广州市公共场所用品用具卫生状况及消毒效果观察

目的：了解广州市公共场所用品用具卫生状况及消毒效果。为修订相应卫生标准提供依据。方法抽检该市公共场所用品用（包括旅业卫生间用具、话筒类、拖鞋类、保龄球及理发美容用具），对其消毒前后进行细菌、霉菌指标检测。结果３星组以上及其旅业卫生间的各类用具细菌总数几何均值分别为从消毒前的３６３４－１０４６９ＣＦＵ／２５ｃｍ＾２、９０８７－８３６３７ＣＦＵ／２５ｃｍ＾２降至消毒后的２－４ＣＦＵ／２５ｃｍ＾２、３１     

广州市旅业卫生间用具消毒效果调查

为了解广州市旅业卫生间用具的卫生状况 ,并为国家制订标准提供依据 ,对旅业卫生间用具进行了抽检调查。广州市内３星级以上 (含３星 )旅业、普通旅业、１～２星级旅业各抽取５～１０个单位作为调查对象。每单位按消毒前、后各抽取５间客房卫生间内全部用具 ,普通旅业无独立卫生间的抽检脸盆。检验项目为细菌总数及大肠菌群。按ＧＢ／Ｔ１７２２０—１９９８《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》进行采样。微生物检验按《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》(１９９７年报批稿 )。统计方法采用ＳＰＳＳ统计软件包 ,细菌总数采用几何均数比较 ,ｔ检验 ,大肠…     

内蒙古自治区4个城市公共场所公共用品用具卫生状况分析

目的了解内蒙古自治区公共场所公共用品用具卫生质量,为公共场所卫生管理提供科学依据。方法对内蒙古自治区4市215家公共场所公共用品用具采样进行微生物指标检测。结果公共场所公共用品用具总体合格率为93.9%,宾馆(酒店)、理发、美容和沐浴场所公共用品用具合格率分别为95.2%(5 071/5 324)、84.2%(346/411)、92.3%(349/378)和91.0%(778/855),合格率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=99.072,P0.05);宾馆(酒店)业毛巾细菌总数合格率最低,为93.0%;理发店毛巾和理发梳的细菌总数合格率较低,分别为82.2%和90.0%;美容店美容面盆的细菌总数和大肠菌群合格率偏低,为85.5%和93.6%;沐浴场所的拖鞋细菌总数和真菌总数合格率较低,为70.2%和86.4%;公共用品用具的细菌总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌和真菌总数等指标的合格率分别为94.1%、99.6%、99.8%和86.4%,合格率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=748.716,P0.05)。结论内蒙古自治区公共场所公共用品用具卫生质量总体较好,但理发店的公共用品用具以及美容店的美容面盆和沐浴场所的拖鞋应加强监管,以保障消费者的身心健康。     

集中空调通风系统清洗消毒效果评价

目的 评价公共场所集中空调通风系统消洗消毒效果.方法 依据<公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生学评价规范>(2006年)对天津市5家公共场所11个集中空调通风系统清洗消毒前后卫生状况进行调查.结果 清洗消毒后,积尘量、积尘中细菌总数、积尘中真菌总数、送风中细菌总数中位数分别由29.83 g/m2、40 CFU/cm2、7CFU/cm2、1194 CFU/cm3下降为0.25 g/cm2、0 CFU/cm2、0.2 CFU/cm2、346 CFU/cm3,送风中真菌总数由中位数283CFU/cm3上升到848 CFU/cm3,可吸入颗粒浓度变化不明显.结论 公共场所集中空调通风系统清洗消毒对改善其卫生质量有积极的意义,但应注意消毒剂的使用,同时加强对清洗消毒人员的专业培训.     

2016年雨城区公共场所用品用具微生物检测结果分析

目的 了解雅安市雨城区2016年公共场所用品用具消毒效果情况,为采取有针对性改善措施提供依据.方法 按照《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》(GB/T 18204.4—2013),对雨城区2016年公共场所的茶具、床上卧具(枕套、被套、床单)、毛巾、理发工具等进行细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌检测并分析.结果 公共场所用品总合格率为99.16%,美容美发、公共浴室(洗浴足浴)、旅店住宿、文化娱乐场所用品消毒合格率分别为100.00%、99.48%、99.25%、97.68%;床上卧具、毛巾、杯具细菌总数合格率分别为99.78%、99.03%、95.87%,床上卧具、毛巾、杯具大肠菌群合格率分别为99.12%、99.03%、96.86%.结论 雨城区公共场所消毒合格率较高,但文化娱乐场所及杯具类样品监测合格率最低,今后应有针对性的加强文化娱乐强场所和杯具用品的卫生消毒管理.     

2009-2013年龙井市公共场所顾客用品用具消毒监测结果分析

目的了解公共场所顾客用品用具消毒状况,探索有效监督措施及对策,为卫生监督工作提供科学依据。方法采用回顾性资料调查方法,对龙井市公共场所顾客用品用具消毒监测结果进行分析。结果龙井市公共场所顾客用品用具清洗消毒流程操作不规范,茶具/饮（餐）具配备数量不足,未定期清洗消毒,细菌总数、大肠菌群超标,不合格率分别为11.32%和2.74%,存在安全隐患。结论龙井市公共场所存在顾客用品用具管理缺位和清洗消毒操作不规范,应加大对公共场所卫生监督监测力度,加强消毒管理,提高用品用具消毒卫生质量。     

龙岩市城区公共场所用品用具卫生状况分析

目的了解龙岩市城区公共场所公共用品用具的卫生状况,为卫生监管提供依据。方法按GB/T 17220-1998《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》进行采样,按GB/T 18204-2000《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》检测,按GB 9663-1996《旅店业卫生标准》中公共用品清洗消毒判定标准和GB 9666-1996《理发店、美容店卫生标准》进行评价。结果 2012—2013年共检测公共用品用具385份,合格率为73.5%。旅店的公共用品用具合格率最高为80.5%,其次为浴室65.0%,美容美发场所最低（50.0%）;金黄葡萄球菌总合格率99.7%,其中茶具合格率97.4%,其余合格率均为100.0%;大肠菌群总合格率86.6%,其中卧具98.5%、毛巾82.4%、茶具71.1%、理发美容工具66.7%;细菌总数总合格率76.6%,其中卧具84.1%、毛巾69.2%、茶具68.4%;拖鞋均检出霉菌和酵母菌。结论卫生部门应加强对公共场所的茶具、拖鞋和美容美发工具的卫生监测,特别是对浴室和美容美发行业的监督管理。经营单位要确实加强管理和提高消毒意识,确保公共用品用具的消毒效果。     

清洗消毒公共场所集中空调通风系统对改善送风卫生质量的效果评价

[目的]了解广州市城区公共场所集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,评价清洗消毒通风管道对改善集中空调卫生质量的效果。[方法]2008～2011年,对广州市城区公共场所使用中的集中空调通风系统进行卫生指标检测和评价。[结果]检测2年内清洗消毒过通风管道的集中空调32处,2年内未清洗消毒过的集中空调31处。送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、真菌总数,未清洗消毒的分别为0.163±0.011mg/m3、409±184CFU/m3,清洗消毒的分别为0.075±0.03mg/m3、118±15CFU/m3(P<0.01);细菌总数,未清洗消毒的为637±82CFU/m3,清洗消毒的为548±67CFU/m3(P>0.05)。送风管道中积尘量、细菌总数和真菌总数,未清洗消毒的分别为2.38±0.20g/m2、187±159CFU/cm2、26±13CFU/cm2,清洗消毒过的分别为0.40±0.03g/m2、13±4CFU/cm2、15±5CFU/cm2(P<0.01)。所有样品均未检出β-溶血性链球菌。[结论]2年1次清洗消毒对改善公共场所集中空调通风系统送风和管道的卫生状况有明显的效果。     

公共场所用品用具卫生标准的探讨

随着公共场所卫生监督监测工作的逐渐深入 ,公共场所公用物品的监测在全国各地也不同程度地开展起来 ,但由于目前国家已颁布的卫生标准所包含的公共用品用具种类少 ,许多用品用具缺乏评价标准 ,从而使该项工作的开展遇到困难。在中国预防医学科学院环境卫生监测所的组织和资助下 ,我们对公共场所用品用具进行了调查 ,为制订卫生标准提供科学依据。调查采用随机抽样的方式 ,按《公共场所卫生监督规范与检验方法手册》[1 ]检测旅店业已消毒和未消毒的洗手盆、浴缸、坐厕垫、娱乐场所的话筒 (卡拉 OK、电话 )、保龄球及旅业、浴室的公共拖鞋 ,…     

2004年潍坊市坊子区公共场所卫生状况调查

[目的]了解潍坊市坊子区公共场所卫生管理现状,探索提高公共场所卫生管理水平的策略。[方法]严格按照《公共场所卫生检测技术规范》和《化妆品卫生监督条例》的要求,对公共场所的公共用品、用具的消毒效果和从业人员健康证持有情况进行调查。[结果]抽检公共场所1 035家,有卫生许可证的839家,持证率为81.1%;工作人员有健康证的2 931人,持证率为74.7%。旅店、洗浴店被检用品、用具细菌总数合格率为87.6%,大肠菌群合格率为88.9%。被检理发美容店工具金黄色葡萄球菌合格率为89.6%,大肠菌群合格率为88.4%。[结论]公共场所卫生状况总体良好,但存在公共用品消毒结果和数量不足等问题,仍应加强现场卫生技术指导,加大执法监督力度。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.