后腹腔镜治疗输尿管腔外良性压迫所致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的探讨后腹腔镜治疗输尿管腔外良性病变压迫所致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的优势。方法21例良性病变压迫所致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患者，其中纤维索带压迫7例，异位血管压迫11例，腔静脉后输尿管压迫3例。术前均经B超，静脉肾盂造影（IVP），16层螺旋CT尿路造影（CTU）确诊后采用后腹腔镜下解除肾盂输尿管连接部外在压迫，行肾盂成形术。结果手术均顺利且证实术前诊断，手术时间1～3h，平均94min；出血量50-120mL，平均95mL；术后住院时间5—7d，平均5．6d。术后随访3个月到1年，肾脏、输尿管积水明显好转。结论CTU对良性病变压迫所致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的定位及定性诊断具有特殊价值。后腹腔镜下解除压迫，行肾盂成形术具有损伤小、术后恢复快和住院时间短等优点，有良好的临床应用前景。     

64层螺旋CT在肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄中的应用

目的 研究利用64层CT在血管造影(CTA)、尿路造影(CIU)对肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄诊断的应用价值.方法 对15例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄进行64层螺旋CT平扫及多时相期CT增强扫描.CTA、CTU影像检查.术前评估结果与手术探查结果进行对比.结果 通过CTA及CTO检查包括平扫和增强扫描.15例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄获得确诊.其中3例平扫发现肾内伴发结石,CTA发现2例异位血管压迫.CTU很好的显示了狭窄的位置和狭窄长度,所有患者行开放或微创手术,影像结果和手术探查一致.结论 64层CT尿路和血管三维重建,可作为肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄术前评估的常规方法.其应用价值值得进一步的研究和分析.     

后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾迷走血管压迫导致输尿管肾盂连接部狭窄

目的探讨后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾迷走血管压迫导致输尿管肾盂连接部狭窄（UPJO）的疗效。方法回顾性分析15例因肾脏迷走血管压迫导致的UPJO患者的诊断及治疗经过,其中男性11例,女性4例,所有患者均存在患侧腰部胀痛症状,经B超、静脉肾盂造影（IVU）和（或）磁共振水成像（MRU）,和（或）逆行肾盂输尿管造影检查明确诊断为UPJO并肾积水,所有患者均行后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,无1例中转开放手术,术后1例患者出现发热,1例患者出现漏尿,经治疗后均好转,其余患者均无明显并发症出现。术后1月拔除双J管,所有患者均恢复良好。平均随访18月,显示患肾积水显著减少,患者腰痛症状完全消失。结论对包括肾脏迷走血管压迫在内的各种导致UPJO的病因,均可开展后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术,该手术创伤小、恢复快,长期随访效果满意。     

肾迷走血管致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻20例报告

目的：探讨肾迷走血管的起源、致病机制及其所致的肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的诊断与治疗方法。方法：对20例手术证实为肾迷走血管压迫致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的患者的临床资料及预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果：本病多以肾区间歇性或持续性胀痛、隐痛为首发症状,肾盂输尿管连接部带状压迫截断征和输尿管扭转征是本病的较典型影像学征象,均伴有不同程度的患侧肾积水,手术以选择性保留迷走血管的肾盂输尿管成形术为主,术后2～6个月随访,1例术后1个月出现急性肾盂肾炎,其余肾脏及输尿管积水均减轻;术后1～10年随访(平均6．2年),除1例行肾切除术,19例患侧肾脏积水均明显减轻,肾功能良好。结论：肾迷走血管经肾盂肾尿管连接部前方或后方进人肾下极者均可造成该处梗阻,临床表现无特异性,静脉尿路造影、逆行尿路造影及彩色多普勒超声对诊断有较大价值,选择性保留迷走血管的肾盂输尿管成形术仍是治疗的首选方法。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像及三维重建后处理技术对活体供肾血管的评估

目的 评价64层螺旋CT血管成像及三维重建后处理技术对活体供肾血管术前评估的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年3月临沂市人民医院泌尿外科61例亲属活体肾移植供者术前64层螺旋CT血管成像及三维重建影像资料,观察供肾实质、肾动脉、肾静脉和肾盂、输尿管排泄系统,并与术中所见结果进行对照分析.结果 64层螺旋CT血管成像及三维重建图像基本清晰显示所有供者的双肾解剖结构及毗邻关系情况.肾实质密度及肾动脉管径、形态均正常,其中47例双肾均为单支肾动脉,4例左肾为2支肾动脉,5例右肾为2支肾动脉,5例双肾均为2支肾动脉.53例容积再现结合最大密度投影图像对输尿管排泄系统显示较好,49例表面遮盖成像图像较好地显示了肾动脉主干的起源、管径、形态及与周围组织的解剖关系,肾动脉CT仿真内镜成像能清晰显示腹主动脉、双肾动脉开口及肾动脉管腔.61例供者均行单侧肾切除术,术前血管成像结果与术中所见基本吻合.结论 64层螺旋CT血管成像及三维重建后处理技术能真实反映肾血管的解剖及毗邻关系,在某种程度上完全可以替代数字减影血管造影,可作为术前评估活体供肾血管的有效方法.     

活体供肾术前评估中16层螺旋CT的价值

目的：评价16层螺旋CT三维重建在活体供肾血管、肾实质、泌尿系统评估中的实际应用价值.方法：回顾2004年以来41例活体肾移植供体临床资料,术前均行16层螺旋CT扫描,采集肾动脉期、静脉期以及排泄期的影像数据,采用MIP、VR、MPR和CRP等三维图像后处理技术,评估供体肾动脉、肾静脉、泌尿集合系统和肾实质情况,与术中所见相对照.结果：41例供肾动脉显示,34例双肾单支动脉供血,其中2例左肾动脉、3例右肾动脉分支较早;4例右肾见一支副肾动脉,3例左肾见一支副肾动脉;术中证实有1例右副肾动脉,1例左肾动脉早期分支未能在影像中显示清楚,准确率95.1%.41例供肾静脉显示,37例双肾静脉为单支,4例右侧双支肾静脉;术中证实5例右侧双支肾静脉未能在影像中显示,准确率87.8%;泌尿集合系统显影满意,1例左侧双肾盂双输尿管畸形.结论：16层螺旋CT三维重建能准确显示供体肾脏血管、泌尿集合系统、肾实质解剖及可能的病理情况,给临床肾移植术前评估提供有价值的帮助,可作为供体术前检查的首选方法.     

16层螺旋CT血管造影及三维重建技术在活体供肾动脉解剖学评估中的应用

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT血管造影在活体供肾动脉解剖学评估中的应用价值。方法 36名亲属活体供肾者在肾切取前进行肾动脉16层螺旋CT血管造影及血管三维成像，血管三维成像方法包括容积再现技术（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、表面遮盖成像（SSD）、血管内镜技术（CTVE）、多平面重建（MPR）及曲面重建（CPR）。结果 横断面CT及MPR显示所有供者的双肾大小、形态及位置均正常，肾实质密度正常，呈均匀强化。VR、MIP、CPR显示双肾动脉粗细、形态均正常；29例双肾均为单一肾动脉，2例双肾有2支肾动脉，2例左肾为2支肾动脉，3例右肾为2支肾动脉，上述结果均在术中得到证实。11例VR及MIP同时较好地显示双侧肾小盏、肾盂及输尿管上段。SSD均能很好显示肾动脉主干的起源、大小、形态及与周围的解剖关系。CTVE能较好显示腹主动脉、双肾动脉开口及肾动脉血管内腔。结论 16层螺旋CT血管造影可作为活体肾移植术前了解供肾血管及形态的有效方法。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在后腹腔镜肾脏切除手术中的应用价值

目的：探讨术前多层螺旋CT血管成像技术在后腹腔镜下。肾脏切除手术中的指导意义。方法：45例患者术前行64排螺旋CT血管成像检查,明确肾血管与病肾及病灶的三维解剖关系,并在其指导下,行根治性肾切除术14例,’肾部分切除术7例,其中肾段动脉阻断的肾部分切术2例;肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除7例,单纯性肾切除16例,上肾单位切除1例。结果：多层螺旋CT血管成像提示动脉解剖异常占26．7％,动脉病变占6．7％。静脉解剖异常占22．4％,所提示的血管解剖异常及病变与术中所见吻合率100％,但术中发现异常的肾肿瘤静脉血管,在螺旋CT血管成像中未能清晰显示占6．7％。在多层螺旋CT血管成像的提示下,术中病肾血管的处理快速准确,手术顺利。术中平均出血80ml,手术平均时间170min,无中转开放手术。结论：术前行多层螺旋CT血管成像检查,可直观准确地评估血管。特别是动脉血管与病肾及病灶的三维解剖关系,了解可能存在的动静脉解剖变异或血管病变,拟定手术方案,指导术者快速准确地处理血管,避免盲目操作,减少出血和并发症。在后腹腔镜的肾脏切除手术中．有较重要的价值。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像对腹腔镜辅助下胃切除术的价值

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下胃切除术前多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA），评价胃周血管解剖中的价值。方法30例拟行腹腔镜辅助下胃远端切除术的患者行多层螺旋CT双期扫描，其动、静脉期图像采用容积再现重建技术分别行三维CT血管造影（CTA）。3位观察者根据其CT血管成像表现，评价胃左动脉、胃右动脉、替代肝左动脉以及胃左静脉解剖，其结果与手术对照。结果三维CTA准确显示胃左动脉30例、胃右动脉29例，胃左静脉30例。1例胃右动脉CTA未能发现，但术中发现其管径细小。6例患者CTA发现伴有替代肝左动脉。根据三维CTA制定手术方案，所有30例患者腹腔镜辅助下胃远端切除术均获得成功。以手术结果为对照，CTA显示胃左动脉、胃左静脉和替代肝左动脉敏感性和阳性预测值均为100％；显示胃右动脉敏感性为100％，阳性预测值为96％。结论MSCTA能够准确评价胃的血管解剖，有利于安全快速进行腹腔镜辅助下胃远端切除术。     

多排螺旋CT同步肾动脉和肾盂输尿管显影在腔镜手术中的临床价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT同步肾动脉和肾盂输尿管显影在腔镜手术中的临床价值。方法分析12例术前CT分次注射造影剂同步肾血管和肾盂输尿管显影的影像资料,评估其对腔镜手术的临床价值。结果12例中因2例肾重度积水行输尿管肾盂逆行造影与肾动脉同步显影外,10例肾盂输尿管与肾动脉同步显影良好。肾盂输尿管全程显影8例,2例肾盂肾盏显影。显示4级以上肾动脉11例,显示3级肾动脉1例。所有病例行腔镜手术并证实术前诊断。结论同步肾动脉和肾盂输尿管显影技术可了解术前肾盂输尿管及其血管的解剖信息,为泌尿系疾病病因学的诊断、术前术式的选择提供参考,以减少腔镜手术的风险提供重要影像学资料。     

Computed tomography angiogram: Accuracy in renal surgery

Objectives:   To determine the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography angiogram (CTA) in detecting number and location of renal arteries and veins as well as crossing vessels causing uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), and to determine if this can be used in decision-making algorithms for treatment of UPJO.
Methods:   A prospective study was carried out in patients undergoing open, laparoscopic and robotic renal surgery from April 2005 until October 2006. All patients were imaged using CTA with 1.25 collimation of arterial and venous phases. Each multi-detector CTA was then read by one radiologist and his results were compared prospectively with the actual intra-operative findings.
Results:   Overall, 118 patients were included. CTA had 93% sensitivity, 77% specificity and 90% overall accuracy for detecting a single renal artery, and 76% sensitivity, 92% specificity and 90% overall accuracy for detecting two or more renal arteries (Pearson χ² = 0.001). There was 95% sensitivity, 84% specificity and 85% overall accuracy for detecting the number of renal veins. CTA had 100% overall accuracy in detecting early dividing renal artery (defined as less than 1.5 cm branching from origin), and 83.3% sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy in detecting crossing vessels at UPJ. The percentage of surgeons stating CTA to be helpful as pre-operative diagnostic tool was 85%.
Conclusion:   Computed tomography angiogram is simple, quick and can provide an accurate pre-operative renal vascular anatomy in terms of number and location of renal vessels, early dividing renal arteries and crossing vessels at UPJ.     

Comparison of contrast-enhanced color Doppler imaging (CDI), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of crossing vessels in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of contrast-enhanced color Doppler imaging (CDI), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of crossing vessels at the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients aged 18-69 yr (mean age, 52) who had been diagnosed with an UPJO on intravenous pyelography and diuretic renography were included. Contrast-enhanced CDI was performed by using both color Doppler frequency and color Doppler amplitude ("Power") modes. Spiral CT was performed by using a three-phase CT (arterial, venous, and excretory phases) allowing for CT angiography. MRI technique included dual-phase magnetic resonance angiography (arterial, venous) for the assessment of respective arteries and veins. The type (ie, arterial or venous) and position of the vessel relative to the UPJ (ie, anterior or posterior) were assessed. The CDI, CT, and MRI findings were correlated with the surgical findings at laparoscopic pyeloplasty. RESULTS: Forty-four of 48 patients (92%) demonstrated crossing vessels at subsequent laparoscopy. Altogether a total of 60 vessels were detected. Contrast-enhanced CDI and MRI correctly detected all crossing vessels (accuracy, 100%), whereas CT missed four posterior crossing veins (accuracy, 93%). CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced CDI is recommended as first-line imaging modality for the detection of crossing vessels in patients with UPJO.     

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: does CT angiography allow better selection of therapeutic modalities and better patient outcome?

PURPOSE: To determine whether preoperative helical CT angiography (CTA) with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images improves outcome in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) by identifying crossing vessels that may lead to surgical failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with UPJO underwent imaging with CTA to identify crossing vessels. Patients with crossing vessels or severe hydronephrosis underwent laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty. In the absence of crossing vessels, and with >25% renal function on MAG-3 scan, the patient underwent an endopyelotomy. Procedures were assessed as successful by resolution of patient symptoms as well as relief of obstruction on renal scintography. RESULTS: Twenty-seven procedures (14 laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasties [9 in the setting of a crossing vessel], 11 ureteroscopic endopyelotomies, and two antegrade endopyelotomy procedures) were performed. Follow-up ranged from 2.4 to 40 months (mean 21.6 months). Twenty-three of the primary procedures (92.0%) were successful. Primary laparoscopic pyeloplasty was successful in 100% of patients, while primary endopyelotomy had a success rate of 83.3%. Both secondary procedures were successful rendering the patients unobstructed and pain free. No complications occurred. The sensitivity and specificity of CTA in determining crossing vessels was 78% and 40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Helical CT angiography with 3D reconstructed images provides valuable preoperative information in patients with UPJO scheduled for surgical intervention. This study may be used in selecting patients for proper operative intervention according to the anatomy of crossing vessels to attain high treatment success rates.     

三维重建CT在肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄诊治中的应用

目的：评价三维重建CT技术在肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄患者诊治中的应用价值。方法：对22例肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄患者术前行三维CT重建,根据术前CT重建所显示的肾脏血管及尿路情况,判定肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄是否为肾迷走血管所致,最后与实际手术情况相比较。结果：22例患者中12例经CT重建检查发现存在迷走血管压迫肾盂输尿管连接处,10例未见明显迷走血管压迫征象。经手术证实,三维重建CT对肾迷走血管致肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄的诊断符合率达100％。结论：三维重建CT能准确评价肾脏血管的变异和病变情况,对于术前准确合理地预制定肾盂输尿管成型手术方案及术中准确快速地进行血管处理有着重要的意义。     

MISSED ANTERIOR CROSSING VESSELS DURING OPEN RETROPERITONEAL PYELOPLASTY: LAPAROSCOPIC TRANSPERITONEAL DISCOVERY AND REPAIR

PURPOSE: Extrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction due to anterior crossing segmental renal vessels is present in more than 50% of patients in adulthood. In this situation the ureter must usually be dismembered and transposed anterior to the crossing vascular structures, where it is anastomosed to the renal pelvis. Via the open retroperitoneal approach there may be a limited view of the anterior surface of the ureteropelvic junction and, hence, anterior crossing vessels may possibly be missed. We describe 2 patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction in whom anterior vessels were missed during open retroperitoneal repair. Laparoscopic transperitoneal secondary pyeloplasty with posterior displacement of the crossing renal vessel was performed in each case. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two patients presented with symptomatic congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction after failed endopyelotomy in 1 and failed open retroperitoneal procedures in both. Preoperatively spiral computerized tomography angiography with a ureteropelvic junction protocol revealed crossing vessels in the 2 cases. This finding was confirmed at transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty. The ureter and renal pelvis were transposed anterior to the crossing vessels and 2 rows of running sutures were placed to complete the anastomosis. RESULTS: The 2 laparoscopic procedures were completed successfully. The anterior crossing vessels were preserved in each case. Currently the patients are asymptomatic and furosemide washout renal scan was normal. CONCLUSIONS: Spiral CT angiography reliably delineates the renal vascular anatomy in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. This study may be valuable before planned open retroperitoneal ureteropelvic junction obstruction repair. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty may successfully manage anterior crossing vessels associated with secondary ureteropelvic junction obstruction.     

腰部小切口离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻74例报告

目的探讨肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的临床特点及腰部小切口Anderson-Hynes离断性肾盂成形术的临床疗效。方法回顾分析两院于2001年～2009年收治的肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患者74例的临床资料。术前常规行B超及影像学资料检查,其中轻度肾积水8例,中度肾积水46例,重度肾积水20例。74例均行腰部小切口Anderson-Hynes离断性肾盂成形术,其中肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄56例;肾盂输尿管高位连接5例;迷走血管压迫6例;纤维索条压迫7例。结果 74例手术患者中有70例获得术后随访6个月～6年,随访时均行B超及IVP检查,按疗效判断标准诊断术后治愈65例,无变化3例,加重2例。结论腰部小切口Anderson-Hynes肾盂成形术治疗UPJO疗效确切,安全可靠,可作为治疗UPJO的一种改进术式,值得临床推广。     

Vascular renal anatomy and the ureteropelvic junction: preoperative multidetector CT scanning with split-bolus injection as a predictor of laparoscopic findings

PURPOSE: To compare multidetector CT scan (MDCT) results with intraoperative findings in the detection of an inferior-pole pedicle crossing the ureteropelvic junction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over the 2-year study period, 35 patients receiving laparoscopic pyeloplasty underwent preoperative investigation with a novel MDCT protocol in order to detect crossing vessels. Postprocessing, including maximum intensity projection, volume-rendering technique, and multiplanar reconstruction, was used in addition to standard axial views. RESULTS: All the arteries found during laparoscopic surgery were detected by MDCT, but one radiologic false-positive was noted at the beginning of the series. Seven veins were not detected with MDCT. In the only case featuring an isolated inferior-pole vein, the aberrant vessel was identified by MDCT. CONCLUSION: Multidetector CT scanning is a highly accurate way of providing all the information necessary preoperatively concerning renal parenchymal anomalies, urinary stones, and collecting system and vessel anatomy. It helps physicians make appropriate therapeutic decisions and gives surgeons information about what they can expect during laparoscopic procedures.