前交叉韧带断裂的MRI征象研究

目的 研究前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂的MRI表现,探讨其直接征象和间接征象的产生机制及诊断价值.方法 本组男37例,女3例;年龄16～49岁,平均33岁.急性期断裂28例,慢性期断裂12例,均经关节镜检查和手术证实.采用1.5 T西门子MRI扫描仪,SE或TSE序列T1、12、质子压脂、medic和横断位、矢状位、冠状位多方位成像.组织3名高年资医师进行回顾分析,对ACL断裂的MRI直接征象和间接征象进行统计分析.结果 ACL断裂4|D例中完全性断裂35例,部分断裂5例.急性期断裂的28例直接征象分别为信号中断或不连续24例(86%),信号不均匀18例(64%),韧带肿胀增厚10例(36%);而慢性期断裂的12例分别韧带增厚11例(92%),信号中断或不连续9例(75%),信号不均匀7例(58%),其中韧带增厚征象主要见于慢性期的ACL断裂(P＜0.01).完全性断裂的35例中,28例(80%)发生在中段,上端、下端发生率低;5例部分断裂均发生在前内侧束.ACL断裂的间接征象中,后交叉韧带(PCL)"7"字变形34例(85%);半月板外露26例,其中外侧半月板外露16例(62%);骨损伤15例,其中胫骨撕裂骨折8例(53%);关节间隙增宽9例,其中78%属于慢性断裂;胫骨前移23例(57%).本组40例中,术前正确诊断37例,正确率为92%;3例部分断裂术前未能诊断,漏诊率为8%.结论 根据ACL断裂的直接征象和间接征象,结合外伤史,术前诊断比较容易.     

前交叉韧带撕裂的MRI诊断

目的:研究膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂的MRI表现。方法:回顾分析30例经关节镜证实的前交叉韧带撕裂MR图像及40例完好的ACL,分析其直接及间接征象的特征。结果:在评价的直接征象中,ACL不连续和ACL走行异常均具有相对高的诊断敏感性、特异性;在评价的间接征象中,后交叉韧带角、Blumensaat角、后交叉韧带指数、半月板后移征、“对吻性”骨挫伤、胫骨前移位等6个征象具有相对高的特异性,后交叉韧带角、Blumensaat角具有较高的敏感性。结论:ACL损伤的直接征象为诊断主要依据,ACL损伤的间接征象具有辅助诊断意义。     

Different patterns of meniscal tears in acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures and in chronic ACL-deficient knees

Through the retrospective study of 1103 reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) performed between 1984 and 1993, we try to outline the natural history of meniscal tears in acute lesions and in chronic insufficiency of the ACL. According to a more accurate evaluation of the clinical evolution, ACL-deficient knees can be classified into four different stages: acute, subacute, subchronic and properly chronic laxities. While acute injuries show a higher rate of lateral meniscus tears, chronic laxities are very frequently associated with severe medial meniscus lesions. Subacute and subchronic stages seem therefore to be the most favourable phases for ACL reconstruction, because of the lower percentage of severe associated meniscus tears and the minor risk of arthrofibrosis.     

Simultaneous bilateral anterior cruciate ligament tears in a female beginner skier

We present a case of simultaneous bilateral ACL tears in a woman injured while skiing for the first time. We discuss the role of intercondylar notch stenosis as a high-risk factor for tearing the ACL, the injury mechanism, prevention measures, and the therapeutic strategy. Received: 10 January 2000 Accepted: 10 April 2000     

膝关节前十字韧带撕裂的MRI诊断价值

目的：评价MRI诊断前十字韧带撕裂的价值。方法：对临床拟诊为膝关节前十字韧带撕裂的12例患者，对照分析其MRI资料及手术结果。结果：MRI矢状面9例，冠状面7例显示前十字韧带撕裂。12例中8例前十字韧带内有不规则高信号，4例前十字韧带前缘呈不规则波浪状，1例前十字韧带不连续。12例中6例伴后外侧胜分平台分析。MRI确诊11例。结论：MRI诊断前十字韧带撕裂是有价值的，膝关节后外侧胜管平台分析高度提示急性前十字韧带撕裂。     

Lateral meniscal tears and their evolution in acute injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee Arthroscopic analysis

Arthroscopic diagnosis was used to determine the incidence of the most frequent injuries to the knee’s internal structures associated with ACL tear as well as ones without ACL tear. The most frequent finding associated with a recent ACL tear was the LM tear (72.7%). There is a statistically significant incidence of recent LM tear in knees with a recent ACL tear compared with recently injured knees without an ACL tear (P < 0.001). A statistically significant incidence of longitudinal LM tear was found in knees with a recent ACL tear compared with recently injured knees without an ACL tear (P < 0.001). Longitudinal tears were present in 63.6% of the knees with a recent ACL tear or in 87.5% of all knees with a recent LM tear. No statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of LM tear in the knees with a recent ACL tear compared to the incidence of LM tear in knees with an old ACL tear (P > 0.05). The posterior horn was most frequently injured (71.5% vs 64.0%). A significant difference between the findings in the various patient groups studied supports the hypothesis that longitudinal LM tears in an ACL-deficient knee do not involve secondary meniscal pathology but that their onset derives from a primary recent injury. Most probably, the recent LM lesion does not evolve in meniscal length and depth. This hypothesis needs thorough investigation. Received: 25 May 1996 Accepted: 7 April 1997     

Accuracy of MRI patterns in evaluating anterior cruciate ligament tears

 The purpose of this study was to determine the different patterns of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears on MRI and the prevalence and accuracy of these patterns. Images were obtained on high-tesla and low-tesla units and the results compared to determine whether field strength affects the interpretation using the grading system. In 172 patients who underwent knee MRI (109 knees with high-tesla units and 63 knees with low-tesla units) and arthroscopy, there was a total of 91 arthroscopically proven ACL tears. Five patterns of ACL tears were observed and designated as type 1 (diffuse increase in signal on T2-weighted images and enlargement of the ligament, 48%); type 2 (horizontally oriented ACL, 21%); type 3 (nonvisualization of the ACL, 18%); type 4 (discontinuity of the ACL, 11%); and type 5 (vertically oriented ACL, 2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) for type 2, 4, and 5 patterns was 100% for both field strengths; for type 3 PPV was just above 80% for both field strengths. The PPV value for type 1 was 90% for the high-tesla unit and 79% for the low-tesla, unit, which was not statistically significant. Combining the results of both field strengths, the overall sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 89%, respectively. Arthroscopic results were also used to determine the association between meniscal and ACL tears. Only 13% of ACL tears were isolated, the rest being associated with meniscal tears. Forty-five percent of medial meniscal and 50% of lateral meniscal tears were associated with an ACL tear, and 94% of ACLs were torn when both menisci were torn.     

Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament mistaken for ligamentous tears

Objective. To describe the MR features of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in a series of patients with MRI findings that were mistaken for tears in the majority of cases but who were found to have an intact ligament at arthroscopy. We will suggest a pathologic entity corresponding to this finding and describe some characteristic features that can be used to identify this entity on MRI. Design. A retrospective analysis of 10 MRI examinations of the knee was performed after arthroscopic evaluation. Prearthroscopic MRI findings had been interpreted as a tear in six patients prospectively and in the remaining four the diagnosis of mucoid degeneration was suggested and ultimately proven. All patients had an intact ACL by preoperative clinical examination, examination under anesthesia, and at arthroscopy. Results. MRI examinations demonstrated an ill-defined ACL, greater in girth than the normal ligament and characterized by increased signal on all sequences. The high-signal ligament was oriented in the normal direction of the ACL. The overall appearance of the ligament was retrospectively described as like a celery stalk. Arthroscopy demonstrated mechanically intact ligaments with a normal to expanded external appearance. Probing of three of the ligaments caused a material to be expressed and pathologic evaluation resulted in the diagnosis of cystic, mucoid degeneration. Conclusion. Mucoid degeneration and an intact ACL can be suspected when an apparently thickened and ill-defined ligament with increased signal intensity on all sequences is identified in a patient with a clinically intact ligament. Received: 10 April 2000 Revision requested: 18 July 2000 Revision received: 13 November 2000 Accepted: 27 November 2000     

三维MR影像对前交叉韧带损伤诊断价值的研究

目的 比较常规2D及3D超长回波链采集FSE序列(3D Cube T2WI) MRI对前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤的诊断价值.方法 40例膝关节外伤患者先后行常规2D MR及3D Cube T2WI MR检查并分别作出ACL损伤的诊断,包括ACL完整、部分撕裂及完全撕裂.以关节镜检查结果作为ACL损伤的金标准.应用ROC法计算2种影像检查对ACL部分撕裂及完全撕裂诊断的曲线下面积(AUC)值并应用Hanley&McNeil检验比较两者在统计学上的差异.结果 40例经关节镜证实的膝关节损伤患者中,ACL完整者16例,双束完全撕裂为12例,部分撕裂者为12例.对ACL完全撕裂,2D MR的AUC值为0.839,3D Cube的AUC值为0.923,两者差异无统计学意义(Z=1.245,P=0.213);而对于ACL部分撕裂,2D MR的AUC值为0.643,3D Cube的AUC值为0.881,两者差异有统计学意义(Z =2.384,P=0.017).结论 常规2D MR及3D Cube MR对ACL完全断裂诊断效力无差异,3D Cube MR对于ACL部分损伤诊断效力优于常规2D MR.     

前交叉韧带重建术后三维MRI表现

目的 探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术后ACL移植物和骨隧道的3D MRI表现和演变规律.方法 回顾性分析26例双束ACL重建和16例单束ACL重建患者行3D MRI术后随访56例次的资料,用多平面重组法显示和评价移植物、骨隧道、固定器及并发症,计算术后不同时期低信号及高信号移植物的比例和骨隧道周围骨髓水肿的出现率.结果 发现低信号移植物24例次,高信号移植物32例次.移植物固定2例股骨端采用横杆,1例股骨端使用纽扣,其余部位使用可吸收螺钉.术后3个月、6～9个月和12个月及以上低信号移植物比例分别为20/25、0/14和4/10,高信号移植物比例分别为5/25、14/14和6/10,骨隧道周围骨髓水肿出现比例分别为54/54、10/32和4/26.发现1例移植物撕裂,4例胫骨隧道偏前伴ACL移植物髁间窝顶撞击,3例股骨隧道偏前,2例可吸收螺钉与骨隧道不匹配.结论 3D MRI可准确显示ACL重建术后移植物、骨隧道和固定器的状态及并发症信息,移植物信号在术后呈先增高再恢复低信号的过程.     

磁共振斜冠状位扫描对正常膝关节前交叉韧带的显示作用

目的 探讨磁共振斜冠状位扫描对膝关节前交叉韧带的显示价值.方法 对60例正常膝关节行常规扫描,包括斜矢状位、冠状位、横断位.所有病例均行在斜矢状位图像基础上平行于前交叉韧带FSE序列斜冠状位薄层无间隔质子密度加权扫描,分析斜冠状、斜矢状、冠状及横断位对前交叉韧带的显示情况.结果 斜冠状可清楚全程显示前交叉韧带于一幅图片上,显示率为100％(60/60),斜矢状位显示率为86.7％(52/60),而横断及冠状位则分段显示前交叉韧带,即不能在一幅图中完整显示前交叉韧带.结论 斜冠状位扫描符合前交叉韧带解剖走向,可明显提高前交叉韧带的完整显示率,有利于其损伤后评价.     

前交叉韧带斜冠状面薄层解剖断面与MRI表现对照研究

目的对冰冻膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）斜冠状面薄层解剖断面与正常人膝关节MRI特点进行对照研究，为ACL损伤分级诊断建立基础。方法1例（1只）膝关节标本行斜冠状面MRI确定角度，冰冻后沿斜冠状面1mm层厚铣切，观察ACL薄层解剖特点。选择50名正常人对其ACL进行MR斜冠状面扫描，观察ACL的MRI特点。结果1只膝关节标本的ACL在斜冠状面薄层断面清晰显示其全程走行，清晰地显示ACL前内束与后外束，前内束从股骨髁附着点后上方区自后向外侧及前内侧走行，止于髁间棘附着区前内侧方，后外侧束从股骨髁附着点前下方区，自后外侧及外下走行，止于髁间棘附着区后外侧方。斜冠状面MRI能够显示50名正常人ACL全程，显示率为100％。MRI能够区分ACL前内束与后外束结构，显示前内束自后外侧向前内走行，止于髁间棘附着区前内侧方，后外束自后外侧向外下走行，止于髁间棘附着区后外侧方。MRI显示ACL走行与薄层断面显示的走行一致。结论斜冠状面是观察ACL的最佳方位，临床对怀疑ACL损伤的患者必要时行MR斜冠状面扫描。     

前交叉韧带重建术后并发症磁共振成像表现

目的探讨前交叉韧带重建术后并发症的磁共振成像（MRI）表现。方法回顾性分析34例前交叉韧带撕裂重建术后并发症的MRI表现。结果移植物撕裂12例,其中完全撕裂5例,部分撕裂7例．移植物纤维束完全中断、断端T2wI呈高信号及移植物厚度增加是移植物完全撕裂的可靠直接征象,多量关节积液及胫骨外侧髁骨挫伤是较可靠的间接征象,部分撕裂为部分纤维束中断。移植物撞击9例,撞击点位于前部远侧2／3处并向后屈曲,撞击处移植物水肿;关节纤维化8例,弥漫性纤维化5例,局限性纤维化3例,前者T1WI和T2WI呈等一低信号,后者呈等一长T1、混杂T2信号,位于移植物前方,周围有低信号环;黏液样退变4例,位于移植物内呈长T。长T2信号,边缘清楚;螺丝脱落1例,脱落的螺丝位于髌下囊内。结论MRI能明确诊断膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂重建术后并发症,为临床早期发现和及时治疗提供客观依据。     

物理检查和MRI检查在前交叉韧带完全断裂中的诊断价值

目的 比较并评价物理检查、MRI检查对前交叉韧带(ACL)完全断裂的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年8月-2006年4月因单侧膝关节外伤、初诊怀疑为单纯膝关节韧带断裂或伴有半月板损伤而需入院手术的患者115例,于入院时分别行MRI检查及物理检查,后者包括前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验.并于3日内对所有患者行关节镜检查.以膝关节镜检查为金标准,运用临床流行病学方法对各诊断试验的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、准确度进行评价和比较. 结果 经关节镜检查证实,115例患者中确诊为ACL完全断裂的有41例,物理检查和MRI检查比较,灵敏度为95.1%、92.7%,特异度为87.8%、97.3%,阳性预测值为81.3%、95.0%,阴性预测值为97.0%、96.0%,准确度为90.4%、95.7%,阳性似然比为7.80,34.33,阴性似然比为0.06,0.08. 结论 在诊断ACL完全断裂方面,MRI与物理检查相比具有更高的诊断价值,但是,专业规范的物理检查也可以获得较高的诊断价值,因此在l临床实践中不应被忽视.     

膝关节前交叉韧带前内侧束和后外侧束的MR成像研究

目的 提高对膝关节前交叉韧带前内侧束和后外侧束的影像认识,并探讨其3.0T MR的理想常规成像显示平面.方法 回顾性分析149例正常膝关节的3.0TMR图像,采用x2分割法分析前交叉韧带、前内侧束和后外侧束双束结构及双束上、中、下各段在MR矢状面、冠状面、横断面各成像平面显示率的差异.结果 前交叉韧带前内侧束和后外侧束双束结构显示率,横断面(115/149,77.2％)与冠状面(103/149,69.1％)比较,×2=2.4606,P＞0.0125;横断面、冠状面分别与矢状面(21/149,14.1％)比较,x2值分别为119.5138、92.8695,P值均＜0.0125.前内侧束和后外侧束双束上段显示率,横断面( 104/149,69.8％)与冠状面(7/149,4.7％)、矢状面(0/149,0)及冠状面与矢状面分别比较,x2值分别为135.0813、159.7526、7.1684,P值均＜0.0125.前内侧束和后外侧束双束中段显示率,横断面(108/149,72.5％)与冠状面(94/149,63.1％)比较,x2=3.0120,P＞0.0125;横断面、冠状面分别与矢状面( 10/149,6.7％)比较,x2值分别为134.7454、104.2173,P值均＜0.0125.前内侧束和后外侧束双束下段显示率,横断面(103/149,69.1％)与冠状面(110/149,73.8％)比较,x2=0.8065,P＞0.0125;横断面、冠状面分别与矢状面(18/149,12.1％)比较,x2值分别为100.5300、115.9132,P值均＜0.0125.前交叉韧带双束各段在MRI各序列上均呈低信号,形态、走行正常.结论 3.0TMR常规扫描平面能够在一定程度上显示前交叉韧带的双束结构,横断面和冠状面是较为理想的显像平面.     

前交叉韧带损伤的MRI相关征象分析

目的：分析膝关节多种MRI征象对诊断前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤的价值.方法：经关节镜证实的194例患者（包括前ACL正常膝97例、ACL损伤膝97例）,对ACL损伤的相关MRI直接征象和间接征象进行评价.结果：在评价的4个直接征g（ACI,连续性中断、信号缺失、形态异常及走行异常）中,除ACL信号缺失外,其余直接征象对诊断ACL损伤均具有统计学意义,其中韧带连续性中断具有较高的诊断敏感度（83.5%）、特异度（97.9%）及阳性似然比（39.8）.大多数间接征象具有较高的特异性和相对低的敏感性,其中Notch征、骨挫伤、外侧半月板后角裸露征及胫骨前移等征象具有较高的阳性似然比,分别为：＋∞、9.0、55.70和8.0.结论：前交叉韧带损伤的MRI直接征象是其诊断的主要依据;由于其间接征象具有较高的特异性和＋LR,因此可作为前交叉韧带损伤的辅助诊断依据,尤其是直接征象难以确诊的可疑ACL损伤者.     

MRI多征象分析对前交叉韧带损伤的诊断价值

目的：评价MRI对前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）损伤多种征象的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析了128个膝关节的MR图像。全部膝关节均行关节镜检查,其中52个膝关节的ACL损伤,另外76个膝关节的ACL显示完整。在不告知关节镜结果的前提条件下,2名影像科医生共同对ACL损伤的5个直接征象和10个间接征象进行评价,意见不一致时协商解决差异。结果：在评价的5个直接征象中,ACL不连续和ACL走行异常具有相对高的诊断敏感性和特异性;在评价的10个间接征象中,大多数具有相对高的特异性和低的敏感性,其中空髁间窝征、Notch征、外侧半月板后角裸露征、PCL指数、冠状面PCL单层显示等征象特异性较高。结论：ACL损伤的直接征象为诊断的主要依据,以ACL不连续和ACL走行异常具有较高的诊断价值;ACL损伤的间接征象具有辅助诊断意义,其中空髁间窝征、Notch征、外侧半月板后角裸露征、PCL指数、冠状面PCL单层显示等征象最具有诊断价值。     

前交叉韧带损伤的MRI诊断与关节镜下所见的比较研究

目的：探讨MRI对前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤的诊断准确率极其对临床治疗的指导意义。方法：7l例关节镜手术患者术前行MRI检查，根据MRI诊断分为正常、部分损伤和断裂组，将MRI诊断结果与关节镜下所见进行对比。结果：以关节镜下所见为标准，MRI诊断准确率正常组为87．5％(7／8)，部分损伤组为61．9％(13／21)，断裂组为90．5％(38／42)。本组MRI诊断ACL损伤总诊断准确率为95．8％。ACL与胫骨平台夹角小于450和各序列扫描均未见ACL影像为诊断ACL完全断裂的可靠依据。结论：MRI是诊断ACL损伤的有效无创性检查方法，但部分损伤与完全断裂有时难以鉴别，ACL重建术前应常规行关节镜探查。     

不同检查方法对半月板损伤诊断价值的评价

目的:评价不同检查方法对半月板损伤的诊断价值。方法:选取我院怀疑半月板损伤而全部经过物理检查、B超、MRI平扫、MRI直接法膝关节造影四项方法检查的30例膝关节镜诊断结果进行分析。结果:物理检查、B超、MRI平扫、MRI直接法膝关节造影对半月板损伤的诊断准确率分别为:60%、73%、83%、96.7%;敏感性分别为:70%、83%、96.7%、96.7%;特异性分别为:29%、29%、60%、100%。结论:物理检查是进行其他检查的基础,对于B超、MRI平扫不能明确诊断的病例,MRI直接法膝关节造影是非常有效的进一步检查手段。     

前交叉韧带斜矢状位MR成像研究

目的观察基于膝关节MR 2DT2WI+fs图像的重建图像对前交叉韧带显示效果,优化扫描程序。方法分析60例前交叉韧带MR检查图像,按检查方法分A、B、C三组进行观察分析。A组:常规扫描标准矢状位图像;B组:基于A组图像的斜矢状位重建图像;C组:斜矢状位扫描图像。观察三组图像对前交叉韧带的显示情况。将图像分二级进行评价:Ⅰ级为前交叉韧带1幅图像完整、清晰显示;Ⅱ级前交叉韧带1幅图像不能完整显示,需连续两幅或三幅图像才能完整显示;最后统计数据进行分析。结果 A组图像:Ⅰ级36例,占60%;Ⅱ级24例,占40%。B组图像:Ⅰ级56例,占93.3%;Ⅱ级4例,占6.7%。C组图像:Ⅰ级5 4例,占90%;Ⅱ级6例,占10%。经计算显示A、B两组图像具显著差异;A、C两组图像具显著差异;B、C两组图像无显著差异。结论基于前交叉韧带MR2DT2WI+fs图像的重建图像对其显示良好,建议膝关节磁共振检查时以标准矢状位扫描所得二维图像进行MPR重建观察,无须特意行斜矢状位扫描或三维成像扫描后重建,可以优化MR检查流程。