小檗碱生物黏附缓释片的制备及体外评价

目的 测定小檗碱生物黏附缓释片和大鼠离体胃组织的黏附力,探究其体外释药作用,制备小檗碱生物黏附缓释片。方法 以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和卡波姆(carbopol,CP)为生物黏附材料,通过正交试验对辅料用量进行优化。测定生物黏附缓释片的释放度,溶出介质为人工胃液(pH=1.2)。通过自制黏附力测定装置测定、比较小檗碱生物黏附缓释片和盐酸小檗碱片对大鼠离体胃组织的黏附力。结果 每片生物黏附缓释片中974P/971P为1/3,卡波姆用量为20 mg,羟丙基甲基纤维素为15 mg。生物黏附缓释片的体外释放达到缓释制剂要求,与普通片剂相比其对大鼠离体胃组织的黏附力更大。结论 小檗碱生物黏附缓释片的处方和工艺能够达到设计要求。     

伊潘立酮缓释片的制备及体外释放度检查

目的制备伊潘立酮缓释片,考察其体内体外缓释效果。方法以羟丙甲纤维素为骨架材料,卡波姆为阻滞剂,制备伊潘立酮缓释片;用HPLC法测定药物体外释放度。结果优化后的处方组成:伊潘立酮质量分数为3.750%、羟丙基甲基纤维素(hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,HPMC K4MCR)质量分数为50.00%、甘露醇质量分数为47.499%、卡波姆971P质量分数为2.00%、微粉硅胶质量分数为0.188%、硬脂酸镁质量分数为0.313%,该处方所制得的片剂在24 h释放度大于90%,且释放行为在p H 1.0~7.4内不受p H值影响,符合缓释片的释放要求。结论用本方法制备的伊潘立酮缓释片体外释药平稳,制备工艺简单易行,值得推广。     

乙酰螺旋霉素口腔贴片的研制及体外释药的考察

目的:研制乙酰螺旋霉素口腔贴片。方法:以卡波姆934P和HPMC(K4M)作为黏附材料,制备口腔贴片,并对其生物黏附力及体外释放度进行了考察,采用一阶导数光谱法测定乙酰螺旋霉素的含量。结果:卡波姆934P的生物黏附性优于HPMC,体外释放均符合Higuchi方程,HPMC的缓释效果优于卡波姆934P。结论:处方中以卡波姆934P与HPMC配比为1:1时为最优处方。     

中心复合设计-效应面法优化盐酸米诺环素缓释片处方

摘 要 目的：制备盐酸米诺环素缓释片并优化处方。方法: 采用干法制粒压片工艺制备盐酸米诺环素缓释片,以羟丙甲纤维素E50（HPMC E50）和羟丙甲纤维素K100LV（HPMC K100LV）的用量为考察因素,1,2,4,8 h的累积释放度为评价指标,采用中心复合设计 效应面法优化盐酸米诺环素缓释片的处方,并通过体外释放度比较自研片剂和原研片剂在4种释放介质中的溶出相似性。结果: 盐酸米诺环素缓释片处方中HPMC E50和HPMC K100LV的用量分别为35 mg和70 mg,制得的缓释片在各时间点的释放度与原研片剂相似,4种释放介质中自研片剂和原研片剂的溶出相似因子f₂分别为79.06、84.62、75.46和72.95。结论:采用中心复合设计 效应面法优化的盐酸米诺环素缓释片处方制得的片剂体外释放度符合要求,为下一步的工业化生产提供依据。     

五加生化缓释片的制备及体外释放度的研究

目的：筛选五加生化缓释片的最佳制备工艺,并进行体外释放度研究。方法采用正交试验法筛选处方;以羟丙甲基纤维素（HPMC）为骨架材料,制备五加生化缓释片,并对优化的试验结果进行体外释放效果考察。结果最优处方为HPMC K100M为骨架材料,70%乙醇为黏合剂,MCC为填充剂用量40 mg,淀粉为填充剂用量50 mg,采用最佳工艺制备的五加生化缓释片体外释放性能较好,HPMC的规格对药物的释放影响最大。结论本法制备的缓释片比普通片具有明显的缓释作用。该制备工艺简单易行,生产成本低,片剂外观及可压性良好。     

格列齐特生物黏附缓释片的研制及体外评价

目的制备格列齐特生物黏附性缓释片,考察其体外释药行为,并测定其与家兔离体胃、小肠组织的黏附力.方法以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMCK15M)和卡波姆(carbopol,CP)为生物黏附材料和骨架材料,乳糖为稀释剂制备生物黏附性缓释片.以磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 8.6)400 mL为溶剂,转篮法(转速150 r·min-1)测定2、12、20 h时的释放度.以自制黏附力测定装置测定、比较格列齐特生物黏附性缓释片及格列齐特(Ⅱ)片对家兔离体胃、肠组织的黏附力.结果生物黏附性缓释片体外释放符合缓释制剂要求,其与家兔离体胃、肠组织的黏附力明显大于普通片剂,且与肠的黏附力大于与胃的黏附力.结论格列齐特生物黏附缓释片的处方、工艺基本能够满足设计要求.     

大蒜油口腔黏附片的研究

目的 研制大蒜油口腔黏附片,并考察其生物黏附性及释药性能.方法 采用羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和卡波姆(Carbopol 934P)为黏附材料,制备不同处方配比的大蒜油口腔黏附片,测定其体外溶胀百分率、黏附力和黏附时间,并采用浆法测定释放度.结果 以HPMC: Carbopol 934P为3:1的处方制得的口腔黏附片较好.结论 成功制备了大蒜油口腔黏附片.     

尼美舒利缓释片的制备与体外释放度考察

目的考察制备尼美舒利骨架缓释片的最佳缓释材料、缓释材料含量和制片压力。方法采用正交实验,从片剂外观、释放度确定缓释片处方和工艺。结果通过指标评价体系比较3种缓释材料［羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）、 kollidon和卡波姆］的性能,其中kollidon压片性能最佳,片剂外观完整光滑,指标得分均达12分（总15分）,HPMC缓释性能最佳。通过最佳处方和工艺制得的3批骨架片外观完整光滑,缓释片释放行为最接近Higuchi释放,12 h平均累积释放达96.05%。结论该制备工艺简单可行。     

头孢氨苄生物黏附缓释片的制备及体外评价

目的：制备头孢氨苄生物黏附缓释片,并对其体外黏附性能及释药特性进行评价。方法：以单因素考察法确定制备头孢氨苄生物黏附缓释片的最优处方,以自制黏附力测定装置测定优化处方所制缓释片的黏附力,以转篮法（转速100r·min^-1）测定其在1、2、4、8小时时的释放度,并对其释药过程进行动力学方程拟合以判断释药机制。结果：最优处方采用羟丙甲纤维素（HPMC K15M,6mg）为骨架材料,卡波姆（CP971P,20mg）为黏附材料,乳糖（18mg）为填充剂,头孢氨苄和硬脂酸镁分别为52.6mg和0.5mg。按优化处方所制的缓释片的黏附力为54.7g;在0.1mol·L^-1的盐酸溶液中1、2、4、8小时的释放度分别为30%、50%、70%和90%以上;体外释药符合Higuchi方程,释放机制为扩散和骨架溶蚀的协同作用。结论：该头孢氨苄生物黏附缓释片的处方工艺基本满足设计要求。     

中心复合设计法优化氧化苦参碱生物黏附缓释片处方

目的:选用羟丙甲纤维素和卡波姆为生物黏附材料和骨架材料制备氧化苦参碱生物黏附缓释片。方法:采用中心复合设计法优化处方。以体外释放综合评分值和黏附力为考察指标对羟丙甲纤维素的用量和卡波姆用量2个自变量进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合,并进行预测分析。结果:2个影响因素和2个评价指标之间存在定量关系,优化处方各指标的预测值和目标值接近。结论:经中心复合设计优化的氧化苦参碱生物黏附缓释片处方可行。     

Development and in-vivo assessment of the bioavailability of oridonin solid dispersions by the gas anti-solvent technique

We developed solid dispersions, using the gas anti-solvent technique (GAS), to improve the oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble active component oridonin. The solubility of oridonin in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured under various pressures and temperatures. To prepare oridonin solid dispersions using the GAS technique, ethanol was used as the solvent, CO(2) was used as the anti-solvent and the hydrophilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone K17 (PVP K17) was used as the drug carrier matrix. Characterization of the obtained preparations was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and a drug release study. Oridonin solid dispersions were formed and oridonin was present in an amorphous form in these dispersions. Oridonin solid dispersions significantly increased the drug dissolution rate compared with that of oridonin powder, primarily through drug amorphization. Compared with the physical mixture of oridonin and PVP K17, oridonin solid dispersions gave higher values of AUC and C(max), and the absorption of oridonin from solid dispersions resulted in 26.4-fold improvement in bioavailability. The present study illustrated the feasibility of applying the GAS technique to prepare oridonin solid dispersions, and of using them for the delivery of oridonin via the oral route.     

Oridonin ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Liver fibrosis is characterized by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and accumulation of the extracellular matrix. There are limitations in the current therapies for liver fibrosis. Recently, oridonin was shown to induce apoptosis in HSCs. Thus, we aimed to determine the roles of oridonin in chronic liver injury and fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was induced by CCl₄ in mice injected intraperitoneally with oridonin for 6 weeks. The administration of oridonin significantly attenuated liver injury and reduced ALT levels. In addition, Sirius Red staining and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly reduced by oridonin in murine livers with fibrosis. The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β was downregulated with the oridonin treatment. Furthermore, the expression of F4/80 in liver tissues was also decreased by oridonin treatment. These results demonstrate that oridonin ameliorates chronic liver injury and fibrosis. Mechanically, oridonin may inhibit the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammation in the liver. These results highlight the potential of oridonin as a therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis.     

冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒在小鼠体内的组织分布及兔体内的药代动力学

目的考察冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒在动物体内的组织分布及药代动力学特性。方法建立生物样品中冬凌草甲素的HPLC测定法，比较冬凌草甲素普通注射液和固态类脂纳米粒注射液的体内分布特点与药代动力学参数。结果冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒在肝、脾、肺、心及肾中的相对摄取率分别为4.25%，3.44%，1.19%，0.52%和0.60%。静脉注射后的药-时曲线表明体内过程符合三室模型，其各相半衰期分别为T_1/2π=0.087 h，T_1/2α=1.65 h，T_1/2β=32.36 h，中心分布容积V_C=0.66 mL·kg^-1。结论冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒能够增强药物的肝脾靶向性，提高药物生物利用度，并在一定程度上延长药物在动物体内的循环时间。固态类脂纳米粒可能成为冬凌草甲素的一种新型药物载体。     

Determination of oridonin in rat plasma by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for quantitative determination of oridonin in rat plasma using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with UV spectrometry was established and the method was applied to a pharmacokinetics study of oridonin in rats. From a variety of compounds and solvents tested, ticolpidine was selected as the internal standard (IS) and ethyl acetate was found to be the best solvent for extracting oridonin from plasma samples. RP-HPLC analysis of the extracts was performed on an analytical column (DIKMA ODS, 200 mm x 4.6 mm; i.d., 5 microm) equipped with a security guard pre-column system. There was a good linearity over the range 0.05-8.0 microg/mL (r>0.99). The recoveries were about 95.0% in plasma, and the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were less than 9.0% in all cases. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.025 microg/mL and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.05 microg/mL. The RP-HPLC method was readily applied to quantitate oridonin in rat plasma within 24 h in a pharmacokinetics study where experimental rats received a single dose of oridonin (12.5 mg/kg) and the result was presented.     

Pharmacokinetic behaviors and oral bioavailability of oridonin in rat plasma

AIM: To study the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic behavior of oridonin and its extent of absolute oral bioavailability in rats. METHODS: Oridonin was administered to rats via iv (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg), po (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) or ip administration (10 mg/kg). The concentrations of oridonin in rat plasma were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC/ESI-MS) method and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS: The plasma concentration of oridonin after intravenous administration decreased polyexponentially, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of oridonin were dose-independent within the examined range. Oridonin was absorbed rapidly after oral gavage with a t(max) of less than 15 min; the extent of absolute bioavailability of oridonin following oral administration was 4.32%, 4.58% and 10.8%. The extent of absolute bioavailability of oridonin following intraperitoneal administration was 12.6%. CONCLUSION: First order rate pharmacokinetics were observed for oridonin within the range of iv doses, while the extent of absolute oral bioavailability was rather low and dose- dependent. The low and dose-dependent extent of oral bioavailability may be due to the saturation of first-pass effects.     

In-vitro evaluation of bioadhesion in particulate systems and possible improvement using interactive mixtures

The bioadhesion of tablet components was tested using the fracture method (maximum tensile stress in detaching the sample from mucus membrane) and comparing traditional tablet specimens with powder monolayers. Both nonadhesive excipients and established mucoadhesive materials were investigated. Some nonadhesive materials showed unexpectedly good adhesive properties when tested as tablets but not as powders. Conversely, some bioadhesive materials had unexpectedly low adhesive properties when tested as tablets. Thus, powder specimens of some materials appear to give more realistic results than tablet specimens in this respect. The use of powder specimens seems particularly applicable for testing dispersible tablets intended for transmucosal absorption. Potential for increasing the bioadhesive properties of coarse, nonadhesive carrier particles by coating them with fine particles of bioadhesive materials during dry mixing (forming interactive mixtures) was also studied. The tensile strength of the adhesive bond between the mucosa and the nonadhesive excipients was improved when fine cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol) particles were added. The addition of increased proportions of Ac-Di-Sol initially improved the bioadhesive properties until a plateau was reached. A standardised test of bioadhesive capacity could therefore involve the addition of fine bioadhesive powders to coarse carriers in proportions close to those providing monoparticulate surface coverage. Interactive mixtures such as these may also offer potential as a tool for use in the development of bioadhesive drug formulations.     

冬凌草甲素抑制体内外卵巢癌生长的作用

目的:探讨冬凌草甲素对体内外卵巢癌生长的影响及其作用机制。方法:冬凌草甲素作用人卵巢癌细胞株HO-8910PM后,MTT法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Westernblot检测卵巢癌细胞中核因子(NF)-κB和X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)表达;建立起裸鼠卵巢癌皮下移植瘤模型,观察冬凌草甲素对裸鼠卵巢癌皮下移植瘤生长的影响;免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织中Ki-67、NF-κB和XIAP的阳性表达。结果:HO-8910PM细胞经不同浓度冬凌草甲素(10、20、40μmol·L-1)作用24h后,细胞存活率分别为(80.14±9.84)%、(71.68±6.51)%和(64.58±5.24)%,均低于对照组(96.12±4.23)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冬凌草甲素(40μmol·L-1)作用HO-8910PM细胞24h后,诱导(15.9±3.4)%的HO-8910PM细胞发生早期凋亡,高于对照组的(1.7±0.3)%,差异有统计学意义。3种浓度(10、20、40μmol·L-1)的冬凌草甲素作用24h,均可抑制HO-8910PM细胞中NF-κB的表达;而低浓度(10μmol·L-1)冬凌草甲素对HO-8910PM细胞中XIAP蛋白无明显抑制作用,高浓度冬凌草甲素(20和40μmol·L-1)明显抑制XIAP蛋白的表达。冬凌草甲素可显著抑制裸鼠卵巢癌皮下移植瘤生长,实验组中Ki-67、NF-κB和XIAP的表达强度均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:冬凌草甲素可显著抑制体内外卵巢癌的生长,该作用机制可能是冬凌草甲素通过抑制NF-κB及其调控蛋白XIAP的表达来抑制卵巢癌的生长。     

Augmentation of oridonin-induced apoptosis observed with reduced autophagy

Our previous studies showed that oridonin could induce apoptosis in HeLa cells; and in this study, we further investigated autophagy induced by oridonin in HeLa cells and the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. HeLa cells were exposed with oridonin after 3-methyladenine (3-MA) pre-culture, and we evaluated the growth inhibitory ratio, morphologic changes, DNA fragmentation, proteins expression as well as autophagic and apoptotic levels. Oridonin inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro and induced autophagy. Oligonucleosomal fragementation of DNA as well as increased activities of Bax proteins were induced by oridonin, but the expression of p-Bcl-2 protein was reduced. In the condition of oridonin-treatment, when the inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), wortmannin, was applied, the autophagic level was significantly decreased, while the apoptotic level was increased, indicating that PI3K is a key regulator of both autophagy and apoptosis. Akt, down-stream factor of PI3K, was activated in autophagic process but suppressed in apoptosis in this study. In addition, when autophagy was blocked by 3-MA, the expression of SIRT-1 was decreased, indicating SIRT-1 contributed to autophagy. Taken together, oridonin simultaneously induced HeLa cell both apoptosis and autophagy in HeLa cells, and inhibition of autophagy contributes to upregulation of apoptosis.     

冬凌草甲素在不同种属血浆中蛋白结合率的HPLC法测定

目的:建立冬凌草甲素在大鼠血浆、人血浆和牛血清白蛋白中蛋白结合率的测定方法,并计算不同种属血浆蛋白的相关参数。方法:采用HPLC法测定血浆中药物总浓度及游离药物浓度,应用平衡透析法测定蛋白结合率。结果:大鼠血浆中冬凌草甲素高、中、低3个浓度的血浆蛋白结合率分别为(69.66±12.8)%,(59.62±12.6)%,(57.94±4.1)%;人血浆中冬凌草甲素高、中、低3个浓度的血浆蛋白结合率分别为(78.15±3.6)%,(77.92±8.8)%,(76.72±7.3)%;牛血清白蛋白中冬凌草甲素高、中、低3个浓度的血浆蛋白结合率分别为(35.58±7.2)%,(34.59±10.8)%,(32.03±6.0)%。结论:在体外冬凌草甲素与大鼠血浆、人血浆和牛血清白蛋白属中等结合型药物,且蛋白结合率随着药物血浆浓度的增加无明显的浓度依赖性。