儿童髁突囊内骨折外脱位合并颏部骨折的治疗：附1例报告

儿童髁突囊内骨折常见,若治疗不当会引起后遗症。本文报告1例儿童双侧髁突骨折外上脱位伴颏部骨折,外院颏部骨折固定术后咬合紊乱。重新手术,颏部骨折复位固定,恢复牙弓宽度,关闭舌侧裂隙。手法复位双侧外脱位的髁突,使其进入关节窝内。采用改良牙弓夹板进行颌间结扎牵引,改善咬合关系。术后随访显示,髁突位于关节窝内、双侧髁突和关节窝均愈合改建,咬合关系良好。该病例提示,儿童双侧髁突囊内骨折外上脱位伴颏部骨折治疗的关键在于恢复牙弓宽度,纠正外脱位的髁突。     

髁突囊内骨折的临床特点和分类研究

目的：探讨髁突囊内骨折的临床特点,并提出一种能全面反映囊内骨折的分型,为临床制定治疗计划提供依据。方法：统计上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科关节组自1999—2008年住院手术和2007年6月—2008年12月门诊非手术治疗,经全景片和CT确诊为髁突囊内骨折的连续病例242例329侧,进行临床特点分析。部分病例经MRI检查观察关节盘移位情况。根据CT冠状位重建对囊内骨折进行分类,根据骨折线的位置,将髁突囊内骨折分为4型。A型骨折的骨折线位于髁突外1/3,B型骨折的骨折线位于中1/3,C型骨折的骨折线位于内1/3,M型骨折为粉碎性骨折。结果：囊内骨折占髁突骨折的66.8%,摔伤是主要的致伤原因。45%的囊内骨折合并下颌骨骨折。骨折侧下颌支残端外上方移位或脱位出关节窝的比例是8.8%,其中73%伴颏部或下颌体骨折。95%的囊内骨折伴关节盘前内侧移位。囊内骨折类型中,A型最多（155侧）,占47.8%;其次是B型（95侧）,占29.32%;M型（61侧）,占18.8%;C型最少（13侧）,占4%。结论：囊内骨折是下颌骨髁突骨折的最常见类型,易合并下颌骨骨折,导致下颌支残端移位或脱出关节窝。以冠状CT为主要依据的分类方法,能较全面地反映髁突囊内骨折的类型。     

下颌骨髁突骨折手术治疗的体会

髁突骨折发生率约占下颌骨骨折的 2 5 %左右。近年来我科对不能保守治疗的病例采取手术复位固定的方法 ,取得了较为满意的疗效 ,现报告如下。　　作者单位 :0 5 3 0 0 0衡水市哈励逊国际和平医院口腔科一、临床资料本组 11例中男性 9例 ,女性 2例。年龄 3岁～ 48岁。其中 3～ 10岁 2例 ,10～ 2 0岁 4例 ,2 0～ 30岁 3例 ,30～ 5 0岁 2例。单侧髁突骨折 7例 ,双侧 4例。 11例同时合并下颌骨颏部与体部骨折。外伤类型与原因 :6例 8侧为髁突高位骨折 ,5例 7侧为低位骨折。髁突骨折片与下颌升支成角移位 (>45度 ) ,或髁突脱位至关节凹远处 ,有的…     

导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型分析

目的: 回顾分析导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型。方法：回顾口腔外科关节组2010—2012年收治的由髁突骨折保守治疗导致颞下颌关节强直,从损伤到发生强直有完整CT资料的成人病例,按照下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系,将髁突骨折分为3级,0级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之无接触;1级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之有接触;2级为下颌支残端外上方脱位出关节窝。结合髁突骨折类型、骨折块移位程度和关节盘的位置、下颌骨其他部位骨折情况等,分析关节强直形成的原因。结果：13例(24侧)导致关节强直病例的髁突骨折有完整的CT资料,导致关节强直的髁突骨折类型均为囊内骨折,其中B型占70%。下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系中,0级0侧;1级10侧,占41.7%;2级14侧,占58.3%。0级和1级的关节盘均伴髁突骨折块移位,后外侧带断裂。形成关节强直的髁突骨折中,77%伴颏部骨折,导致牙弓增宽。结论：下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系对于预后判断有重要作用,其中0级不易引起关节强直;1级较容易引起关节强直,是手术的相对适应证;2级最容易引起关节强直,是手术的绝对适应证。其他危险因素还有髁突囊内B型骨折和合并牙弓增宽的下颌骨骨折。     

颌面部多发骨折临床特点的探讨

目的:分析下颌骨不同骨折类型的骨折特点和并发症防治。方法 :312例下颌骨骨折经螺旋CT三维重建检查,将下颌骨骨折分型,分析其伴发骨折部位和特点。对下颌骨骨折行复位内固定术,伴髁突后上移位者配合磨牙区置垫的颌间弹性牵引治疗。结果:下颌骨单发线状骨折164例,多发线状骨折102例,粉碎性骨折46例。合并上颌骨骨折38例,颧骨骨折12例,鼻骨骨折13例,伴发外耳道前壁骨折48例,髁突后移位10例。髁突矢状骨折伴发外耳道前壁骨折比例,与其他类型比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);颏部合并髁突矢状骨折伴发外耳道前壁骨折比例,与单独颏部或髁突骨折比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。3例发生外耳道闭锁,2例术后发生颞颌关节强直,3例髁突后移位复位不良。结论:下颌骨骨折可为单发、多发及粉碎性,可合并上颌骨、颧骨、鼻骨、外耳道前壁骨折及髁突后移位。颏部、髁突矢状骨折易伴发外耳道前壁骨折,颏部合并髁突矢状骨折者伴发外耳道前壁骨折、髁突后移位的比例显著增高。诊治中应注意预防外耳道腔狭窄、颞下颌关节强直、关节后脱位等并发症发生。     

保留髁状突翼外肌附着行坚固内固定治疗髁颈部骨折

髁状突颈部是下颌骨的薄弱部位，受到直接或间接撞击后易发生骨折，约占下颌骨骨折的２５％〔１〕。髁状突又是颞下颌关节的重要组成部分，其治疗的好坏直接影响面部的外形和功能。髁颈部骨折后，折断的髁状突受翼外肌的牵拉会向前、内移位，严重时从关节窝内脱出，保守治...     

儿童髁突囊内骨折治疗方法选择的影响因素分析

目的:探讨影响儿童下颌骨髁突囊内骨折治疗方法选择的因素,并对手术和保守疗法的临床效果及影像学表现进行对比。方法:对新疆医科大学一附院2008年1月~2013年10月经曲面断层片、冠状CT等确诊为囊内骨折的住院及门诊患者78例103侧进行分类,并对所有患者均行MRI检查确定关节盘的损伤及移位情况。对治疗后的患者行临床及影像学随访1～3年,评价其愈后疗效。结果:影像学检查:手术组髁突完全重建率为78.9%;保守组为72.4%,差异无统计学意义;手术组下颌骨对称率为93.1%;保守组为80.0%,差异无统计学意义;临床检查:手术组并发症少于保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两种治疗方式对于髁突囊内骨折愈后髁突改建及功能恢复均具有较高治愈率。结论:经临床验证,1)下颌支高度有无明显缩短;2)关节盘有无损伤及移位;3)有无明显张口受限及咬合紊乱;4)是否伴翼外肌附着丧失;以上几方面对于儿童髁突囊内骨折治疗方式的选择具有重要影响。     

下颌骨髁突囊内骨折治疗方法的初步探讨

目的:探讨下颌骨髁突囊内骨折治疗的临床疗效。方法:24例28侧下颌骨髁突囊内骨折患者,分别进行保守治疗10例(后牙垫+前牙区颌间弹性牵引,或不处理骨折仅张口训练和观察)和手术治疗14例(髁突复位内固定+颌间牵引,下颌升支后缘离断髁突复位固定+颌间牵引),随访观察0.5～6年,对患者的自我感觉(疼痛)、开口度、咬合关系、下颌骨前伸和侧方运动、面神经功能及影像学检查等进行比较分析。结果:24例随访患者中,经过评估后保守治疗的10例各项观察指标恢复良好,手术组和非手术组各项观察指标对比,无统计学差异。结论:下颌骨髁突囊内骨折治疗前应进行综合评估,骨折移位不显著且无严重功能障碍的采用保守治疗效果较好,下颌升支后缘离断髁突复位固定的方法应慎用。     

下颌骨髁突囊内骨折不同治疗方法的冠状CT评价

目的:通过冠状CT评价下颌骨髁突囊内骨折不同治疗方法的影像学效果.方法:对2002-2008年在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科关节组就诊经冠状CT诊断为下颌骨髁突囊内骨折的病例183例(242侧),进行不同治疗方法(非手术和手术治疗)的影像学评价.结果:非手术治疗组94例127侧髁突中,48例64侧有3个月以上的随访CT,其中发生错位愈合或改建41例52侧,占81.2%;继发关节强直7例12侧,占非手术治疗的9.4%.手术治疗组89例115侧髁突的术后CT显示,81.7%的髁突达到解剖复位,13.9%接近解剖复位,4.3%复位欠佳.35例48侧有术后3个月以上的随访,其中髁突骨折愈合良好的32例44侧,占91.7%;钛板位置过高2例3侧,占6.2%:髁突骨质吸收、取出钛板1例1侧,占2.1%.结论:冠状CT对髁突囊内骨折的诊断和治疗效果评价有重要作用.非手术治疗的髁突囊内骨折大部分发生错位愈合或改建,少数形成关节强直;手术治疗可以恢复髁突的解剖形态,有利于关节功能的恢复.     

下颌髁状突骨折移位的分类——附56例病例分析

目的　用放射学分析进行下颌髁状突骨折的分类 ,并确定髁状突骨折移位与治疗方法选择之间的关系。方法　共诊治 5 6例 72侧髁状突骨折 ,患者在下颌骨髁状突骨折平均 9天后进行检查。常规 X线检查包括曲面体层和后前位片。另外 ,2 0例 2 8侧髁状突骨折患者还进行了矢状及冠状位的 CT检查。根据 X光片发现 ,将髁状突骨折移位进行分类。只有髁状突完全脱出于关节窝外的骨折才进行手术治疗。结果　根据 X线片结果 ,72侧髁状突骨折中 ,6例 ( 11% )无移位 ,10例 ( 18% )斜形骨折 ,6例 ( 11% )移位 ,6例 ( 11% )前脱位 ,3例 ( 5 % )后脱位 ,8例( 14 % )外侧脱位 ,14例 ( 2 5 % )内侧脱位 ,3例 ( 5 % )水平脱位 ( P<0 .0 0 1)。 16例行颌间结扎。大多数患者 ( 71% )有开放复位的指征。 40例 ( 71% )患者进行了术后平均 2年的随访。在进行闭合性复位治疗的患者中 ,并发症如错、下颌不对称、咀嚼功能减退 ,关节与咀嚼肌区的疼痛明显多于手术治疗的病人。结论　骨折髁状突的脱位术前可用曲面体层与后前位 X光片进行诊断 ,而且应行手术治疗     

Dislocated pediatric condyle fractures — should conservative treatment always be the rule?

AimThe results of conservative treatment of pediatric dislocated (luxative) condyle fractures are usually unsatisfactory. We therefore decided to present and analyze the results of surgical treatment of these fractures.Patients and methodsChildren with dislocated condyle fractures were treated surgically, with the approach always including opening the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).Postoperatively, patients had regular controls at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, and then yearly thereafter. At each control visit, facial symmetry, maximal mouth opening, lateral chin deflection upon mouth opening, TMJ pain, condylar motion, palpable pathological phenomena, and occlusion were all checked clinically. Healing of the fracture site, condylar height, shape and growth were assessed on panoramic radiographs. Possible surgical complications were noted: temporary facial nerve palsy, development of a parotid salivary fistula, disturbance of auricle sensibility due to injury of the greater auricular nerve, miniplate fracture, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative hematoma formation, infection, and reoperation due to fragment malposition. The postoperative scars were assessed.ResultsOver the 6-year period from 2013 until the end of 2018, seven children with dislocated condyle fractures were treated surgically. Six of the seven patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation, and the plates and screws were deliberately not removed. The age range of the patients was 1.5–14 years (average 6.1 years). Follow-up time was 15 months to 6 years. No growth disturbances or facial asymmetries were seen over this follow-up period, with all patients maintaining proper occlusion, joint movement, and mouth opening. Fracture healing and condylar growth were clearly demonstrated with serial control panoramic radiographs. Condylar height asymmetry was observed only in one case, in which only reduction of the fracture with no fixation was performed. In all other cases, condylar height was symmetric. None of the children presented with chewing difficulties or joint pain. No intra- or postoperative surgical complications were noted. The preauricular scars were all very discreet, and none of the patients or parents complained about them.ConclusionSurgical treatment in cases of dislocated (luxative) condylar fractures in children and small infants restores anatomy and thus securely enables further symmetric growth of the condyles, mandible, and the entire facial skeleton.     

克氏针治疗下颌骨髁突矢状骨折13例回顾性分析

目的探讨克氏针内固定方式在下颌髁突矢状骨折治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2019年1月至2020年1月在广州中医药大学附属佛山市中医院口腔医疗中心就诊的下颌骨髁突矢状骨折复位后采用克氏针内固定治疗的患者,共13例19侧。治疗过程包括常规手术切开、暴露并复位游离的下颌骨髁突后,根据下颌骨髁突骨质断端情况利用2~4根克氏针固定,伴发其他部位骨折时同期手术治疗。术后1周通过CBCT评估游离的下颌骨髁突复位精准度及稳固性,通过临床检查评价咬合关系、开口度、开口型。结果所有患者骨折断端对位良好,克氏针无扭曲、折断和松脱;术后咬合关系、开口度、开口型恢复良好。结论克氏针治疗下颌骨髁突矢状骨折效果确切,有临床应用价值。     

中国颌面外科高年资医师髁突骨折治疗观点一致性的调查

目的 了解中国颌面外科高年资医师在髁突骨折治疗观点上的分歧及其影响因素,分析国内外同行间的观点差别.方法 依据骨折类型、移位程度、发生部位和患者年龄,从85例髁突骨折中逐步筛查出18种不同损伤情况的病例.采用现场问卷形式,对46位长期从事颌面创伤治疗的高年专科医师进行髁突骨折"手术"与"非手术"治疗观点的调查,并在讨论中与Baker的调查结果进行比较分析.结果 46位调查对象对18例骨折的治疗方案选择中,3例治疗观点具有一致性,9例观点具有倾向性,6例观点严重分歧.18例髁突骨折中,选择8例手术,4例非手术,其余治疗方案不确定.儿童骨折均主张非手术治疗,青少年髁颈下脱位性骨折主张手术治疗,与国外学者观点趋于一致.成人矢状和粉碎性骨折、髁颈和髁颈下轻度错位骨折争议较大,国外学者观点不主张手术.双侧髁颈下脱位性骨折国内外医师均主张手术.单侧髁颈和髁颈下移位性骨折,国内医师主张手术,国外医师不主张手术.结论 髁突骨折手术与非手术治疗观点方面,约1/3的国内高年资医师间存在严重分歧.对儿童骨折采用非手术治疗和成人双侧髁颈下脱位性骨折手术治疗的观点较为一致.与国外相比,国内医师更倾向于手术治疗.     

髁状突骨折的外科手术治疗与保守治疗

目的 对髁状突骨折手术治疗与保守治疗效果的分析，方法 对109例髁部骨折患者进行手术与保守治疗，并进行追踪随访6个月，通过X线片检查，主观与客观的临床检查对两种治疗方法的效果进行分析。结果 两组患者术后在最大开口度，下颌运动，咬合关系，开口时下颌偏斜及颞颌关节区肌肉疼痛等方面无显著性差异；外科手术患者发生神经功能损伤的危险性明显高于非手术组；手术组髁突复位准确度明显高于保守治疗组。结论 由于手术有许多不利因素，开放手术治疗只适用于严重脱位，移位的髁部骨折患者。     

34例髁突骨折伴发外耳道骨折临床分析

目的: 探讨髁突骨折与外耳道骨折的关系及同期手术的必要性。方法: 230例320侧髁突骨折根据骨折线位置不同分为矢状（Ⅰ型）、头部 （Ⅱ型）、颈部 （Ⅲ型）、髁突下（Ⅳ型）4种类型, 随访髁突与外耳道骨折同期手术与否的预后差异。采用SPSS 20.0软件包中的χ²检验,比较不同类别髁突骨折伴同侧外耳道骨折之间的差异。结果: 230例320侧髁突骨折伴外耳道骨折34例46侧,Ⅰ~Ⅳ型分别为12侧、16侧、7侧、5侧,另有6侧外耳道骨折无髁突骨折。Ⅲ型髁突骨折伴同侧外耳道骨折发生率显著低于另外3型（P<0.05）;Ⅰ型髁突骨折伴外耳道骨折的发生率显著高于Ⅳ型（P<0.05）,其他各型之间两两比较无显著差异。22例30侧随访至受伤后6个月,5例8侧在排除外耳道脑脊液漏的情况下,同期行髁突及外耳道骨折治疗,术后6个月外耳道无狭窄,听力无下降;另17例22侧均出现不同程度的外耳道狭窄,其中4例5侧出现严重听力障碍（均为外耳道粉碎性骨折）。结论: 髁突颈部骨折伴外耳道骨折的概率较低,而髁突矢状骨折较基底部骨折更易导致外耳道骨折。治疗颌面部骨折,应早期发现、治疗外耳道骨折,积极预防外耳道狭窄、听力下降等并发症。     

Clinical comparison between arthrocentesis and conventional conservative treatment with maxillomandibular fixation for unilateral high condylar fractures

This study aimed to compare the effects of arthrocentesis and conventional closed reduction for unilateral mandibular condyle fractures. A total of 30 patients with unilateral condylar fractures were evaluated. Patients with a high condylar fracture and magnetic resonance evidence of joint effusion (JE) were divided into two groups: those treated with intra‐articular irrigation and betamethasone injection (group I) and those given conservative treatment and rigid maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) (group II). All patients were assessed for mandibular range of motion (ROM), protrusive movements, lateral excursion movements on the fractured and non‐fractured sides, pain in the temporomandibular joint and malocclusion, both before and after treatment. There were no significant differences in regard to protrusion, lateral excursion movement and incidence of malocclusion at 12 months after treatment between the groups (P > 0·05). In group I, ROM and joint pain showed good improvement from the early stages of treatment, and those patients had better outcomes as compared to group II for those parameters at 1 and 3 months after injury. The present findings indicate that arthrocentesis may be more effective and provide faster healing than conventional closed reduction.     

Surgical treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle: a comparison of long-term results following different approaches - functional, axiographical, and radiological findings.

AIM: While functionally stable osteosynthesis is a generally accepted method to treat all dislocated fractures of the skull, open reduction and rigid fixation of fractures of the mandibular condyle are still controversial. The risks involved in the surgical approaches and the difficulties during reposition are the main controversies. Improvements made in surgical access and osteosynthesis materials as well as the development of special instruments were the reasons for re-evaluating the surgical results. METHODS: Forty patients with displaced or dislocated fractures of the mandibular condyle were re-examined. In 20 patients (21 fractures) an intraoral approach, in 20 more patients (24 fractures) an extraoral perimandibular approach was applied. The results were compared by means of axiography and radiology as well as clinically with regard to function 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: While almost all fractures were correctly reduced following application of an extraoral access, reduction was correct in only 50% of the patients treated with an intraoral approach. Re-displacement and complications during osteosynthesis were the reasons. The group of patients treated via the intraoral approach showed less favourable results radiologically, clinically, and as judged by the patients' subjective feelings. Especially axiographical examination of the latter fractures revealed a restricted translation indicating that the fractures had not healed primarily. CONCLUSION: In order to avoid complications, the only fractures which should be treated intraorally are those which allow exact reduction even under the conditions of a limited view and reduced possibilities of surgical manipulation during reduction. This applies in general to fractures of the mandibular condyle with a laterally displaced condyle and a shortened ascending ramus. For all other dislocated or displaced fractures, extraoral reduction and osteosynthesis are the methods of choice.     

Outcomes of treatment for intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle: recommendation for a new classification

We know of no universally accepted classification for intracapsular condylar fractures. We propose here a new classification based on the concept of a “disc-condyle” unit, and validate the classification based on outcomes of treatment. From 1 January 2010 - 31 December 2014, 55 patients with unilateral intracapsular condylar fractures were classified into three types: type A has no reduction in mandibular height or displacement of the disc (n = 7); type B has displacement of the disc with no reduction in mandibular height (n = 17); and type C has reduced mandibular height with or without displacement of the disc (n = 31). We treated types B and C by open reduction and fixation, while type A fractures were managed non-surgically. At six month follow-up, we found no significant differences in the vertical height of the ramus, mandibular deviation, protrusion, or lateral protrusion between the fractured and healthy sides. All patients had normal occlusion postoperatively and only one patient (type C) reported pain. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography showed good osseous healing and disc-condylar relations in all cases. Our results show that this new classification of intracapsular condylar fractures is a safe and easy way to obtain satisfactory outcomes of treatment. However, it needs further independent validation.     

Assessment of patients treated for intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle by closed techniques.

PURPOSE: The goals to study different lines of intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle and to evaluate their influence on the prognosis after closed treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical, radiologic, and axiographic follow-up of 40 patients with 50 intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle was carried out after closed treatment. The examinations were performed an average of 22 weeks after treatment. Three types of intracapsular fractures were distinguished: type A, or fractures through the medial condylar pole; type B, or fractures through the lateral condylar pole with loss of vertical height of mandibular ramus, and type M, multiple fragments, comminuted fractures. RESULTS: Moderate to serious dysfunction was observed in 33% of the cases. Radiologic examination of fracture types B and M revealed a reduction in the height of the mandibular ramus of up to 13% compared with the contralateral side. These 2 fracture types also resulted in the most prominent deformations of the condylar head. Axiography revealed irregular excursions and a limitation of condylar movement in comminuted fractures of up to 74% compared with the nonfractured side. CONCLUSION: Lesions to the osseodiscoligamentous complex of the temporomandibular joint caused by intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle can be severe. The poor functional and radiologic results encountered in the fracture types B and M showed the limitations of closed functional treatment.