口腔矫治器在治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征中的应用进展

随着睡眠医学的发展,越来越多的学者应用口腔矫治器治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者,笔者就其应用进展作一综述。     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的探讨口腔矫治器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者的临床疗效.方法将32例OSAS患者分为轻中度组和重度组,分别制作"下颌前移型"口腔矫治器并在睡眠时配戴,用多导睡眠图监测患者治疗前后睡眠结构及呼吸功能的变化.结果使用口腔矫治器后轻中度组和重度组患者的呼吸暂停指数(AI)分别平均下降11.3次/小时(P＜0.001)和26.01次/小时(P＜0.001),最低SaO2分别平均升高3.65%(P＜0.01)和19.75秒(P＜0.05).结论口腔矫治器是治疗该病的一种有效的疗法.     

口腔矫治器在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征中的作用

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS）是一种常见病、多发病，但最近才被医学界所认识，并成为多学科领域研究的疾病。口腔正畸科与正颌外科、呼吸内科、耳鼻咽喉科、老年医学科、内分泌学科、消化内科等学科，组成了OSAHS治疗和研究的团队。     

口腔功能矫治器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的上呼吸道影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征,是一种常见的呼吸道疾病。而口腔功能性矫治器是其治疗的方法之一,通过口腔矫治器治疗,使患者的上气道解剖发生改变,改善患者的呼吸,从而治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征。     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS）以患者睡眠时反复发生上气道阻塞为特征，可引起呼吸暂停或通气不足及睡眠紊乱，多表现为睡眠打鼾、白天嗜睡及低氧血症等。统计学调查结果显示，OSAHS的发病率为2％～4％，以中老年男性居多。近20年来，人们逐渐认识到OSAHS可能是引起高血压、肺源性心脏病等全身系统性疾病的根源，并有潜在的致死危险，而且OSAHS患者占用医疗资源的比例和交通事故的发生率也明显高于健康人。因此，国内外对OSAHS的诊治工作日益关注。     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及上气道形态的变化

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)临床表现为夜问频发的上气道阻塞和呼吸障碍,伴发日间嗜睡、疲倦等.病因机制主要是上气道形态的变化和神经肌因素等.口腔矫治器是治疗轻、中度OSAHS的有效方法,本文对口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS及上气道形态的变化作一综述.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊断与治疗

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征OSAHS发病率高,并且是许多疾病的源头性疾病,是临床医学关注的一个热点问题,因其与口腔医学关系尤为密切,近年来口腔颌面外科广泛地介入了OSAHS研究。本文就口腔颌面外科在OSAHS的诊断和治疗中的现状和进展作一综述。     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床研究

目的评价改良口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的临床疗效。方法采用下颌前移式口腔矫治器治疗24例OSAS患者,治疗前后分别经夜间多导睡眠监测(PSG),比较睡眠呼吸暂停指数(AI)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)等呼吸紊乱指标的变化。结果治疗前、后患者呼吸暂停指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数、血氧饱和度指标变化差异有显著性(P<0.001),21例呼吸暂停低通气指数下降了50%以上,客观有效率为87.5%。结论改良口腔矫治器是治疗轻、中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的有效方法。     

两种口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效比较

目的在下颌前伸程度相同的情况下,比较两种不同设计类（分体式与整体式）口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapnea／hypOpneasyndrome,OSAHS）成年男性患者的主客观疗效。方法采用随机交叉实验设计,16例OSAHS患者先后戴用分体式和整体式两种口腔矫治器,每副矫治器戴用3个月,患者戴用两种矫治器之间需停戴2周。在治疗前及戴用两种矫治器3个月时分别获取患者的主观疗效、多导睡眠监测（polysomnography,PSG）及上气道大小参数。采用单因素方差分析比较两者主客观疗效及上气道形态变化。结果两种口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS的主客观疗效显著（P〈O．05）。在呼吸指标方面,戴用分体式口腔矫治器的有效率为56．3％,整体式口腔矫治器的有效率为68．9％,两者无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。分体式在改善睡眠效率和深睡眠的比例方面不及整体式（P〈O．05）。两种口腔矫治器显著增大上气道各水平的前后径（P〈O．05）,两者间无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论两种口腔矫治器对OSAHS患者的主客观疗效大致相似,但整体式口腔矫治器在改善睡眠效率和主观依从性方面占优势。     

口腔矫治器在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征治疗中的应用

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）是在临床中最为常见的一种睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,主要表现为睡眠时打鼾并伴有呼吸暂停和呼吸表浅,夜间反复发生低氧血症、高碳酸血症和睡眠结构紊乱,导致白天嗜睡、心脑肺血管并发症乃至多脏器损害,严重影响患者的生活质量和寿命。随着研究的深入,OSAS的治疗方法取得了很大进展,其中口腔矫治器因其独特的优点及良好的效果而被患者所接受。应用于OSAS治疗的口腔矫治器种类繁多,适用范围及效果也因人而异。本文现将应用于OSAS治疗的各类口腔矫治器的临床效果、作用机制及戴用过程中存在的不良影响等做一综述。     

Long-term therapeutic efficacy of oral appliances in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Objective:To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of oral appliances (OAs) in treating obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) by length of treatment.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective study to review the usage of OAs in Chinese OSAHS patients in recent decades. Ninety-four valid questionnaires were returned by 412 patients with OSAHS receiving OA treatment. Among the wearers, 22 agreed to follow-up polysomnography, and 25 agreed to follow-up cephalograms. Tolerance and side effects of OAs were assessed by a survey. Comparisons of efficacy were carried out between the initial and follow-up polysomnography measurements. Cephalometric analysis was used to investigate skeletal and occlusal changes to determine safety of the OAs.Results:The longest treatment extended to 147 months, with a median of 74 months (first and third quartiles, 30 and 99 months, respectively). Among the participants, 14.9% had been treated for more than 120 months. Side effects were temporary and relatively minimal and included tooth soreness (37.2%), dry mouth (33.0%), odd bite feeling (31.9%), and excess salivation (30.8%). Polysomnography proved that OAs remained effective for the treatment of OSAHS in the long term; initial Apnea-Hypopnea Index values were reduced from a median of 24.50 (quartiles, 14.65, 54.05) without the OA to 7.40 with the OA (2.12, 10.00), and follow-up median values were 25.55 without the OA (11.71, 43.65) and 4.25 with the OA (1.38, 7.70). Cephalometric analysis indicated mild and slow changes in the skeleton and occlusion after average treatment duration of 5 years.Conclusion:OAs provided effective and safe long-term therapy for patients with OSAHS. Follow-up supervision is recommended since long-term alterations take place, although these appear to be minimal.     

Implant-retained oral appliances: a novel treatment for edentulous patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

OBJECTIVES: Mandibular repositioning appliances (MRAs) are a viable treatment alternative in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Because these appliances require retention in the patient's dentition, edentelous patients generally do not qualify for this treatment. This study describes our experiences with an implant-retained MRA in the treatment of edentulous OSAHS patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six edentulous OSAHS patients were included in this study. Standard treatment consisted of the placement of four endosseous dental implants in the mandible and the construction of a new maxillary denture and a mandibular overdenture. Subsequently, an MRA was made. After a habituation and adjustment period, the effect of treatment was evaluated with polysomnography. Treatment was considered effective in cases where it yielded an apnea-hypopnea index <5. RESULTS: Of the six patients included, two did not tolerate the MRA because of pressure-induced discomfort on the labial mucosa in the maxilla. These two patients were offered an implant-retained overdenture and MRA in the maxilla. One of the two patients proceeded with this secondary treatment. Of the five patients completing the follow-up polysomnography, effective OSAHS treatment was attained in four. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study suggest that an implant-retained MRA in the mandible is a viable treatment modality in edentulous OSAHS patients. Because the therapeutic effectiveness of this treatment may be compromised by excessive pressure of the MRA on the labial mucosa in the maxilla, we suggest that an implant-retained MRA in the maxilla be offered as a secondary treatment in selected patients.     

两种口腔矫治器治疗老年OSAS的临床疗效评价

目的:探讨两种口腔矫治器治疗老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)的临床疗效。方法:选取40例老年OSAS患者,随机分为A、B两组,分别戴用silensor口腔矫治器和压膜式改良activator矫治器治疗。治疗6个月后,通过多导睡眠监测和上气道形态的CBCT测量,并结合患者主诉症状改善情况,评价两种口腔矫治器对老年OSAS患者的疗效。结果:戴用两种口腔矫治器后,老年OSAS患者的打鼾、憋醒和嗜睡症状得到改善;最低血氧饱和度升高,呼吸紊乱指数和呼吸暂停时间明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CBCT扫描显示腭咽和舌咽气道矢状径、面积和体积较治疗前明显增大,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而silensor矫治器舒适度显著性优于改良activator式矫治器。结论:两种口腔矫治器对老年OSAS均有良好的临床疗效,silensor可调式矫治器的舒适性更好。     

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阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apneasyndrome,OSAS）是在临床中最为常见的一种睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,主要表现为睡眠时打鼾并伴有呼吸暂停和呼吸表浅,夜间反复发生低氧血症、高碳酸血症和睡眠结构紊乱,导致白天嗜睡、心脑肺血管并发症乃至多脏器损害,严重影响患者的生活质量和寿命。随着研究的深入,OSAS的治疗方法取得了很大进展,其中口腔矫治器因其独特的优点及良好的效果而被患者所接受。应用于OSAS治疗的口腔矫治器种类繁多,适用范围及效果也因人而异。本文现将应用于OSAS治疗的各类口腔矫治器的临床效果、作用机制及戴用过程中存在的不良影响等做一综述。     

三维CT重建在肥胖OSAHS患者与正常人群上气道比较中的应用

目的 通过三维CT(3D-CT) 重建技术,分析肥胖阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者与正常成人上气道的差异,并用于困难气道的预测。方法 选择肥胖OSAHS患者及正常成人对照各31例,肥胖OSAHS患者美国麻醉师协会（ASA）分级Ⅱ级,年龄（34.33±10.07）岁（17~55岁）,BMI为（39.05±5.17）kg/m²。对照组ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,年龄（28.34±6.41）岁（18~35岁）,BMI为（23.23±4.51）kg/m²。采用Mimics 11.04软件,分别对2组对象的上气道三维CT重建数据进行测量分析,得到包括气道最小横截面、气道体积等数据,比较困难气道患者与正常人咽气道三维形态的差异,采用SPSS 21.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析,评价困难气道患者上气道三维CT形态特征。结果 困难气道患者上气道总体积、软腭后区体积及会厌后区体积与正常对照组相比均显著减小（P<0.05）,舌后区体积与正常对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 3D-CT重建测量可以明确上气道狭窄部位、严重程度,可作为较好的困难气道术前评估量化手段。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与颏舌肌

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）是一种常见的睡眠紊乱性疾病,表现为睡眠过程中反复发生上气道阻塞或塌陷。颏舌肌作为最重要的上气道扩张肌,成为当今研究的热点。本文就颏舌肌的结构与功能及其与OSAHS发病和治疗的关系等研究进展作一综述。     

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目的探讨口腔功能性矫治器治疗青春期下颌后缩伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的远期疗效。方法选择2003年4月至2005年10月焦作市第二人民医院收治的下颌发育后缩合并OSAHS的患儿19例,戴用口腔功能性矫治器进行治疗,分别在治疗前、治疗结束时、治疗后5年拍摄X线头颅侧位片和进行多导睡眠监测,比较睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、夜间最低血氧饱和度（SaO2）和X线头影测量指标的变化。结果治疗后患儿均诉鼾声减小或消失,未见睡眠中憋气,日间困倦缓解或消失。治疗结束时SNA角无明显改善,SNB角明显增大,LL—H线距明显减小,且SNA角与SNB角相差较大的OSAHS患儿治疗效果更好;治疗结束后追踪随访5年发现,SNA角、SNB角、LL—H线距、夜间最低SaO2及AHI均无明显改变。结论口腔功能性矫治器治疗青春期下颌后缩伴OSAHS远期疗效稳定,具有无创伤、安全、痛苦小、效果稳定的优点。     

软或硬塑下颌前移口腔矫治器治疗阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（附20例报告）

目的 软或硬塑下颌前移口腔矫治器（OA）治疗阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）的疗效分析。方法 使用软或硬塑下颌前移OA治疗OSAS患者20例,3个月后复查主观症状及多导睡眠图（PSG）。结果 软、硬塑下颌前移OA以及合并统计患者的耐受率分别为83%、75%、78%,鼾声、睡眠憋醒、白日嗜睡等症状改善或消失,PSG五项监测指标前后差异有显著性,治疗后明显好转。结论 软或硬塑下颌前移OA是治疗OSAS的较好方法。     

A randomized cross over study comparing the efficacy of two mandibular advancement appliances in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea

Objective: To compare efficacy, side effects, patient compliance, and preference between two types of custom-made mandibular advancement appliances (MAAs) in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methodology: This prospective, randomized, crossover study of 12 patients with mild to moderate OSA compared a titratable and a non-titratable MAA. Each patient was fitted with both appliances in a random order with a washout period of two weeks. Efficacy, side effects, compliance, and preference were evaluated by a questionnaire. All patients underwent overnight home sleep recordings prior to and after the use of each appliance in order to objectively assess sleep quality in terms of the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), snoring frequency and oxygen desaturation index.

Results: Treatment successes (relief of symptoms and/or reduction of AHI to <10/h) were reported with both types of appliances. No compliance failure was reported, and in most patients, the side effects were mild, and improved with time.

Conclusion: Both types of oral appliances were effective treatments for patients with mild to moderate OSA, with fewer side effects and higher patient satisfaction.