CYP2C19指导ACS行PCI患者抗血小板药物选择的研究

目的:根据急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者CYP2C19基因型的不同选择抗血小板药物及剂量进行治疗,观察其抗血小板效应及出血风险,为个体化抗血小板药物的选择提供参考。方法:入选231例行PCI的ACS患者并检测其CYP2C19基因型,根据基因型的不同分为快代谢组(CYP2C19*1/*1)、中代谢组(CYP2C19*1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3)、慢代谢组(CYP2C19*2/*2、CYP2C19*3/*3、CYP2C19*2/*3),并分别给予快代谢组常规双联抗血小板治疗(氯吡格雷75mg qd+阿司匹林100mg qn),中代谢组氯吡格雷剂量加倍(氯吡格雷150mg qd+阿司匹林100mg qn),慢代谢组换用新型抗血小板药物(替格瑞洛90mg bid+阿司匹林100mg qn),比较各组用药3个月后血小板抑制率变化情况及出血事件的发生情况。结果:根据基因型所分3组的临床基线资料及PCI结果无统计学差异。中代谢组及慢代谢组患者用药3个月后,血小板抑制率均较快代谢组血小板抑制率升高,慢代谢组血小板抑制率较中代谢组明显升高,差别具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:PCI术后的ACS患者中,携带CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3等位基因的高危患者,采用氯吡格雷剂量加倍及换用替格瑞洛均可充分抑制血小板,且换用替格瑞洛优于氯吡格雷剂量加倍。     

细胞色素P4502C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗对急性冠状动脉综合征介入治疗的影响

目的探讨细胞色素P450(CYP)2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗对于急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者PCI预后的影响。方法选取行PCI的老年ACS患者248例,根据是否存在氯吡格雷抵抗(血小板聚集抑制率50%)分为抵抗组58例和不抵抗组190例,比较2组CYP2C19基因多态性分布及PCI术后6个月主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率。结果抵抗组CYP2C19基因多态性快代谢型比例明显低于不抵抗组,中间代谢型比例明显高于不抵抗组,差异有统计学意义(22.4%vs 52.6%,62.1%vs 37.9%,P=0.000);2组慢代谢型比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PCI术后6个月,抵抗组MACE发生率明显高于不抵抗组,差异有统计学意义(27.6%vs 3.7%,χ2=29.976,P0.01)。logistic回归分析结果显示,CYP2C19*2(OR=0.101,95%CI:0.013～0.765,P=0.026)和氯吡格雷抵抗(OR=0.037,95%CI:0.007～0.184,P=0.000)是ACS患者PCI术后预后不良危险因素。结论 CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗对行PCI的ACS患者预后有一定程度的影响,CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗有一定相关性。临床上应该密切注意观察存在氯吡格雷抵抗及携带CYP2C19*2并行PCI的老年ACS患者,以减少MACE发生率。     

中国汉族老年急性冠脉综合征患者氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗反应性的药物基因组学相关分析

目的 探讨影响中国汉族老年急性冠脉综合征患者氯吡格雷抗血小板反应性的药物基因组学关联因素.方法 严格按照病例纳入和排除标准,连续募集201 1年9月1日至2012年9月1日期间,在解放军总医院住院诊断为急性冠脉综合征的60岁以上患者,并给予常规氯吡格雷和阿司匹林双联抗血小板治疗.采用光密度比浊法检测患者服用稳定剂量氯吡格雷后第5日的腺苷二磷酸(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集率.采用SnapShot基因分型法检测氯吡格雷的代谢和作用通路上的候选相关基因变异型(包括PON1Q192R,CYP2C19*2,CYP2C19*3,CYP2C19*17以及ABCB1 C3435T).结果 在246例符合入选标准的老年急性冠脉综合征患者中,单因素相关分析显示,在候选的氯吡格雷代谢和作用相关基因变异型中,仅有CYP2C 19*2基因型与氯吡格雷稳定治疗后的血小板反应性显著相关(P=0.001),其中CYP2C19*2携带者口服稳定剂量氯吡格雷第5日时ADP诱导的血小板聚集率(46.1％±21.25％)显著高于非携带者(39.38％±19.44％,P＜ 0.001).利用多元逐步回归分析,经校正年龄、性别、体质量指数、合并疾病和合并用药等临床环境相关因素后,CYP2C19*2仍与患者稳定剂量治疗下的血小板聚集率密切相关,它能够解释22.2％的氯吡格雷抗血小板反应性个体间变异(P=0.001).结论 CYP2C19*2是影响中国汉族老年急性冠脉综合征患者氯吡格雷抗血小板反应性的主要药物基因组学相关因素.     

携带多形性CYP2C19基因与氯吡格雷抵抗研究进展

氯吡格雷是治疗急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)、预防经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后支架内血栓和再发缺血事件的基石药物。细胞色素CYP2C19基因对氯吡格雷疗效起一定作用,携带CYP2C19*2和*3功能缺失等位基因,可以解释药物功能减低现象。但不同种族患者的氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)现象,并非都由细胞色素基因造成,其他基因变异型也可能与其药物抵抗相关。针对不同种族ACS患者,有必要进一步研究基因型检测联合血小板功能监测,共同指导临床应用抗血小板药物种类和剂量。     

西洛他唑联合氯吡格雷血小板治疗对PCI术后老年患者的疗效及安全性

目的:探讨西洛他唑联合氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗对经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后老年患者的疗效及安全性。方法:100例行PCI术的老年冠心病患者被随机分为常规治疗组(52例,接受氯吡格雷+阿司匹林抗血小板治疗)和西洛他唑组(48例,在常规治疗组治疗基础上接受西洛他唑治疗)。用比浊法检测血小板聚集率(PAR),比较两组患者术前及术后1周、1月PAR及血小板平均体积(MPV)。随访6个月,比较两组患者主要不良心血管事件(MACE)及出血事件发生率。结果:术前两组MPV和PAR均无显著差异,与常规治疗组比较,术后1周及1月西洛他唑组PAR显著降低[术后1周:(48.7±6.3)%比(43.5±5.7)%,术后1月:(46.8±5.8)%比(42.4±5.4)%],P均0.05。随访6个月后,西洛他唑组和常规治疗组的总MACE发生率(16.7%比17.3%)无显著差异,P0.05;西洛他唑组的出血事件发生率显著低于常规治疗组(6.25%比19.23%,P0.01)。结论:与氯吡格雷+阿司匹林抗血小板治疗比较,西洛他唑联合氯吡格雷抑制血小板聚集效果更显著,且出血事件明显减少,在PCI术老年冠心病患者中安全有效。     

CYP2C19基因多态性对颈动脉支架植入术后支架内血栓形成的影响

目的阐明CYP2C19基因多态性与颈动脉支架植入术(CAS)后支架内血栓形成、氯吡格雷抵抗之间的关系。方法入选2013年1月至2014年12月南京医科大学附属脑科医院老年神经科及神经科接受颈内动脉动脉支架(裸支架)植入术的首次住院颈内动脉狭窄患者102例,服用阿司匹林100 mg/d,颈内动脉支架植入术前3 d开始予氯吡格雷75 mg/d口服。多重高温连接酶检测反应进行CYP2C19*2和*3位点分型,并记录氯吡格雷抵抗和支架内血栓形成的发生率。结果入选的102例患者中,按CYP2C19*2分型:CYP2C19*1*1型45例,CYP2C19*1*2型47例,CYP2C19*2*2型10例。携带CYP2C19*2基因者氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率为26.3%(15例),未携带CYP2C19*2基因者氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率为13.3%(6例),组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。携带CYP2C19*2基因者颈内动脉支架植入术后支架内血栓形成的发生率为19.3%(11例),未携带CYP2C19*2基因者支架内血栓形成的发生率为11.1%(5例),组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CYP2C19*2基因位点的多态性可能是颈内动脉支架植入术后不良事件发生的危险因素。     

冠心病患者支架术后根据检测药物代谢酶CYP2C19基因调整抗血小板治疗的价值

目的 :探讨根据检测CYP2C19基因调整冠心病支架术后患者抗血小板治疗策略及其临床预后的价值。方法 :326例冠心病支架术后患者行CYP2C19基因检测,其中快代谢患者(CYP2C19*1/*1)128例(常规组,给予常规氯吡格雷75 mg,每天1次);中慢代谢患者(CYP2C19*1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3、CYP2C19*2/*3、CYP2C19*2/*2、CYP2C19*3/*3)198例,随机分为氯吡格雷高维持剂量组(氯吡格雷150 mg,每天1次,99例);替格瑞洛组(替格瑞洛90 mg,每天2次,99例);观察三组患者支架术前及术后1、3、6个月血小板聚集率变化及6个月内主要不良心血管事件、出血等不良反应的发生率。结果 :氯吡格雷高维持剂量组与常规组术后1、3、6个月血小板聚集率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而替格瑞洛组术后1、3、6个月血小板聚集率均较氯吡格雷高维持剂量组及常规组下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。氯吡格雷高维持剂量组与常规组6个月内发生主要不良心血管事件比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);替格瑞洛组较氯吡格雷高维持剂量组及常规组显著减少主要不良心血管事件发生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),未明显增加出血不良事件的发生(P>0.05)。结论 :冠心病支架术后CYP2C19中慢代谢患者服用高维持剂量氯吡格雷未明显增加主要不良心血管事件发生,而调用替格瑞洛可显著降低血小板聚集率,减少主要不良心血管事件的发生,并不增加出血不良反应发生。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与冠心病患者PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗的关系

目的:探讨CYP2C19基因多态性对冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)的影响。方法:选择在我院接受治疗并进行PCI手术的冠心病患者100例,其中CR 24例,无氯吡格雷抵抗(NCR)76例。根据CYP2C19基因型,患者被分为快代谢型CYP2C19*1/*1 (49例),中间代谢型CYP2C19*1/*2(28例)和*1/*3 (11例),慢代谢型CYP2C19*2/*2 (9例)和*2/*3 (3例)。分析不同基因型与CR、最大血小板聚集率(MPA)、主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生的关系。结果:以快代谢型CYP2C19*1/*1基因型为基础,中间代谢型CYP2C19*1/*2和*1/*3 (OR=4.16、5.03,P均0.05)及慢代谢型CYP2C19*2/*2和*2/*3 (OR=7.04、17.6,P均0.01)发生CR的风险显著增加,中间代谢型分别增加4.16和5.03倍,慢代谢型分别增加7.04和17.60倍;与快代谢基因型比较,中、慢代谢基因型的MPA和MACE发生率均显著增加(P0.05或0.01);CR组MACE发生率显著高于NCR组(20.8%比5.3%,P=0.02)。结论:CYP2C19基因多态性对冠心病患者PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗有一定的影响,带有中、慢代谢基因型冠心病患者更易发生氯吡格雷抵抗以及有更高的最大血小板聚集率和主要不良心血管事件发生率。     

老年急性冠状动脉综合征CYP2C19基因中等代谢型患者的抗血小板治疗

目的探讨细胞色素P450同工酶亚族2C19(CYP2C19)基因中代谢型老年急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者介入治疗后不同双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)方案与其远期预后是否相关。方法连续选取2016年6～12月住院的年龄≥60岁老年ACS患者,均行CYP2C19基因多态性检测,从中筛选CYP2C19基因中代谢型患者126例,随访36个月,根据患者是否发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)分为MACE组42例和无MACE组84例。比较2组DAPT方案(服用阿司匹林100 mg联合氯吡格雷75 mg 1次/d、或联合氯吡格雷100 mg 1次/d、或联合替格瑞洛90 mg 2次/d)、临床资料,多因素logistic回归分析MACE的影响因素。结果 MACE组患者体质量指数、LDL、B型钠尿肽水平明显高于无MACE组(P0.05),MACE组服用替格瑞洛比例明显低于无MACE组(33.33%vs 71.43%,P=0.000)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,LDL和DAPT方案均是影响MACE的独立危险因素(P0.01),进一步将DAPT作为哑变量,以联用替格瑞洛为参照分析显示,联用氯吡格雷75 mg患者远期MACE是替格瑞洛的7.989倍,联用氯吡格雷100 mg患者远期MACE是替格瑞洛4.460倍。结论 CYP2C19基因中代谢型老年ACS患者术后DAPT方案中,联用替格瑞洛的远期预后优于氯吡格雷加量方案,更优于氯吡格雷标准方案。     

CYP2C19、PON1基因多态性与冠心病患者中氯吡格雷疗效的研究进展

<正>目前,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)是世界上最常见的死亡原因,严重威胁着人类的健康。在冠心病的各项治疗中,阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷是冠心病患者抗血小板治疗的首选方案,而在急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者常规剂量口服阿司匹林及氯吡格雷的随访中,仍然有部分患者再次发生MACE事件。有研究表明,氯吡格雷的低反应(高残留血小板反应性(HPR))可能是导致再缺血事件的主要原因之一。     

Classification and characterization of hereditary types 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2M, 2N, and 2U (unclassifiable) von Willebrand disease.

All variants of type 2 von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients, except 2N, show a defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) protein (on cross immunoelectrophoresis or multimeric analysis), decreased ratios for VWF:RCo/Ag and VWF:CB/Ag and prolonged bleeding time. The bleeding time is normal and FVIII:C levels are clearly lower than VWF:Ag in type 2N VWD. High resolution multimeric analysis of VWF in plasma demonstrates that proteolysis of VWF is increased in type 2A and 2B VWD with increased triplet structure of each visuable band (not present in types 2M and 2U), and that proteolysis of VWF is minimal in type 2C, 2D, and 2E variants that show aberrant multimeric structure of individual oligomers. VWD 2B differs from 2A by normal VWF in platelets, and increased ristocetine-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA). RIPA, which very likely reflects the VWF content of platelets, is normal in mild, decreased in moderate, and absent in severe type 2A VWD. RIPA is decreased or absent in 2M, 2U, 2C, and 2D, variable in 2E, and normal in 2N. VWD 2M is usually mild and characterized by decreased VWF:RCo and RIPA, a normal or near normal VWF multimeric pattern in a low resolution agarose gel. VWD 2A-like or unclassifiable (2U) is distinct from 2A and 2B and typically featured by low VWF:RCo and RIPA with the relative lack of high large VWF multimers. VWD type 2C is recessive and shows a characteristic multimeric pattern with a lack of high molecular weight multimers, the presence of one single-banded multimers instead of triplets caused by homozygosity or double hereozygosity for a mutation in the multimerization part of VWF gene. Autosomal dominant type 2D is rare and characterized by the lack of high molecular weight multimers and the presence of a characteristic intervening subband between individual oligimers due to mutation in the dimerization part of the VWF gene. In VWD type 2E, the large VWF multimers are missing and the pattern of the individual multimers shows only one clearly identifiable band, and there is no intervening band and no marked increase in the smallest oligomer. 2E appears to be less well defined, is usually autosomal dominant, and accounts for about one third of patients with 2A in a large cohort of VWD patients.     

Different RBC aggregating properties of the Aalpha2Bbeta2gammaA2 and Aalpha2Bbeta2gammaAgamma' subpopulations of human fibrinogen

Human fibrinogen (TF) has been separated into two fractions: F1 - homodimers with respect to the gamma chain, and F2 - heterodimers composed of gammaA and gamma' polypeptides. Their rouleaux-inducing properties were as follows: (1) both, at the same concentration of 0.8%, were less effective than TF; (2) F1 produced larger rouleaux even under static conditions of a hemocytometer where F2 was silent; (3) F2 induced the process when a suspension was gently sheared between microscopic slides. Since the synthetic peptide gamma'(414-427) inhibited the rouleau formation in a mixture with F2, the C-terminal amino acids of the gamma' polypeptide probably bind the molecule to the cell. The inhibition was feebly visible in the native ratio of F1/F2, implicating a compensatory effect of F1.     

Structure-function of Hb Marseille-Long Island [alpha 2 beta 2 N-methionyl-2(NA2) His----Pro

Suspensions of red cells containing Hb Marseille-Long Island showed decreased oxygen affinity and low interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Oxygen equilibrium studies of the purified component confirmed these abnormalities. Oxidation rate measurements of carbonmonoxy-Hb Marseille and carbonmonoxy-Hb A by ferricyanide showed an increased rate for the former, suggesting an increased dissociation constant for carbon monoxide. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra in the high field region revealed small changes in the proximal region of the heme pocket. These results indicated that the mutation causes a perturbation at a distance from the mutation site.     

Identification of SH2B2beta as an inhibitor for SH2B1- and SH2B2alpha-promoted Janus kinase-2 activation and insulin signaling

The SH2B family has three members (SH2B1, SH2B2, and SH2B3) that contain conserved dimerization (DD), pleckstrin homology, and SH2 domains. The DD domain mediates the formation of homo- and heterodimers between members of the SH2B family. The SH2 domain of SH2B1 (previously named SH2-B) or SH2B2 (previously named APS) binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases, including Janus kinase-2 (JAK2) and the insulin receptor, thereby promoting the activation of JAK2 or the insulin receptor, respectively. JAK2 binds to various members of the cytokine receptor family, including receptors for GH and leptin, to mediate cytokine responses. In mice, SH2B1 regulates energy and glucose homeostasis by enhancing leptin and insulin sensitivity. In this work, we identify SH2B2beta as a new isoform of SH2B2 (designated as SH2B2alpha) derived from the SH2B2 gene by alternative mRNA splicing. SH2B2beta has a DD and pleckstrin homology domain but lacks a SH2 domain. SH2B2beta bound to both SH2B1 and SH2B2alpha, as demonstrated by both the interaction of glutathione S-transferase-SH2B2beta fusion protein with SH2B1 or SH2B2alpha in vitro and coimmunoprecipitation of SH2B2beta with SH2B1 or SH2B2alpha in intact cells. SH2B2beta markedly attenuated the ability of SH2B1 to promote JAK2 activation and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by JAK2. SH2B2beta also significantly inhibited SH2B1- or SH2B2alpha-promoted insulin signaling, including insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. These data suggest that SH2B2beta is an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2alpha, negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses.     

Influence of Mixed Na2O/K2O on Chemical Durability and Spectral Properties of P2O5-Al2O3-BaO-K2O-Na2O-Nd2O3 Phosphate Glasses

A series of 56P₂O₅-7.5Al₂O₃-5.9BaO-(28.56-x)K₂O-xNa₂O-1.51Nd₂O₃ phosphate glasses with different Na/(Na+K) ratios, which were specially designed for high-power laser application, were prepared by a high-temperature melting method. Except for the density, refractive index, glass transition temperature, and DC conductivity, the chemical durability and spectral properties, as emphasized by high-power and high-energy laser material, were further measured and analyzed. Regarding the chemical durability, the dissolution rates of these glasses do not show an evident mixed alkali effect with increasing the Na/(Na+K) ratio, although the effect is obvious for the glass transition temperature and DC conductivity. To better understand the nature of the dissolution mechanism, the ionic release concentrations of every element are determined. Both Na and K undergo ion exchange, but the ion exchange rate of K is much larger than that of Na. In terms of the spectral properties, the J–O parameters, emission cross-section, radiation lifetime, fluorescence lifetime, effective bandwidth, fluorescence branching ratio, and quantum efficiency are determined from absorption and emission spectra. The trend of Ω₂ deviating from linearity indicates that the coordination environment symmetry of Nd³⁺ ions and the covalence of Nd-O also present an evident mixed alkali effect. The most important finding is that the emission cross-section and fluorescence lifetime of Nd³⁺ ions at 1053 nm were not affected by the change in the Na/K ratio. According to the above experimental results, the optimized value of the Na/K ratio was determined, based on which the 56P₂O₅-7.5Al₂O₃-5.9BaO-(28.56-x)K₂O-xNa₂O-1.51Nd₂O₃ glass maintains a high emission cross-section with good chemical durability.