与冠心病的相关性

目的研究浙江温州地区汉族人群中染色体9p21上的rs1333049位点上的单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）与冠心病的相关性。方法对冠心病组（至少1支主要冠状动脉内径狭窄≥50.00%）181例和对照组173例,采用聚合酶链反应和基因测序方法,检测染色体9p21上rs1333049位点基因多态性。结果 3种基因型均可在rs1333049位点上检测到,并且其基因型的分布亦符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。冠心病组rs13330^149位点的CC、CG基因型分布及C等位基因频率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。结论 rs1333049位点G/C基因的多态性与冠心病发病相关,其中的C等位基因亦可能是浙江温州地区汉族人群冠心病患者的易感性标志之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.