慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血CD8~+T细胞TCR Vβ基因亚家族克隆化的研究

目的:分析慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者CD8+T细胞TCR Vβ基因亚家族克隆化特征。方法:采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增8例CHB患者外周血CD8+T细胞TCR Vβ基因22个亚家族的CDR3区,基因扫描技术对TCR Vβ亚家族的克隆化进行鉴定。结果:基因扫描显示所有8例CHB患者CD8+T细胞TCR Vβ基因亚家族均出现一个或一个以上单克隆或寡克隆增生。Vβ8、Vβ11、Vβ12出现单克隆增生的频率相对较高。8例健康者TCR Vβ基因亚家族均为多克隆。结论:CHB患者外周血CD8+T细胞TCR Vβ亚家族存在克隆性增生。     

无症状HBV携带者外周血CD4~+TCR Vβ基因亚家族克隆化特征的研究

分析无症状HBV携带者(AsC)CD4+TCR Vβ基因家族克隆化特征。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增7例AsC外周血CD4+TCR Vβ基因22个亚家族的CDR3区,基因扫描技术对CD4+TCR Vβ亚家族的克隆化进行鉴定。结果基因扫描显示,7例AsC CD4+TCR Vβ基因亚家族均出现一个或一个以上单克隆或寡克隆增生;7例健康者CD4+TCR Vβ基因亚家族均呈正态分布。提示,AsC外周血CD4+TCR Vβ亚家族存在克隆性增生,这可能与AsC免疫耐受的形成有关。     

肿瘤患者胸/腹水和外周血中TCR Vβ亚家族表达及调节性T细胞亚群的研究

目的:探讨肿瘤患者胸/腹水中肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TIL)和外周血T细胞中T细胞受体(TCR)Vβ亚家族的表达变化情况、CD4/CD8细胞比例变化和Treg细胞的分布情况,分析肿瘤患者的免疫状态。方法:分离11例肿瘤患者胸/腹水和外周血以及4例健康人外周血的T细胞,采用流式方法检测Vβ24个亚家族及CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25、CD127的表达情况,统计分析T细胞中Vβ24个亚家族、Treg细胞的特点。结果:TCR Vβ亚家族的表达在肿瘤患者胸/腹水TIL中与血液淋巴细胞中存在着显著差异,其中肺癌患者(4/5)TIL中TCR Vβ8,结肠癌患者(3/4)TIL中TCR Vβ2等亚家族显著高表达;11例肿瘤患者胸/腹水样本中Treg的比例均比外周血高(P<0.05),其中5例肺癌患者胸腹水中CD8+T细胞比例降低。结论:肿瘤患者胸/腹水中的淋巴细胞TCR Vβ亚家族表达与外周血存在差异,表明肿瘤患者体内淋巴细胞发生了明显的优势取用和定向趋化。此外肿瘤微环境可能影响了TIL中CD4+细胞的分化导致胸腹水中Treg细胞的比例升高,同时伴随着CD8+T比例的下降,并可能因此影响到TIL中TCR Vβ亚家族的优势取用情况,且导致免疫耐受。     

白血病异基因造血干细胞移植后TCR Vβ亚家族基因谱的研究

目的：了解白血病病人异基因外周血干细胞移植后1年以上患者TCR VβT细胞免疫功能重建的情况，方法，采用RT－PCR扩增5例CML和1例AML－M3a移植后（12－56个月）患者外周血的单个核细胞的TCR Vβ24个亚家族基因，分析其TCR Vβ亚家族的表达。结果：经24个Vβ引物所分别进行的RT－PCR检测TCRVβ各亚家族基因的表达情况，发现6例病人外周血与正常人表达24个Vβ亚家族有明显的不同，病人的部分Vβ亚家族T细胞仍款能重建，仅表达5－22个亚家族基因。结论：移植后1年以上患者尽管CD3＋T细胞已恢复，但外周血TCR Vβ亚家族基因谱的表达仍不完全，T细胞免疫功能仍未完全重建。     

T-ALL及T细胞株相关TCR Vβ基因谱系和克隆性分析

目的了解T细胞-急性淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)患者外周血中的T细胞及T细胞株的TCR Vβ基因谱系及其克隆性增殖情况。方法利用RT-PCR方法扩增6个不同的T细胞株和6例初发未治T-ALL病人外周血单个核细胞中24个TCR Vβ基因的互补决定区3(CDR3)，PCR产物进一步经荧光标记和基因扫描分析CDR3长度而确定T细胞的克隆性，部分T细胞株的单克隆PCR产物进一步进行序列分析。结果与正常人外周血表达全部24个Vβ亚家族不同，6例T-ALL病人分别表达5～12个Vβ亚家族。6例病人均存在1个或多个Vβ亚家族的寡克隆或双克隆增殖T细胞，另外，还有一些Vβ亚家族多克隆模式发生改变，呈现寡克隆性增殖的趋势。T细胞株多显示为表达一个Vβ亚家族的单克隆T细胞，不同T细胞株的CDR3长度和序列不尽相同。结论T-ALL患者外周血T细胞的TCR Vβ谱系出现限制性改变，均可检测到克隆性增殖T细胞，尚需进一步鉴定其性质(肿瘤性或抗原特异性增殖)，对于检测微小残留病变和设计抗白血病独特型疫苗均有一定的意义。     

HIV-1感染者CD4+T细胞受体基因多样性特点及其与病毒载量的相关性

目的 分析HIV-1感染者CD4+T细胞受体(TCR)基因的多样性特征及其与病毒载量的相关性.方法 应用抗CD4单克隆抗体从25份HIV-1感染者和10份HIV-1阴性对照样本外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中分离CD4+T细胞,提取细胞总RNA,然后通过逆转录及巢式多聚酶链反应(nestedPCR)对TCR 22个Vβ基因家族的互补决定区3(CDR3)进行扩增,利用ABI3700测序仪对扩增的PCR产物进行扫描,定最分析HIV-1感染者TCRCDR3区多样性变化特征及其与病毒载量的相关性.结果 HIV-1感染者CD4+T细胞TCR CDR3区平均D(distance)值显著高于正常对照组(P＜0 05),TCR Vβ基因各家族CDR3长度谱型成寡克隆分布,TCR CDR3区的紊乱与病毒载量呈正相关(r=0 494,P＜0 05);HIV-1感染引起TCR多样性的改变不仅表现在不同Vβ基因家族上,而且也表现在CDR3长度上,其中感染者Vβ8、Vβ22、Vβ23基因家族的变化与正常人差异有统计学意义.结论 HIV-1感染能引起CD4+T细胞TCR基因多样性的减少及高斯(Gaussian)分布的破坏,TCR CDR3区的紊乱与病毒载量呈正相关.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the impact of the virus on the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) length diversity of T cell receptor(TCR) Vβ repertoires of CD4+ T lymphocytes and to explore its association with viral load in individuals with HIV-1 infection. Methods The TCR repertoire was examined using spectratyping of CDR3 length diversity within CD4+ T cells in HIV infected and healthy adults. Separation of CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs) was carried out by using immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-CD4 antibody. Total RNAs from the purified CD4 + T lymphocytes were isolated and used to perform nested-PCR amplifications in CDR3 of 22 TCR gene families. CDR3 diversity and its association with viral load in individuals with HIV-1 infection were analyzed. Results An average diversity for all CDR3 profiles in CD4+ T cells from 25 HIV-infected individuals was significantly different as compared to 10 age-matched healthy donors (P＜0.05) with the HIV-infected individuals losing diversity in the CDR3 profiles. There was positive correlation between changes in TCR CDR3 diversity and viral load (r = 0. 494, P ＜ 0. 05). The changes in CDR3 length diversity of Vβ families in HIV-infected individuals, particular in Vβ8, Vβ22, Vβ23 were statistically different from the healthy controls. Conclusion HIV-1 infection might induce the loss of TCR Vp repertoire diversity and disrupt the CDR3 Gaussian distributions within CD4 + T cells. There should be positive correlation between changes in TCR CDR3 diversity and the viral load in HIV-1 infected patients.     

白血病患者异基因造血干细胞移植后T细胞免疫重建的研究

目的 通过分析TCR Vβ基因片段选择性扩增，了解白血病患者异基因外周血干细胞移植后T淋巴细胞的免疫重建及其在移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)患者中的表达特点．方法 采用RT—PCR扩增10例移植后患者外周血的单个核细胞的TCR Vβ24个基因片段，分析其TCR Vβ基因的表达情况，GVHD患者的PCR产物进一步经基因扫描分析确定T细胞克隆性．结果 经24个Vβ引物所分别进行的RT—PCR检测TCR Vβ各亚家族基因的表达情况，发现10例病人外周血与正常人表达24个Vβ亚家族有明显的不同，病人的部分Vβ亚家族T细胞仍未能重建，仅表达5-22个亚家族基因；9例GVHD患者外周血仅表达2—8个TCR Vβ亚细胞生长．结论 移植后病人外周血淋巴细胞TCR Vβ基因片段部分受抑制，部分基因片段呈选择性扩增．GVHD患者有Vβ3和Vβ8基因的优势表达，并有克隆性T细胞生成．     

利用T细胞受体变异β基因谱系分析T细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病病人T细胞克隆性

目的:分析T细胞-急性淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)病人的T细胞克隆性.方法:利用RT-PCR方法分析6例T-ALL和10例正常人外周血单个核细胞中24个T细胞受体变异β(TCR Vβ)基因的CDR3长度,PCR产物再进一步进行基因扫描和序列分析.结果:3例病人的某些TCR Vβ亚家族T细胞呈单克隆或寡克隆性增殖,主要为Vβ2、3、6、9、21和24.其它3例及正常人均表现为多克隆性增殖T细胞.结论:部分T-ALL来自于TCR Vβ亚家族克隆性增殖T细胞.该方法有助于临床上检测微小残留病变.     

结核胸液中结核抗原刺激后CD4~+T细胞克隆性分析

目的检测结核抗原刺激后结核性胸膜炎病人胸液细胞中CD4+T细胞受体的表达情况,了解CD4+T细胞在结核局部细胞免疫应答中的作用。方法分离结核性胸膜炎病人胸液细胞(PFCs),对比BCG和结核特异性抗原(ESAT-6/CFP10混合单肽)刺激前后CD4+T细胞受体表达特征,并对刺激后部分PCR产物序列进行分析。结果 3例结核性胸膜炎患者胸液细胞未经任何刺激的条件下分别表达17~21个TCR Vβ亚家族,各存在1~2个Vβ亚家族呈现寡克隆增殖趋势。经BCG或ESAT-6/CFP10混合单肽刺激后,患者均出现4~5个寡克隆Vβ亚家族。不同患者选择性刺激的Vβ亚家族不同。结论 BCG和ESAT-6/CFP10混合单肽可分别诱导结核性胸膜炎患者不同TCR Vβ亚家族细胞寡克隆增殖,此优势表达的克隆性T细胞可能与不同结核抗原介导的特异性细胞免疫反应有关。     

CML中TCRVβ2、Vβ5和Vβ17亚家族sjTRECs的检测情况

目的检测慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)患者外周血TCR Vβ2-、Vβ5-和Vβ17-Dβ1 sjTRECs的存在情况,从而了解相应3种Vβ亚家族naive T细胞的近期胸腺输出情况.方法利用半巢式PCR扩增9例CML患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)、CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞DNA的Vβ2-、Vβ5-和Vβ17-Dβ1 sjTRECs,13例正常人外周血作为对照.结果 TCR Vβ2-、Vβ5-和Vβ17-Dβ1 sjTRECs在部分正常人和1例CML患者CD4+或CD8+细胞可以检测到,而在CML患者PBMC中则未能检测到.结论在CML患者Vβ2-、Vβ5-和Vβ17-Dβ1 sjTRECs检出率低,与其胸腺输出相应的TCR Vβ亚家族naive T细胞水平低下有关.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.