高分辨率超声评价早期2型糖尿病患者足背动脉病变和血管内皮功能

目的 应用高分辨率超声对早期2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者足背动脉形态学、血流动力学及血管内皮功能的改变进行观察. 方法 检测25例老年初发T2DM患者、35例非老年初发T2DM患者及35例老年健康者和30例非老年健康者足背动脉的变化,并进行统计学分析. 结果 (1)反应性充血时,老年T2DM组足背动脉内径变化百分率(10.52±2.79)%较老年对照组(15.43±4.69)%明显减低(P<0.01),非老年T2DM组(12.89±4.68)%较非老年对照组(17.97±4.61)%明显减低(P<0.01),老年T2DM组与非老年T2DM组比较亦有减低(P<0.05);含服硝酸甘油后,老年T2DM组(12.40±3.23)%较老年对照组(16.11±5.74)%明显减低(P<0.01).(2)T2DM组较同龄对照组足背动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)明显增厚(P<0.01),舒张早期反向血流峰值流速(PRV)和舒张末期血流速度(EDV)明显减低(P<0.01),搏动指数(PI)减低(P<0.05);各组间收缩期峰值流速(PSV)的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)T2DM组足背动脉PI与反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后内径变化百分率呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.79和0.71,P<0.01).结论 高分辨率超声检查可及早发现T2DM患者足背动脉形态学、血流动力学改变及血管内皮功能受损情况,可将其作为T2DM大血管并发症的首选检查方法 .     

2型糖尿病伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者血清蛋白质羰基水平与氧化应激状态

目的检测2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患者体内蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量,评价合并OSA是否加重T2DM患者的蛋白氧化损伤。方法根据是否合并OSA将T2DM患者分为单纯T2DM组(DM组46例),T2DM合并OSA患者组(DO组39例),设立正常对照组(NC组40例),测定血清PCO含量。结果各组性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)的差别无统计学差异(P>0.05)。DM、DO组血PCO水平较NC组明显升高(P<0.01),DO组血PCO水平较NC组、DM组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 T2DM患者体内存在蛋白质氧化损伤,合并OSA加重T2DM患者体内的蛋白质氧化损伤。     

精氨酸刺激试验在不同糖代谢状态人群的临床应用

目的探讨精氨酸刺激试验能否用于评价胰岛β细胞储备功能及其判断标准。方法分别检测225人空腹及盐酸精氨酸刺激后2、4、6 min时血糖(PG)、真胰岛素(TI)、C肽(CP)水平的变化,其中正常糖耐量组(NGT)39名、糖耐量受损组(IGT)29例、1型糖尿病组(T1DM)11例,新诊断2型糖尿病组(NT2DM)43例和原诊断2型糖尿病组(PT2DM)103例。结果(1)NGT组空腹TI/PG显著高于IGT组(P<0.05),但两组的空腹CP/PG差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。空腹CP/PG在T1DM、NT2DM、PT2DM组显著低于NGT、IGT组(均P<0.01),并且PT2DM组显著低于NT2DM组(P<0.01)。(2)精氨酸刺激后T1DM组无快速TI、CP分泌。其余各组在刺激后TI/PG、CP/PG除IGT组与NGT组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,NT2DM、TP2DM组均显著低于NGT、IGT组(均P<0.01),并且2 min时PT2DM组亦显著低于NT2DM组(均P<0.01)。(3)精氨酸刺激后TI/PG、CP/PG的增值及曲线下面积在NGT、NT2DM、PT2DM三组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论(1)精氨酸刺激试验可用于判别和评估不同糖代谢状态人群胰岛β细胞功能,尤其是DM人群β细胞功能的判别。(2)精氨酸刺激后TI/PG值及其峰值/空腹值、TI/PG的增值和曲线下面积均可能作为评价β细胞功能异常的指标,其中以TI/PG的增值和曲线下面积为佳。     

初发2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁对皮质醇水平的影响

目的 探讨初发2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁对唾液皮质醇水平的影响.方法 以85名正常人(NC组)及93例糖调节受损患者(IGR组)为对照,研究108例初发2型糖尿病患者(T2DM组)的精神心理状况和皮质醇水平的关系.各组受试者进行问卷调查,包括Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)、Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS),酶联免疫法测定空腹血浆皮质醇及唾液皮质醇水平.结果 (1)各组间焦虑分有统计学差异(P<0.01),其中,焦虑的发生率在三组间也有差异(χ2=7.245,P<0.05),T2DM组明显高于IGR组及NC组.(2)三组间抑郁分的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),T2DM组、IGR组高于NC组,抑郁发生率T2DM组、IGR组高于NC组(χ2=8.179,P<0.05).(3)三组血浆皮质醇、唾液皮质醇无统计学差异,相关分析显示唾液皮质醇水平与BMI、HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.467,P<0.01;r=0.249,P<0.05),与血浆皮质醇呈显著正相关(r=0.872,P<0.01).T2DM组中焦虑抑郁者其唾液皮质醇水平高于无焦虑抑郁者(P<0.05),Logistic逐步回归分析示,T2DM患者中,与焦虑相关的因素有唾液皮质醇、空腹血糖及HbA1c;与抑郁相关的因素有唾液皮质醇、HbA1c及性别.结论 初发T2DM患者伴焦虑、抑郁者皮质醇水平增高,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能亢进可能是其易于出现焦虑、抑郁情绪的重要神经内分泌因素之一.唾液皮质醇是评价肾上腺皮质功能的重要检测手段之一.     

老年2型糖尿病血浆同型半胱氨酸与糖尿病微血管病变关系研究

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平在老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并微血管病变时的变化及其与T2DM微血管病变的关系。方法74例老年T2DM患者按有无微血管病变分为T2DMⅠ组(无微血管病变)及T2DMⅡ组(合并微血管病变),用循环酶法测定2组患者的Hcy水平,并与28名健康对照者(对照组)进行比较。结果(1)T2DMⅡ组血Hcy水平明显高于对照组及T2DMⅠ组。T2DMⅡ组高Hcy血症(Hcy>15μmol/L)的发生率为50.0%,较对照组(10.1%)及T2DMⅠ组(23.8%)明显升高(P<0.01)。(2)Hcy升高的T2DM患者中尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、肌酐(Cr)及糖尿病肾病(DN)的发生率高于Hcy正常的T2DM患者(P<0.01)。(3)多因素回归分析提示血Hcy水平与T2DM微血管病变有关(P<0.01,OR=1.055)。结论Hcy与老年T2DM微血管病变有关,可能是T2DM微血管病变发生发展的危险因素之一。     

中老年汉族男性2型糖尿病患者合并骨质疏松的危险因素

目的探讨中老年汉族男性2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并骨质疏松(OP)的危险因素。方法选择汉族T2DM男性患者115例(T2DM组)及50~79岁健康男性汉族体检人群148例(对照组)。观察T2DM组、对照组的OP发病率的关系。比较T2DM腰椎1~4、股骨颈、全髋部位的骨密度(BMD)与龄、体重指数(BMI)分层的关系,同时进行T2DM组相关因素的分析。结果中老年汉族男性T2DM患者OP的发病率是13.8%,明显高于对照组(2.7%,P<0.05)。T2DM组腰椎1~4、股骨颈、全髋的BMD与年龄、BMI分层无相关性(P>0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示糖尿病病程、饮酒史与BMD独立正相关(P<0.05);BMI、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)与BMD独立负相关(P<0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)与BMD呈独立负相关(P<0.05)。结论 BMI、糖尿病病程延长、长期饮酒及高水平FT3、TgAb、HDL-C是中老年汉族男性T2DM患者发生OP的重要风险因素。     

血浆Ghrelin水平与2型糖尿病的关系

目的观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)及2型糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血浆Ghrelin水平,探讨其与糖、脂代谢、白蛋白尿及肾功能的关系。方法检测30例正常对照及110例T2DM患者空腹血浆Ghrelin水平及血糖、血脂、血压、血肌酐、24 h尿白蛋白等。结果 T2DM患者的空腹血浆Ghrelin水平明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。T2DM血压正常组、血脂正常组、体质量偏低组及体质量正常组患者较正常对照组空腹血浆Ghrelin水平分别降低29%、28%、30%及35%(P<0.01);T2DM高血压组、高血脂组及超重组患者空腹血浆Ghrelin水平较正常对照组降低更为明显,分别为42%、40%及38%(P<0.01)。T2DM高血压组、高血脂组及超重组患者较T2DM血压正常组、血脂正常及体质量偏低和正常组患者空腹血浆Ghrelin水平有所降低,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。T2DM正常MAU组、MAU组及明显白蛋白尿组患者较正常对照组空腹血浆Ghrelin水平分别降低30%、33%、35%(P<0.01);T2DM白蛋白尿且血清肌酐>1.5 mg/dl未进入肾脏替代治疗组患者较正常对照组空腹血浆Ghrelin水平升高19%(P<0.05),且较其他各组均明显升高(P<0.01)。T2DM正常MAU组与MAU组及白蛋白尿组患者,随白蛋白尿的增多,空腹血浆Ghrelin水平均有所降低,但三者之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。空腹血浆Ghrelin与体重指数(BMI,r=-0.309,P<0.01)、Hb A1c(r=-0.264,P<0.01)、收缩压(r=-0.535,P<0.01)、舒张压(r=-0.604,P<0.01)呈负相关;与血清肌酐水平呈正相关(r=0.330,P<0.01)。多元逐步线性回归结果显示血清肌酐(β=0.326,P=0.000 9)、BMI(β=-0.265,P<0.000 1)及Hb A1c(β=-0.231,P<0.000 1)共同决定空腹血浆Ghrelin。结论 T2DM患者空腹血浆Ghrelin水平明显低于正常对照组;T2DM伴有高血压、高血脂、超重及白蛋白尿时空腹血浆Ghrelin水平更低;肾功能异常的T2DM患者血浆Ghrelin水平明显升高。血清肌酐、BMI及Hb A1c共同决定空腹血浆Ghrelin。     

2型糖尿病脂肪肝的筛查及相关因素分析

目的　探讨2 型糖尿病(T2DM)伴脂肪肝的患病率与相关因素。　方法　对400 例T2DM患者进行临床、生化、瘦素、C肽与肝脏超声检查。　结果　T2DM患者脂肪肝的患病率为46%,该组的体质指数(BMI)、舒张压显著高于无脂肪肝组(P<0.05),甘油三酯(TG)、1 h与2 h C肽、瘦素水平显著高于无脂肪肝组(P<0.01);Logistic逐步回归分析显示1 h C肽、瘦素、TG水平升高,与脂肪肝的发生呈正相关关系。　结论　T2DM患者脂肪肝患病率明显升高,且与BMI、TG、C肽、瘦素水平呈正相关。     

老年原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病患者心率震荡的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨老年原发性高血压(EH)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者心率震荡(HRT)的变化规律和临床意义.方法 收集资料齐全的门诊及住院老年EH合并T2DM患者133例(EH+T2DM组)、单纯老年EH患者140例(EH组)、单纯老年T2DM患者130例(T2DM组)、老年健康体检者141例(老年对照组)和年轻健康体检者139例(年轻对照组)均接受24 h动态心电图记录,利用美国的Space Lab分析系统自动回放扫描并计算出反映HRT的各项指标:震荡初始(TO)、震荡斜率(TS)、震荡斜率起始时间(TT)和动态心率震荡(TD),比较各组之间HRT各项指标的差异,并分析TO、TS、TT、TD与年龄、平均心率、心率变异性(HRV)时域指标(SDNN)之间的关系.结果 老年对照组TO和TT均明显高于年轻对照组(均P<0.01),但TS、TD和SDNN均明显低于年轻对照组(均P<0.05);EH+T2DM组TO均明显高于但TS、TD和SDNN均明显低于EH组和T2DM组(均P<0.05),EH+T2DM组TO均显著高于但TS、TD和SDNN均显著低于老年对照组(均P<0.01),EH组和T2DM组TO均明显高于但TS、TD和SDNN均明显低于老年对照组(均P<0.05),EH组与T2DM组间TO、TS、TD和SDNN均无显著差异(均P>0.05),老年各组间TT均无显著差异(均P>0.05).TO与年龄呈正相关(P<0.01),与TS、TD和SDNN均呈负相关(均P<0.05);TS与TD和SDNN均呈正相关(均P<0.01);TD与平均心率和TO均呈负相关(均P<0.05)而与TS和SDNN均呈正相关(均P<0.01).结论 老年EH合并T2DM患者较老年EH患者、老年T2DM患者和老年健康体检者及老年EH和老年T2DM患者较老年健康体检者HRT均明显减弱,其自主神经功能明显受损且以老年EH合并T2DM患者自主神经功能受损最严重.     

初诊2型糖尿病患者血浆内脂素与超敏C反应蛋白及胰岛素抵抗指数的相关性

目的 研究初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆内脂素浓度的变化及其与超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的关系.方法 选取初诊T2DM患者52例及46例相匹配健康体检者;将T2DM组分为超重组(28例)、正常体重组(24例).检测受试者腰围、臀围,测定空腹血浆内脂素、hs-CRP、血脂、血糖、葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)及胰岛素释放试验(IRT),计算HOMA-IR.比较各组内脂素水平的变化,并对内脂素与各指标的相关性进行统计学分析.结果 T2DM患者空腹血浆内脂素明显高于正常对照(P<0.01),超重组与正常体重组间血浆内脂素差异无显著性意义.糖尿病(DM)患者血浆内脂素浓度与空腹血糖(FPG)(r=0.348,P<0.01)、餐后2 h血糖(r=0.394,P<0.01)、hs-CRP(r=0.372,P<0.01)、HOMA-IR(r=0.270,P<0.01)呈正相关.结论 初诊T2DM患者血浆内脂素显著升高,与HOMA-IR、hs-CRP呈正相关.它可能是联系肥胖和DM之间的一个重要环节.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.