高效液相色谱法测定太极通天口服液中咖啡因含量

目的：用HPLC法测定太极通天口服液中咖啡因含量。方法：采用C18柱，以甲醇－乙腈－水（25：5：70）为流动相，检测波长为270nm。结果：咖啡因浓度在0．107－0．968μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r=0.9998，回收率为99．54％。结论：HPLC法可以用来测定太极通天口服液中咖啡因含量。     

小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒含量测定方法改进研究

提高小儿酚氨咖敏颗粒含量测定质量标准,更有效的控制其含量.用HPLC法同时测定氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量.采用Diamonsal C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺-磷酸(10∶90∶0.02∶0.03)(调节pH值为3.5),流速为1ml·min-1,检测波长215nm.线性关系与回收率氨基比林0.06～1.80μg(r=0.9999),101.22%(RSD=0.45%);对乙酰氨基酚0.075～2.25μg(r=0.9999),101.27%(RSD=0.51%);咖啡因0.02～0.6μg(r=0.9999),100.7%(RSD=0.70%).方法简便,准确,重现性好.     

二阶导数光谱法测定海仙灵口服液中甲硝唑含量

目的:建立二阶导数光谱法测定海仙灵口服液中甲硝唑含量的方法。方法:用二阶导数光谱法直接测定海仙灵口服液中甲硝唑含量,276.8nm波长处测定振幅D值。结果:甲硝唑在5.15～25.75μg·ml~(-1)范围呈良好线性关系;其回归方程为D=0.835×10~(-4)C-1.1×10~(-4)(r=0.9970),平均回收率99.71%、RSD=2.39%(n=5)。结论:本方法操作简单、准确,可用于测定海仙灵口服液中甲硝唑含量。     

HPLC法同时测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中2组份的含量

建立用HPLC法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的方法.用Kromasil苯基色谱柱;流动相:乙腈-水-三乙氨(20∶79∶1)(磷酸调pH值3.1),流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:260nm.线性范围,对乙酰氨基酚:15.1320～35.3080μg,r=0.9998;咖啡因:0.9063～2.1147μg,r=1.0000.平均回收率,对乙酰氨基酚99.45%,RSD=0.53%;咖啡因99.96%,RSD=0.32%.本方法简便、快速、准确,适用氨咖黄敏胶囊含量测定和质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的建立一种快速、准确的高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的方法。方法色谱柱HypersilODS2(5μm,250mm×4.6mm)流动相:甲醇-水(30∶70);流速:1mL.m in-1;检测波长:280nm;柱温:室温;进样量:20μL。结果对乙酰氨基酚进样量在1.50μg~9.00μg范围内线性良好,r=0.99999。平均回收率为99.97%,RSD=0.51%(n=9);咖啡因进样量在0.15μg~0.90μg范围内线性良好,r=0.99999(n=9)平均回收率为99.79%,RSD=0.99%(n=9)。结论试验结果表明本法简便快速,重现性好,结果准确可靠,可以作为复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量测定的方法。     

HPLC测定复方柳安咖注射液中咖啡因的含量

目的 建立复方柳安咖注射液中咖啡因含量的HPLc测定方法.方法 用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),以乙睛-0.1%磷酸溶液(30∶70)为流动相,流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为273nm.结果 咖啡因在0.0927μg～0.2781μg(r=0.9995)范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率为99.26%,RSD=0.4%(n=9).结论 本法适用于复方柳安咖注射液中咖啡因的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的含量

目的建立以HPLC法同时测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的含量。方法色谱柱C18(250mm),流动相:甲醇-4.2%冰醋酸溶液(3∶7),流速:1.0ml.min-1,检测波长为275nm,进样量为20μl。结果对乙酰氨基酚,咖啡因的线性范围分别为25~200μg.ml-1(r=0.9999)、2~12μg.ml-1(r=0.9998),平均回收率分别为99.8%、100.1%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、专属性高,可用于氨咖黄敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定氨林酚咖胶囊中3组分的含量

目的建立氨林酚咖胶囊中氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的RP-HPLC测定方法。方法用Kro-masil C18色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(60:40)为流动相,流速为1.0ml.min-1,检测波长为260nm。结果氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因分别在10.0～30.0μg.ml-1(r=0.9992)、8.3～24.8μg.ml-1(r=0.9993)和3.1～9.2μg.ml-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.4%、98.4%、99.2%,RSD=0.7%、0.6%、0.8%(n=9)。结论本法适用于氨林酚咖胶囊中氨基比林、对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中三组分的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法:采用日本岛津 VP-ODS色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(40:60)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长273 nm,柱温:30℃,进样量:20 μL。结果:对乙酰氨基酚进样浓度在10～100μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=3)为98.8%～99.4%;咖啡因进样浓度在2.4～24μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=3)为98.2%～101.5%;氨基比林进样浓度在8～80μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率(n=3)为98.3%～100.4%。结论:本方法灵敏度高,操作简便、可靠,适用于测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定小儿感冒冲剂中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的:建立同时测定小儿速效感冒冲剂中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的高效液相色谱方法.方法:采用HypersilODS C18柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为甲醇∶水(30∶70),检测波长为280 nm,峰面积外标法.结果:对乙酰氨基酚在10.08～100.80μg·ml-1,咖啡因在0.592～5.920μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好;对乙酰氨基酚回收率为98.9%,RSD为0.58%(n=6),咖啡因回收率为100.15%,RSD为2.52%(n=6).结论:该方法具有操作简便、结果准确等优点.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.