625例早产与低出生体重儿的影响因素分析

目的探讨早产与低出生体重儿的影响因素。方法选择2013年1月-2015年6月收治的625例早产与低出生体重儿设为观察组,选取同期200例足月分娩儿为对照组,统计分析观察组患儿早产与低出生体重的原因。结果观察组患儿的早产、低出生体重发生率、出生缺陷、死胎及死产发生率分别是19.04%、10.40%、5.12%、4.16%、5.76%,对照组分别是12.00%、8.00%、3.00%、1.00%、1.00%,组间比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。观察组患儿中早产儿体重、胎龄、身长与Apgar评分分别是(2 629.3±649.8)g、(33.7±3.4)周、(48.9±4.6)cm、(8.26±2.05)分,低出生体重儿分别是(2 005.8±360.3)g、(37.2±2.4)周、(46.5±5.3)cm、(7.90±2.08)分,对照组分别是(3 858±522.3)g、(41.0±0.8)周、(50.5±3.5)cm、(8.84±0.81)分,组间比较存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。早产、低出生体重儿和孕妇的孕期产检、是否流动人口、孕周以及妊娠期高血压疾病、不良孕产史、孕期贫血、子宫发育畸形、宫内感染、过期妊娠、胎儿生长受限、肾炎、胎儿发育异常等影响因素的发生率密切相关。早产、低出生体重儿与孕妇及其父亲的居住环境、工作环境存在密切的关系。结论早产与低出生体重是多种因素的共同作用造成的,因此需积极开展孕期健康教育,提高定时产检率。     

经期暴露环境烟雾会影响机体受孕

吸烟会影响女性生殖激素的分泌从而影响生殖功能,如受孕困难、增加流产的危险性以及后代的出生体重不足.而且,吸烟还会引起月经紊乱,机体的一些抗雌激素效应也可能系吸烟所致.但女性主动吸烟的比例不高,而被动吸烟则较为严重.有研究发现,被动吸烟会明显地降低婴儿的出生体重,增加早产的危险性,且环境烟雾(environmental tobacco smoke,chen和Venners等的研究也发现,ETS)暴露与早产间存在剂量反应关系.Chen和Venners等的研究也发现,ETS暴露与痛经和早期流产间存在剂量反应关系.但妇女暴露ETS后的损害效应对生殖结果的影响尚不十分清楚.为了探索ETS暴露是否会影响生殖激素的水平,美、中两国的科研人员用孕二醇-3-葡萄糖醛酸苷(pregnanediol-3-glucuronide,PdG)和雌酮(estrone conjugate,E1C)作为生殖激素的特征标记,用队列研究方法观察了ETS对生殖激素和受孕的影响(该研究仅为一大型生殖健康队列研究项目的一部分).     

儿保管理在早产低出生体重儿中的应用效果

目的探讨儿保管理在早产低出生体重儿中的应用效果。方法选取2019年1月~2020年2月我院收治的66例早产低出生体重儿为研究对象,按照收治时间分为对照组和观察组,各33例。对照组给予常规管理,观察组给予儿保管理,观察两组早产低出生体重儿的体重提升效果及转正管理情况。结果观察组早产低出生体重儿的体重提升有效率(93.94%)高于对照组(78.79%)(P<0.05);管理干预后,观察组33例早产低出生体重儿均结案并转为正常儿管理,对照组有32例低体重儿结案转为正常儿管理。结论儿保管理应用于早产低出生体重儿,可有效促进其体重增长,使其尽快达到正常出生体重儿,为后期的健康生长发育奠定扎实的基础,具有较高的临床推广价值。     

孕期环境暴露对早产和低出生体重影响的队列研究

  目的  探讨中国孕妇孕期环境暴露和新生儿早产及低出生体重的关系。  方法  采用自行设计的孕期环境暴露调查问卷,问卷内容包括被动吸烟、通风情况、装修情况、臭水沟、垃圾站、化工厂、高温、辐射、噪声和粉尘等环境暴露因素,对中国孕产妇队列研究项目中的孕妇进行问卷调查,随访收集新生儿的出生情况。关联性分析采用Logistic回归分析模型。  结果  本研究以6 189名孕妇为研究对象,其中283名(4.57%)孕妇早产,分娩202名(3.26%)低出生体重儿,调整年龄、民族、户口、文化程度、职业、家庭年收入、孕前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)以及产次等因素后,Logistic回归分析模型分析显示,与未接触噪声的孕妇相比,孕妇孕期在工作或居家环境中暴露于噪声环境更容易发生早产(OR=1.668,95% CI:1.197~2.323);与未接触高温的孕妇相比,孕期在工作或居家环境中暴露于高温环境的孕妇更容易发生早产(OR=2.237,95% CI:1.171~4.274)。尚未发现其他环境暴露因素与早产和低出生体重的相关性。  结论  孕期暴露于噪声和高温环境是孕妇早产的危险因素。积极开展健康宣教,减少孕妇孕期在生活工作环境中的噪声和高温暴露,可能有助于降低早产的发生风险。     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症169例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)的诊断、治疗和对母婴的影响。方法:2005年1月～2009年8月在该院住院分娩的169例妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者为研究对象,根据甘胆酸(CG)水平将ICP产妇分为轻度组和重度组,并随机抽取同时期的正常孕产妇169例作为正常组,通过回顾性分析的方法,观察3组的妊娠结局。结果:ICP的产后出血发生率、剖宫产率、羊水污染、早产、低体重儿、胎儿宫内窘迫、死胎死产发生率高于正常组;轻度组产后出血发生率、剖宫产率、羊水污染、早产、低体重儿、胎儿宫内窘迫、死胎死产发生率均低于重度组,比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:ICP对母婴影响较大,通过分度诊断和处理,能有效改善妊娠结局。     

低出生体重危险因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨不同原因低出生体重儿发生的危险因素。方法对90名低出生体重儿(早产低出生体重儿42名,足月低出生体重儿48名)和250名正常对照组婴儿进行相关因素调查,采用多项式Logistic回归分析法分析低出生体重发生的危险因素。结果母亲有急性羊膜炎及阴道流夜pH值使试纸变色是早产低出生体重儿发生的危险因素(OR=1.584,7.727,P<0.01);与足月低出生体重儿发生率呈正相关的因素有:宫颈分泌物PCR解脲支原体抗原(UU Ag)阳性和发生胎儿宫内窘迫(OR=3.988,0.580,P<0.001,0.05);与2者均有关的因素是:血清解脲支原体抗体(UU Ab)IgM阳性、血清解脲支原体抗体(UU Ab)IgG阳性、胎盘解脲支原体(UU)培养阳性和孕周等。结论低出生体重发生是多种因素联合作用造成的,尤其是母亲受到感染时,应采取综合措施降低低出生体重儿的发生率。     

牙周疾病对低出生体重儿和早产的影响

目的:研究牙周疾病对低出生体重儿和早产的影响。方法:选取经牙周治疗的91例孕妇作为观察组,拒绝牙周治疗的90例孕妇作为对照组,研究两组30周后牙周状况,及分娩后低出生体重儿和早产发生情况。结果:观察组的菌斑指数、探诊深度、出血指数均明显低于对照组,有统计学差异(P0.01);观察组低出生体重儿及早产与对照组相比明显降低,有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:牙周疾病可导致低出生体重儿和早产的发生,应加强孕前及孕期的口腔健康教育。     

早产低出生体重儿的追赶生长研究进展

早产低出生体重儿是特殊的新生儿群体,而追赶生长是早产、低出生体重儿、生长受限或迟缓儿童特有的发育现象。实现理想的追赶生长,对促进早产低出生体重儿的生长发育,改善其预后具有十分重要的意义。本文对早产低出生体重儿的追赶生长特点、追赶生长与早产低出生体重儿的神经心理发育结局、不适宜追赶生长对后期健康的危害等国内外研究成果进行了综述     

锌在围产医学中的作用

对近年来微量元素锌在围产医学中的作用，及锌与胎儿畸形、低出生体重儿、胎儿发育不全、智力低下、胎儿存活率以及与流产和早产的关系进行了综述。     

早产/低出生体重儿的合理喂养

早产/低出生体重儿是婴幼儿期生长迟缓、发育落后、感染性疾病的高危人群,合理喂养是保证其健康成长的物质基础,关系着近期生长和疾病转归,并利于远期健康。本文将结合早产/低出生体重儿营养管理相关指南,就早产/低出生体重儿的合理喂养问题作适当详述,细化相关喂养建议,促使早产/低出生体重儿获得与同孕周胎儿相似的体质结构,满足生长发育需要,提高生存质量,促进远期健康。     

Association of prenatal maternal or postnatal child environmental tobacco smoke exposure and neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems in children

We review the potential neurodevelopmental and behavioral effects of children's prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Children's exposure to ETS has been assessed in epidemiologic studies as a risk factor for a variety of behavioral and neurodevelopmental problems including reduced general intellectual ability, skills in language and auditory tasks, and academic achievement, and behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and decreased attention spans. We review 17 epidemiologic studies that have attempted to separate the effects of maternal active smoking during pregnancy from passive ETS smoke exposure by the pregnant mother or the child. Based on the available data, we found that ETS exposure could cause subtle changes in children's neurodevelopment and behavior. However, studies to date are difficult to interpret because of the unknown influence of uncontrolled confounding factors, imprecision in measurements of smoking exposure, and collinearity of pre- and postnatal maternal smoking. Although some evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with deficits in intellectual ability and behavioral problems in children, the impact of prenatal or postnatal ETS exposure remains less clear.     

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as predisposition factors to acute respiratory infections.

This study compared susceptibility to respiratory morbidity in a cohort of 9-year-old children exposed congenitally and postnatally to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to susceptibility in a cohort of unexposed children. The epidemiologic study included 1129 children: 594 boys and 535 girls attending the second grade of grammar schools in Kraków, Poland. We found strong evidence that children exposed to ETS in their homes were more susceptible to acute respiratory tract illnesses than unexposed children. A dose-response relationship between degree of exposure [for lower ETS exposure, odds ratio (OR) = 1.32; for higher ETS exposure, OR = 1.74] supports a causal explanation for the association observed. The significant trend of increased risk of respiratory infections due to ETS level in nonatopic children whose mothers did not smoke cigarettes during pregnancy suggests a direct effect of ETS exposure on the child's respiratory health. ETS combined with allergy nearly tripled the risk of acute respiratory tract illness (OR = 3.39; 95% CI, 1.93-5.93), and maternal smoking during pregnancy had a modifying effect on the risk of respiratory illnesses due to ETS after accounting for atopy. The stronger effect of ETS in atopic children and in those whose mothers smoked during pregnancy may be result of biologic interaction of endogenous and environmental factors. The results of this study are of relevance to public health policy, as children with higher risk of respiratory infections may be more susceptible to environmental hazards later in adolescence or in adulthood. Respiratory infections also increase demands for medical interventions in terms of outpatient services and hospital administrations. In addition, respiratory illnesses cause missed school days, and caring for a sick child may lead to absenteeism from work.     

Influence of maternal active and passive smoking during pregnancy on birthweight in newborns

Many studies have documented a strong association of active smoking during pregnancy with fetal growth retardation. Increasing interest has also been focused on whether there is an association between exposure of pregnant women to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and low birthweight of their babies. In the intervention controlled study "Healthy Pregnancy--Healthy Child", mothers after delivery were interviewed by medical students who collected data about their smoking and nutrition. Students were also trained to stimulate non-smoking behaviour and to explain the risks related to smoking and exposure to ETS. Data from 1147 mothers after delivery were collected but only single births were included in the analysis of birthweight. In our study, 63.4% women never smoked and 32.2% women reported they had stopped smoking either before pregnancy or during the first trimester. Only 4.4% of mothers (n = 50) smoked during the whole pregnancy. Women with the history of smoking were exposed to ETS more often than mothers who never smoked (51.6% vs 17.4%; p < 0.001). The number of heavily exposed both at home and workplaces was more than twice higher among former smokers compared with never smokers (22.4% versus 9.4%, p < 0.01). The average birthweight of babies born to women who had stopped smoking was higher than that born to never smokers. The average birthweight of babies born to women who smoked during pregnancy was lower by 119 g and 171 g than that of the babies born to never smokers and former smokers, respectively. When pre-term neonates were excluded, differences in birthweight between babies born to never smokers and either formerly smoking or still smoking mothers were slightly lower. The greatest effect of ETS exposure on birthweight was recorded in never smoking mothers; an average reduction in birthweight was 88 g. A strong dose-effect was observed; in mothers heavily exposed to ETS both at home and at work, the babies' birthweight was lower by 189 g in comparison with the group of non-exposed, never smoking mothers and even by 70 g compared with mothers smoking during pregnancy.     

Smoke-Free Homes for Smoke-Free Babies: The Role of Residential Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Low Birth Weight

There is growing evidence that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure may negatively affect birth outcomes, especially birth weight. This study evaluates the effect of residential ETS exposure on the risk of having a low birth weight (LBW) infant and investigates whether there is a dose–response relationship. This retrospective cohort study comprised 2,206 women who participated in the 2004–2005 North Carolina Phase V Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Women self-reported information on ETS exposure and birth weight was obtained from birth certificates. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. When adjusted for marital status and income, women exposed to ETS during pregnancy had increased odds of delivering a LBW baby (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.57). After adjustment for the same covariates, a weak dose–response relationship between ETS and LBW was found (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.60 for women who were exposed to ETS generated by one cigarette smoker; OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.31 for those who were exposed to ETS generated by two or more cigarette smokers). This study provides evidence of the adverse effect of residential ETS on pregnancy outcomes. The observed relationship emphasizes the health hazard that ETS exposure in the home poses to pregnant women and their unborn babies. Educational anti-tobacco campaigns and quit smoking initiatives should target both mothers and fathers to ensure smoke-free living conditions and a healthy environment for all family members.     

Health impact of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Italy

Household and workplace exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with various deleterious health effects. We evaluated the health impact of ETS in Italy. We considered only those health conditions for which systematic quantitative reviews were available. We used relative risks from the reviews while data on the proportion of the Italian population exposed to ETS were derived from national statistics or from ad hoc studies. A total of 2.033 newborns per year are of low birth weight (< 2500 grams) in Italy (7.9%) because of maternal exposure to ETS during pregnancy. There are 87 sudden infant deaths (16.9%) due to post natal maternal active smoking. 21.3% of acute respiratory infections during the first two years of life are due to parental smoking (about 77.000 children); 27.000 cases of asthma (9.1%), 48.000 cases of chronic respiratory symptoms, 64.000 cases of middle ear effusions among children and adolescents are due to parental smoking exposure. The annual estimates of mortality from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease due to ETS exposure from the spouse are 221 and 1896, respectively. Workplace exposure is associated with 324 lung cancer deaths and 235 deaths from ischemic heart disease. Although these estimate are based on several assumptions and they have large uncertainties, the results underline the need and the urgency of public health measures to reduce ETS exposure in the household and in the workplaces in Italy.     

Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on levels of urinary hormone markers

Our recent study showed a dose-response relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the risk of early pregnancy loss. Smoking is known to affect female reproductive hormones. We explored whether ETS affects reproductive hormone profiles as characterized by urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugate (E1C) levels. We prospectively studied 371 healthy newly married nonsmoking women in China who intended to conceive and had stopped contraception. Daily records of vaginal bleeding, active and passive cigarette smoking, and daily first-morning urine specimens were collected for up to 1 year or until a clinical pregnancy was achieved. We determined the day of ovulation for each menstrual cycle. The effects of ETS exposure on daily urinary PdG and E1C levels in a +/-10 day window around the day of ovulation were analyzed for conception and nonconception cycles, respectively. Our analysis included 344 nonconception cycles and 329 conception cycles. In nonconception cycles, cycles with ETS exposure had significantly lower urinary E1C levels (beta = -0.43, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001 in log scale) compared with the cycles without ETS exposure. There was no significant difference in urinary PdG levels in cycles having ETS exposure (beta = -0.07, SE = 0.15, p = 0.637 in log scale) compared with no ETS exposure. Among conception cycles, there were no significant differences in E1C and PdG levels between ETS exposure and nonexposure. In conclusion, ETS exposure was associated with significantly lower urinary E1C levels among nonconception cycles, suggesting that the adverse reproductive effect of ETS may act partly through its antiestrogen effects.     

Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and childhood, and cancer risk: the epidemiological evidence

Summary. There are relatively few studies on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy and childhood, and cancer in childhood, adolescence or adulthood. The associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood cancer have been studied intensively, but there is no clear association overall, or for specific sites. The association between childhood cancer and smoking by the father in the preconceptional period, and by either parent during the child's lifetime, has been little studied. Again, no clear associations have been identified. However, evidence from studies of exposure to known carcinogens from ETS, and of genotoxic effects indicates that any effect, if present, is expected to be weak, and therefore could not have been detected by most of the studies which have been performed, due to the small number of cases included. There is some consistency of association between ETS exposure in childhood and the risk of lung cancers in adulthood. There is therefore a need for further epidemiological studies on ETS exposure during pregnancy and childhood and the occurrence of cancers.     

Parental smoking behaviour and effects of tobacco smoke on children's health in Finland and Russia

BACKGROUND: There is little information on potential differences in smoking behaviour of parents between Finland and Russia and on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on allergic and respiratory diseases among Finnish and Russian children. The aim of the study was to compare the smoking behaviour of parents and school children and to assess the relations of tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and childhood with occurrence of allergic diseases and respiratory infections among school children. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in the neighbour towns across the border of Imatra in Finland and Svetogorsk in Russia. The study population consisted of 512 Finnish and 581 Russian school children aged 7-16 years (response rate 79%). RESULTS: Children's tobacco smoke exposure differed markedly between Finland and Russia. The risk of asthma was particularly related to high maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy (adjusted OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.00-12.3), infancy (3.34, 1.23-9.07) and currently (3.27, 1.26-8.48), and the risk of common cold was related to high combined parental smoking during infancy (1.83, 1.06-3.17) in Finnish children. Among Russian children allergic conjunctivitis was related to maternal smoking during infancy (4.53, 1.49-13.8) and currently (2.82, 1.07-7.44). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking behaviour of parents and ETS exposure during childhood differed markedly between Finland and Russia. Asthma was particularly increased in relation to high exposure to maternal smoking in Finland. The results suggest that more efforts should be directed to reducing tobacco smoke exposure of children in both Finland and Russia. (250 words).     

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pregnant women: the association between self-report and serum cotinine

The risk of delivering a low-birth-weight infant as the result of exposing a nonsmoking pregnant woman to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is not well defined. The method of ascertaining ETS exposure during pregnancy may explain the lack of consistent study findings. In a large sample of pregnant women, we compared distributions between two methods of ETS exposure: self-report and cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, from serum. At livery, subjects were asked about duration and location of exposure to ETS during their second trimester. A single cotinine measurement was assayed from serum collected at 15-19 weeks gestation (limit of detection=0.05 ng/mL). Self-reported (hours per day) ETS exposure was correlated (r=0.38) with cotinine concentration. Regression analysis revealed that while self-reported ETS was significantly associated with (log) cotinine, it did not explain a large amount of total variation. While 72% of subjects reported no exposure to ETS, almost all had measurable levels of cotinine. Studies of pregnant women based upon an hours per day ETS question have likely misclassified a sizable portion of ETS-exposed women as "unexposed." Since there is recent evidence that low levels of ETS exposure result in unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, these studies have underestimated the effect of ETS.     

Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of adult leukemia

BACKGROUND: The role of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the causation of lung and breast cancer has been repeatedly evaluated over recent years. In contrast, its impact on the risk of adult leukemia has received little attention. METHODS: We used the lifetime residential and occupational ETS exposure histories from a population-based sample of 1068 incident and histologically confirmed adult leukemia cases and 5039 population controls age 20 to 74 years to evaluate the relationship between ETS exposure and adult leukemia risk among nonsmokers in Canada. The duration of exposure and smoker-years index were used as indices of ETS exposure. We restricted our analysis to the 266 case and 1326 control subjects who reported being lifetime nonsmokers and provided residential ETS exposure history for at least 75% of their lifetime. RESULTS: No association was found for most leukemia subtypes, and in particular for acute myeloid leukemia. In contrast, the risk for chronic lymphocytic leukemia was clearly associated with ETS exposure, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.2-4.5) for more than 83 smoker-years of residential exposure and 2.4 (1.3-4.3) for more than 72 smoker-years of occupational exposure. There was a dose-response relationship for chronic lymphocytic leukemia with both indices of exposure. Risk was not higher with recent exposure, using time-window-exposure analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Regular long-term ETS exposure may be a risk factor for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.