腰椎管内静脉丛曲张致腰腿痛患者1例报告

腰腿痛常见的原因主要包括腰椎间盘突出、腰椎管狭窄、脊柱炎症、及结核等,由椎管内静脉丛异常曲张所导致的腰腿痛比较少见[1]。1947年Epstein报道椎管内静脉丛曲张可导致下肢痛[2],1988年Zarki和Slyczyaki报道300例腰腿痛病人中有约1.3%的病例是由于腰椎管内静脉丛异常引起[3],1997年国内有文献报道认为由于椎管内静脉异常所致腰腿痛的发生率可能要高于1.3%[3]。我科门诊近日收治腰椎管内静脉丛曲张术后患者1例,就腰椎管内静脉丛异常曲张致腰腿痛患者的诊断与治疗综述如下。     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术治疗肝静脉广泛闭塞型布加综合征

目的探讨经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝静脉广泛闭塞型布加综合征的临床疗效。方法采用TIPS治疗11例广泛肝静脉闭塞型布加综合征患者,其中3例为急性,8例为亚急性或慢性。患者表现为食管静脉曲张破裂出血和顽固性腹水,采用超声多普勒、CT或MRI、上消化道钡餐、血管造影和肝活检明确诊断。TIPS将肝内分流道建于肝后下腔静脉与门静脉分支,支架直径为10 mm,随访时间(63±43)个月。结果所有患者均成功完成TIPS,肝门部门静脉分叉处出血1例,1周后出血控制再植内支撑;肝内分流道建立后门体压力梯度由(41．2±10．5)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0．098 kPa)下降至(12．4±4．7)cm H2O,门静脉血流速度由(11．2±2．8)cm／s增加至(52．2±13．7)cm／s。患者出血控制,腹水渐消退,肝功能指标明显好转。住院期间因肝功能衰竭死亡1例。术后随访,2例分流道狭窄分别行分流道再扩张或再植内支撑,其余8例无相关并发症。结论TIPS是治疗肝静脉广泛闭塞型布加综合征的重要方法,具有良好的远期疗效。     

介入治疗在肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻中的临床应用

目的探讨介入治疗在肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析27例肝移植术后患者的临床资料。患者肝移植术后出现胸、腹水和肝功能异常时，应用CT、磁共振（MR1）或超声波检查，若提示下腔静脉狭窄或肝静脉梗阻，则行静脉造影确定狭窄部位，并对其进行球囊扩张或支架治疗。治疗后随访1个月～5年，观察临床效果。结果静脉造影发现1例为单纯肝静脉狭窄；13例为下腔静脉狭窄，其中3例合并肝静脉狭窄。4例患者接受球囊扩张，10例接受支架治疗。接受治疗后患者多在短期内临床症状消失，未见明显并发症。1例肝静脉狭窄经球囊扩张8个月后再次出现狭窄，给于支架治疗；另1例球囊扩张2年后再次发生狭窄，接受再次球囊扩张，患者的临床症状缓解。结论下腔静脉狭窄或肝静脉流出道狭窄可通过球囊扩张或支架等介入治疗获得满意的临床效果。     

无血液透析插管史的中心静脉狭窄五例临床分析

目的 探讨无血液透析（血透）插管史的中心静脉狭窄患者的造影表现及诊治经验。 方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院2006年7月至2008年7月收治的5例无血透插管史的中心静脉狭窄的病例临床资料。 结果 女3例,男2例,年龄43~65岁,平均（53±8）岁;5例均表现为上肢肿胀;5例均为左腕部自体动静脉通路,平均建立时间（33.6±35.4）个月。静脉造影显示闭塞性病变2例,狭窄3例,其中头臂静脉狭窄1例,头臂静脉、锁骨下静脉各一处狭窄1例,锁骨下静脉双处狭窄1例。头臂静脉狭窄部位较恒定,均位于气管前方部位,CT显示局部受主动脉压迫。采用经皮血管腔内血管成形术（PTA）、锁骨下静脉-对侧锁骨下静脉旁路术、血透通路关闭术治疗后,症状缓解。 结论 高流量的动脉血流加剧了中心静脉潜在受压部位或瓣膜部位的内膜增殖,可能是导致无插管史的中心静脉狭窄的病因。静脉造影是首选诊断方法。治疗的远期疗效尚待进一步探讨。     

左侧髂静脉压迫综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗左侧髂静脉压迫综合征的疗效及安全性。方法本组27例,均经下肢深静脉造影或彩超确定诊断。13例发病在3周以内,表现为急性髂-股静脉血栓;14例发病超过3周,表现为慢性静脉阻塞。13例经健侧股静脉穿刺,14例经患侧腘静脉穿刺。11例溶栓前置入滤器,16例未置入滤器。均先行经导管溶栓治疗,之后7例行单纯球囊扩张术,20例球囊扩张后行内支架植入术。结果13例经健侧股静脉穿刺,导丝成功通过狭窄段8例,不能通过5例,改为造影导引下患侧腘静脉穿刺;14例直接行患侧腘静脉穿刺,在深静脉造影的导引下均穿刺成功。溶栓时间（85±16）h,尿激酶用量（300±32）万U。13例急性发作者血栓完全溶解,14例慢性者彩超报告管腔内见血流信号,提示血管部分再通。27例术后造影显示髂-股静脉血流通畅。随访时间6～26个月,平均11个月。19例静脉造影或超声显示髂-股静脉通畅,临床症状消失,8例深静脉造影或彩超提示髂-股静脉血流基本通畅,患者症状明显减轻,但仍存留肢体轻度肿胀。结论采用介入方法治疗左侧髂静脉压迫综合征,疗效确切,并发症少,可作为临床上治疗此类疾病的首选方法。     

腘静脉嵌压综合征的诊断及治疗

目的探讨腘静脉嵌压综合征(PVES)的诊治。方法回顾性分析61例PVES患者的临床资料。男39例,女22例;年龄34~58岁(平均44.5岁)。左侧31例,右侧20例,双侧10例。25例表现为单纯小腿肿胀、静脉曲张及色素沉着,36例为反复淤滞性皮炎、小腿胀痛,其中8例长期溃疡不愈。病程5~20年,42例疑诊为下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,19例诊断为单纯大隐静脉曲张,10例曾行大隐静脉高位结扎及分段剥脱术。6例经彩色B超检查发现。所有患者均经下肢顺行静脉造影,狭窄程度均达70%以上。根据造影,属高位狭窄11例,中位狭窄14例,低位狭窄36例。25例由于症状相对较轻,采用循环驱动袜治疗。36例因症状严重,行手术治疗。结果 25例保守治疗者,经循环驱动袜治疗后,小腿肿胀和疼痛均有不同程度改善。36例手术患者症状减轻,静脉溃疡均在术后1个月内完全愈合,29例随访3个月至5年,13例己经放弃弹力袜工作和生活,16例在长时间站立后仅内踝部轻度肿胀,以间断弹力袜治疗,另7例失访。结论腘静脉嵌压综合征临床表现与下肢深静脉功能不全极为相似,很容易被误诊,应予重视。对严重患者手术治疗可取得良好疗效。     

静脉顺行造影在下肢慢性静脉疾病诊断中的再认识

目的分析下肢静脉曲张患者静脉顺行造影表现,总结其对诊断下肢慢性静脉疾病尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征的临床意义。方法 282例下肢静脉曲张患者(329条下肢),左下肢185例,右下肢50例,双下肢47例,术前常规行下肢静脉顺行造影,分析其下肢及髂静脉影像学表现。结果 329条下肢静脉造影成功率100%,下肢深静脉血栓后遗症21例(6.38%),单纯性大隐静脉瓣膜功能不全57例(17.33%),下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全182例(55.32%),交通支瓣膜功能不全66例(20.06%),先天静脉畸形3例(0.91%);同时发现有髂静脉狭窄大于50%者19例(5.78%),髂静脉狭窄小于50%者57例(17.33%)。结论下肢慢性静脉疾病患者术前静脉造影检查,能够明确原发病因尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征,对于选择个体化的治疗方案具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

介入治疗左髂静脉压迫综合征体会

目的总结介入治疗左髂静脉压迫综合征的体会。方法经股静脉行左髂总静脉病变介入治疗60例,40例Ⅱ期行左大隐静脉高位结扎抽剥术。术后随访均行彩超检查。结果扩张成功55例。内置支架50例,出院时所有患者疗效良好。术后随访6¹2个月,35例曲张静脉消失,26例肿胀消失或明显缓解,5例溃疡自行愈合。有2例行静脉造影或彩超检查见支架内血栓阻塞。结论左髂静脉压迫综合征的介入治疗效果肯定。     

磁共振血管成像诊断髂静脉压迫综合征临床价值研究

目的 通过经股静脉插管造影验证磁共振血管成像（MRV）诊断髂静脉压迫综合征的临床应用价值。方法 选取浙江中医药大学附属温岭中医院2017年10月至2020年9月收治按国际静脉联盟临床分级（CEAP分级）C3及以上的静脉曲张病人309例,其中C3病人69例、C4病人94例、C5病人57例、C6病人89例。采用磁共振检查下腔静脉和髂静脉,根据MRV检查结果髂静脉狭窄＞50%的病人行股静脉造影,对其结果进行综合分析。结果 309例CEAP C3~C6病人通过MRV检查发现髂静脉中度以上狭窄192例,阳性率为59.33%（192/309）,其中160例行经股静脉造影检查,证实髂静脉中度以上狭窄120例;MRV与造影检查证实,静脉曲张病人中髂静脉中度以上狭窄符合率为75%（120/160）。结论 MRV可作为临床诊断髂静脉压迫综合征的一种重要无创检查方法,为进一步治疗提供可靠的诊断依据。     

腘静脉嵌压综合征的影像学诊断

目的探讨腘静脉嵌压综合征行患肢顺行静脉造影的诊断价值。方法对86例腘静脉嵌压综合征病人采用经足背浅静脉穿刺推注造影剂顺行静脉造影,使用数字血管造影机,连续动态数字图像采集。结果腘静脉明显受压变细(“袖口征”),造影剂流动缓慢,挤压腓肠肌也只见纤细血流。腘静脉狭窄程度均在70%以上。Ⅰ型16例,Ⅱ型32例,Ⅲ型38例。结论如果发现下肢肿胀、浅静脉曲张、皮肤色素沉着、溃疡,经患肢顺行静脉造影可以确定诊断。根据静脉造影分型,对临床治疗及手术切口位置的选择有重要意义。     

Endovascular stenting of ascending lumbar veins for refractory inferior vena cava occlusion

Chronic inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion is a debilitating disease process. Recently, endovascular techniques have been described using progressive balloon dilatation and stenting to treat IVC occlusion with reasonable success. We present two cases of endovascular dilatation and stenting of the ascending lumbar vein. This technique provided good early relief of symptoms with ulcer healing, decreased swelling, and decreased pain. To our knowledge this is the first report of endovascular therapy of IVC occlusion via stenting of the ascending lumbar vein. This technique may provide a feasible treatment option when the occluded IVC cannot be reopened.     

Diffuse arterial narrowing as a result of intimal proliferation: a delayed complication of embolectomy with the Fogarty balloon catheter

Most complications of embolectomy with the Fogarty balloon catheter are recognized early and have received ample attention in the surgical and radiologic literature. However, the delayed complication of diffuse arterial narrowing causing severe ischemia has received little emphasis, perhaps because follow-up arteriography is not always performed. This report describes five patients--women 43 to 62 years of age--with progressive leg ischemia discovered 2 to 4 months after embolectomy with the balloon catheter. Angiography showed a characteristic pattern of severe, smooth narrowing of that portion of the artery in which balloon embolectomy was performed. Pathologic examination of arterial specimens, available in two of the five patients, revealed marked intimal cellular proliferation, which narrowed the arteries severely without evidence of thrombosis, significant atheromatosis, or active arteritis. The cause appears to be intimal damage by the balloon. Embolectomy with the balloon catheter should be done especially carefully in relatively young women.     

Dorsolumbosacral phlebography

Two variations on the currently most commonly used technical method for phlebography are described. The first variation involves an original method for visualizing the dorsolumbosacral epidural plexus via the retrograde route from the azygos vein. If necessary this can be associated with catheterization and simultaneous injection into an ascending lumbar vein or into a lateral sacral vein. This method permits exploration from T7 to S1 and provides phlebograms of excellent quality, owing to the reduction in the flow caused by countercurrent injection. The second variation involves visualizing the epidural venous plexus by means of double percutaneous transfemoral catheterization of the hypogastric veins, using balloon catheters. This method is performed easily and rapidly. Preferential flow is obtained via the epidural plexus, and there is less diversion of the contrast medium through anastomoses and less filling of the vena cava. The specific indications for these methods are described. The availability of alternative methods beyond the traditional one renders epidural phlebography more reliable and more manageable, and it ensures certainty of diagnosis.     

Mediastinal fibrosis causing myocardial ischemia

This report describes an unusual etiology of coronary artery disease. A 60-year-old male presented with angina. He was treated with methysergide for migraine. It was determined that the patient possessed an extremely thick-walled ascending aorta that caused the coronary ostial narrowing. He underwent replacement of the ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch. Double vessel coronary artery bypass grafting was performed using saphenous vein. Microscopic examination indicated the pathology to be sclerosing mediastinis.     

左腰静脉、左腰升静脉和骶正中静脉的解剖形态及其临床意义

目的：观察左腰静脉、左腰升静脉及骶正中静脉的解剖学变异情况，为前侧腹膜外入路人工腰椎间盘置换术提供该区域的解剖学依据，以减少术中血管副损伤。方法：解剖40例成人尸体标本L3椎体以下左侧以及骶前的下腔静脉属支，重点观察左侧腰静脉、左腰升静脉及骶正中静脉的解剖学特点。结果：左侧L3、L4、L5静脉存在于85％、97．5％和67．5％的标本中，位置与外径相对恒定，内侧汇入下腔静脉或左髂总静脉，外侧与左腰升静脉相交通：左腰升静脉存在于47．5％的标本中，位置较恒定，但起点、外径以及形态均有较大的变异；所有标本中均可找到骶正中静脉，其外径变异不大，但是数目及止点均有明显变异，并且可不伴行骶正中动脉。结论：下腔静脉于下腰椎水平左侧及骶前的属支变异多样，从左侧腹膜外手术入路暴露下腰椎间盘时，需要术前了解左腰静脉、左腰升静脉及骶正中静脉的情况并在术中做相应处理。     

Anatomo-radiological study of the spinal venous system of the lumbo-sacral junction]

Transfemoral ascending lumbar catheterization of the epidural veins is a new radiological method in lumbar disk disease. The technique and interpretation of the venogram offer some problems: Origin of ascending lumbar vein and internal vertebral venous structures are variable. The authors use 11 corrosion preparations and 18 venograms for the study of the ascending lumbar vein and internal vertebral venous system.     

The azygos system]

The great variety of anatomical dispositions of the azygos system explains its facility of adaptation. The second lumbar vein is able to play a buffer role between the caval systems or, conversely, is able to direct venous flow to a preferential system. In case of portal hypertension, an inferior omphalo-azygos flow by the right ascending lumbar vein was noticed. Finally, the left venous system may either be the major element of the azygos system (mainly by a big ascending lumbar vein) or be divided in 2 distinct streams to the azygos venous trunc. The final disposition of the azygos system seems to correlate well with a progressive evolution towards an unique trunc, linking directly the two caval systems (this being confirmed by foetal data). Practically, the study of the arterial and venous relations of the azygos crossing have interesting applications in surgery.     

胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管腔内治疗

目的探讨血管腔内治疗在胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)治疗中的应用价值。方法收集因原发病为胆道闭锁接受肝移植、术后后发生PVS的患儿14例,均经门静脉造影证实,并接受经皮血管成形术和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗。分析14例患儿血管腔内介入治疗的效果。结果 14例患儿共进行23次血管内腔内介入治疗,技术成功率82.61%(19/23)。10例患儿经1~2次球囊扩张治疗后治愈,4例患儿球囊扩张治疗后,行血管腔内支架成形术,支架植入后未发生狭窄。14例患儿均未出现治疗相关并发症。结论胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后PVS的血管腔内介入治疗安全、有效。     

军训伤致急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的探讨多种介入方法相互配合对军训伤所致急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）的疗效。方法对军训伤所致25例急性DVT行Fogarty导管取栓术,其中单纯取栓3例,取栓联合球囊导管血管成形6例,血管成形联合血管腔内超声消融11例,血管成形和（或）血管腔内超声消融联合支架置入5例。结果髂股段静脉完全开通24例,除2例造影术无血管狭窄,1例管腔直径〉90%未行扩张外,16例狭窄段血管经球囊扩张后管腔直径≥71%,5例狭窄段扩张后残留管腔狭窄仍〉50%,置入相应大小的支架;左髂总静脉开口未能开通1例。25例随访2-70个月,平均34个月,21例临床症状、体征完全消失;3例训练后患肢周径比健侧增粗0.5-1.0cm,经休息、抬高患肢或穿戴血管弹力袜后好转,可从事正常军事训练;1例髂静脉未开通者训练后仍感肢体肿胀。结论多种外科介入技术相互配合可明显提高军训伤所致DVT疗效。     

Clinical anatomic study of the lower lumbar anterolateral vein: with respect to retroperitoneal endoscopic surgery

Objective： To study the anatomy of veins of the lower lumbar spine and provide the anatomic basement for laparoscopic lumbar surgery. Methods： A total of 15 formaldehyde-preserved cadav- ers were studied with special attention to the variety and surrounding structure of ascending lumbar vein （ALV） and iliolumbar veins （ILV）, and their relationship with lumbar plexus. Results： ALV and ILV can be found on every sides, which have four variants including separate entry and common entry. The ascending vein and iliolumbar vein separately enter common iliac vein in 18 cases, and as a common stem enter the common iliac vein in 12 cases. Retracting common iliac vein medially both the ascending lumbar and the iliolumbar veins are always at risk of avulsion on exposure of the disc space. The injury of obturator nerve and lumbosacral trunk of lumbar plexus should be avoided. Conclusion： Awareness of these anatomic variation can prevent the hemorrhage and be helpful for the surgeon in performing a careful ligation of these veins before medial retraction of the common iliac vein. Our findings emphasize the need for proper dissection of ALV and ILV before ligature during exposure of the lower lumbar spine.