维生素D依赖性钙结合蛋白-D25K样阳性神经元在人胎儿和新生儿脊髓和背根神经节内的表达和分布

目的：观察24～27w人胎儿和新生儿的脊髓和背根神经节(DRG)内维生素D依赖性钙结合蛋白-D28K(CB)样阳性神经元的表达和分布。方法：采用免疫细胞化学ABC法对24～27w人胎儿和新生儿进行观察。结果：(1)CB样阳性产物的表达在胎儿DRG和脊髓灰质的神经元胞体及树突内可观察到。在脊髓各段有不同分布；(2)新生儿脊髓和DRG内CB样阳性胞体的数量、大小及染色强度均有所增加，但在空间分布上无大的变化。结论：人胎儿的脊髓和DRG在发育的24～27w至出生时，CB样阳性神经元的表达在定位分布上无差异，但随年龄增长，CB样阳性神经元的数量、大小和染色强度均有所增加。     

糖尿病大鼠脊髓nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化

目的：观察糖尿病大鼠脊髓神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫阳性神经元数量的变化，探讨NO在糖尿病发生和发展中的作用机制。方法：用链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型，ABC免疫细胞化学法显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元。结果：大鼠脊髓内nNOS阳性神经元主要分布于中央管周围灰质和中间带等区域。中间带外侧核可见nNOS免疫阳性神经元较集中，细胞突起呈束状伸向中央管周围灰质方向；定量分析显示，糖尿病大鼠脊髓中央管周围灰质和中间外侧核在7w、12w时nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量明显增多。结论：糖尿病时伤害性刺激的传人增多，增多的nNC)S免疫阳性神经元可能与痛觉过敏等糖尿病周围神经病变有关。     

维生素D依赖性钙结合蛋白-D28K样阳性神经元在人胎儿和新生儿脊髓和背根神经节内的表达和分布

目的 :观察 2 4～ 2 7w人胎儿和新生儿的脊髓和背根神经节 (DRG)内维生素D依赖性钙结合蛋白 D2 8K(CB)样阳性神经元的表达和分布。方法 :采用免疫细胞化学ABC法对 2 4～ 2 7w人胎儿和新生儿进行观察。结果 :( 1 )CB样阳性产物的表达在胎儿DRG和脊髓灰质的神经元胞体及树突内可观察到。在脊髓各段有不同分布 ;( 2 )新生儿脊髓和DRG内CB样阳性胞体的数量、大小及染色强度均有所增加 ,但在空间分布上无大的变化。结论 :人胎儿的脊髓和DRG在发育的 2 4～ 2 7w至出生时 ,CB样阳性神经元的表达在定位分布上无差异 ,但随年龄增长 ,CB样阳性神经元的数量、大小和染色强度均有所增加。     

成年弥猴背根神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的：观察正常成年称猴背根神经节神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法：ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元，并用体视方法进行定量分析。结果：猕猴颈、胸、腰各段背根神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的分布相似，数量较多，阳性神经元的大小不等，多呈圆形或椭圆形；胞浆着色较深，胞核位于细胞中央，不着色，细胞被神经纤维束分隔成群。nNOS免疫阳性神经元以中型神经元为主，其次为小型神经元，其胞浆呈强阳性染色，细胞直径＜50μm，大型神经元较少。颈、胸、腰各段背根神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的密度以及阳性细胞与总细胞数的比值均无明显差异。结论：称猴背根神经节nNOS主要表达在中、小型神经元，提示NO可能主要参与痛觉等浅感觉的传导和调制。     

糖尿病大鼠下丘脑视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化

目的：观察糖尿病大鼠下丘脑视上核神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫阳性神经元数量的变化。方法：用链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型；免疫细胞化学染色显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元，并进行定量分析。结果：糖尿病视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元着色深浅不一，着色较深的阳性神经元散在分布，神经元的形态多样，突起较少。对照组大鼠视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元较稀疏，各时期无明显改变。糖尿病2w，nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量与对照组无显著差异；7w，nNOS阳性神经元较密集，明显多于对照组；12w，nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量略低于7w，但仍多于对照组。结论：糖尿病大鼠下丘脑视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量明显增多。     

大鼠桡神经钳夹伤后背根节和脊髓nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化

目的研究大鼠桡神经钳夹伤后背根神经节(DRG)和脊髓nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化,探讨NO是否参与大鼠桡神经钳夹伤后的DRG和脊髓水平的痛觉调制。方法用辣根过氧化物酶追踪大鼠桡神经的由来;大鼠桡神经钳夹伤结合免疫组化法,研究桡神经钳夹伤后DRG鄄和脊髓的nNOS免疫阳性结构变化。结果(1)大鼠桡神经的组成范围在C5～T1;(2)大鼠桡神经钳夹伤后,DRG内nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化难以分析:脊髓后角nNOS免疫阳性结构数量减少、免疫强度下降。结论大鼠桡神经钳夹伤后,脊髓nNOS免疫阳性结构发生可塑性变化,NO在桡神经钳夹伤后的痛觉调制中有一定的作用。     

猕猴胸腰段脊神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的　观察正常猕猴胸腰段脊神经节神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法　用ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元 ,并用体视学方法进行定量分析。结果　胸段和腰段脊神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的分布相似 ,均可见较丰富的nNOS免疫阳性神经元分布 ,神经元的大小不等 ,多呈圆形或椭圆形。胞浆着色较深 ,胞核位于细胞中央 ,不着色 ,细胞被神经纤维束分隔成群。nNOS免疫阳性神经元以中型神经元为主 ,其次为小型神经元 ,其胞浆呈强阳性染色 ,细胞直径 <50 μm ,大型神经元较少。胸、腰段脊神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的密度无明显差异 (P >0 0 5)。结论　在灵长类动物中 ,NO可能在感觉的传导和调节中发挥重要作用 ,但由于nNOS主要在中、小型神经元中表达 ,提示NO可能主要参与痛觉的调制     

成年猕猴背根神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的:观察正常成年猕猴背根神经节神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法:ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元,并用体视方法进行定量分析。结果:猕猴颈、胸、腰各段背根神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的分布相似,数量较多,阳性神经元的大小不等,多呈圆形或椭圆形;胞浆着色较深,胞核位于细胞中央,不着色,细胞被神经纤维束分隔成群。nNOS免疫阳性神经元以中型神经元为主,其次为小型神经元,其胞浆呈强阳性染色,细胞直径<50μm,大型神经元较少。颈、胸、腰各段背根神经节nNOS免疫阳性神经元的密度以及阳性细胞与总细胞数的比值均无明显差异。结论:猕猴背根神经节nNOS主要表达在中、小型神经元,提示NO可能主要参与痛觉等浅感觉的传导和调制。     

人脊髓内NF样阳性神经元的形态及分布

目的：观察不同胎龄胎儿脊髓神经丝蛋白(NF)阳性神经元的形态、分布和发育变化，为脊髓-脊髓移植选择适宜的胎龄提供形态学依据。方法：胎儿脊髓19例，SP免疫组化染色，图像分析。结果：脊髓侧角内NF阳性神经元由中央管向外迁移；前角神经元由外向内迁移。NF阳性神经元密度在胚胎早期逐渐升高，晚期呈下降趋势。NF阳性神经元在胎龄16周时，胞体呈圆形、卵圆形，突起少沙，胞核大，有偏极现象，至32周时胞体呈锥形、梭形、多角形；胞体逐渐增大，胞浆逐渐增多，胞核多位居中央；突起增多。结论：未发育成熟的神经元内也有NF的存在。脊髓内NF阳性神经元密度随胎龄增加而逐渐增加，形态逐渐成熟，提示人脊髓-脊髓移植时以16周胎龄作供体较为适宜。     

儿茶酚胺能神经元在雏鸡脊髓内的分布

用ＰＡＰ免疫组织化学方法对１０只白菜享雏鸡脊髓酷氨羟化酶阳性神经元的分布进行了研究。结果表明，脊髓内儿茶酚胺类，除来自脑的儿茶酚胺类神经元的下行纤维外；并有ＴＨ免疫反应阳性的神经元分布于脊髓的颈，胸和腰段。根据细胞形态和分布区域可将神经元分为３种：１．无绕中央管腹侧呈放射状分布的神经元；在腰髓的胞体为双极的圆形，其轴突细长；在胸髓的胞体为梭形，其突起粗短，两处细胞的突起均行于室管膜细胞之间，末端呈     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。     

Alterations of regular and mature monocytes are distinct,and dependent of intensity and duration of exercise

Circulating monocytes comprise functionally distinct regular (CD14^bright+) and mature (CD141^low+) cells. Cell surface receptors were determined by three colour flow cytometry in 8 healthy control subjects. Compared to regular monocytes, mature monocytes had lower levels of the high affinity Fcy receptor 1 (CD64), complement receptor 3 (CDllb), CD45RO and higher levels for HLA-DR, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), interleukin-2 receptor (CD25), CD45RA and the Fc receptor 3 (CD16). Both regular and mature monocytes were measured before and up to three hours after four different types of exercise (Ex) in endurance trained athletes (n=9-16). Immediately after anaerobic exercise of I min with a maximal lactate concentration (la_max) of I2.3 (SD I.4) mmol · l^–1 and exhaustive exercise of 24 (SD 8) min with a maximal lactate concentration (la_max) of 7.4 (SD 2.6) mmol· l^–1 mature monocytes increased more than regular monocytes. Exhaustive endurance exercise of 87 (SD 21) min [la_max 3.7 (SD I.0)] led to a similar increase of regular and mature monocytes. 15–33 min after a 100km run regular monocytes increased significantly, whereas mature monocytes decreased. Up to three hours after the end of all exercises mature monocytes fell below pre-exercise values. In conclusion, duration and intensity of exercise alter distinct maturation stages of monocytes differently. It is probable that the avidity of adhesion molecules like LFA-1 to their endothelial ligands is increased to enable the firm attachment to the endothelium.     

Triptorelin and cetrorelix induce immune responses and affect uterine development and expressions of genes and proteins of ESR1, LHR,and FSHR of mice

Context: GnRH immunity can reduce the expression of pituitary GnRH levels, and cause the changes in reproductive behaviors. It is unclear whether triptorelin (TRI) and cetrorelix (CET) immunity influences uterine development and expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), and estradiol receptor 1 (ERS1) in the uterus.

Objective: The study investigated the effects of active immunity of GnRH agonist and antagonist on uterine development, microstructures, expression of hormone receptors mRNAs, and proteins in uteri.

Materials and methods: One hundred and five mice were assigned into CET, TRI, and control groups (CG). Mice in CET-1, CET-2, and CET-3 (n?=?15) were subcutaneously injected with 10, 20, and 40?μg CET antigens for seven days, respectively. Mice in TRI-1, TRI-2, and TRI-3 were injected with 10, 20, and 40?μg TRI antigens for seven days, respectively. The qPCR and Western blot were implemented to determine expressions of ESR1, LHR and FSHR mRNAs, and proteins.

Results: Compared with CG, the uterine weights of CET-1, CET-2, and CET-3 increased by 42.86, 62.86, and 10.00% on day 35 (p?p?p?p?p?Conclusions: CET immunity promoted the uterine development, improved EET and UWT, and also promoted the expressions of ESR1 and FSHR protein levels. It lessened the LHR protein levels. TRI immunity blocked EET and UWT, inhibited uterine growth and development. The efficacy of CET immunity was more obvious than TRI.     

韧带和肌腱的生物力学和力学生物学研究

国际韧带和肌腱研讨会(The International Symposium on Ligaments and Tendons,ISI&T)于2000年在美国佛罗里达州奥兰多市首次召开。研讨会的宗旨是引起对韧带和肌腱研究的重视,并为生物工程师、生物学家、临床医师提供一个可以分享、评论、讨论韧带和肌腱最新研究成果的论坛。从2000年起,国际韧带和肌腱研讨会已经开展了15届;每届研讨会上涌现了大量令人振奋的关于当前韧带和肌腱研究热点和未来挑战的讨论。多年来,韧带和肌腱领域内的研究数量大幅增加,研究质量不断提升。为纪念《医用生物力学》杂志创刊30周年,本文总结过去30年里韧带和肌腱研究的主要进展,包括组织力学、力学生物学、损伤与治愈机制、组织修复和再生。     

Morphology and cytochemistry of leucocytes and thrombocytes of six species of fish

Cytochemical reactions of blood leucocytes and thrombocytes from six species of fish, rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch), white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), striped bass (Morone saxatulis), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were determined. Because the staining reactions were generally similar to the reactions found in mammalian leucocytes with similar morphological features, it is reasonable to classify fish leucocytes using the same terminology as is used for mammalian leucocytes. However, in some species leucocytes with features similar to mammalian eosinophils or basophils were not found. In goldfish leucocytes were found that had segmented nuclei and unstained, moderately refractile cytoplasmic granules. These cells were classified as segmented, granular leucocytes. Although these cells do not appear similar to any mammalian or avian leucocyte, the pattern of positive cytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase staining and negative granular staining is similar to that of equine eosinophils.     

Pathology and genetics of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL) are rare tumours with an estimated annual incidence of 3 per million. Advances in molecular understanding have led to the recognition that at least 30–40% arise in the setting of hereditary disease. Germline mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase genes SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD and SDHAF2 are the most prevalent of the more than 19 hereditary genetic abnormalities which have been reported. It is therefore recommended that, depending on local resources and availability, at least some degree of genetic testing should be offered to all PHEO/PGL patients, including those with clinically sporadic disease. It is now accepted that that all PHEO/PGL have some metastatic potential; therefore, concepts of benign and malignant PHEO/PGL have no meaning and have been replaced by a risk stratification approach. Although there is broad acceptance that certain features, including high proliferative activity, invasive growth, increased cellularity, large tumour nests and comedonecrosis, are associated with an increased risk of metastasis, it remains difficult to predict the clinical behaviour of individual tumours and no single risk stratification scheme is endorsed or in widespread use. In this review, we provide an update on advances in the pathology and genetics of PHEO/PGL with an emphasis on the changes introduced in the WHO 2017 classification of endocrine neoplasia relevant to practising surgical pathologists.     

壬基酚与卵清蛋白的结合与鉴定

目的：合成壬基酚与卵清蛋白的偶联物。方法：在磷酸盐（PBS，pH=8．0）缓冲液中利用甲醛通过曼尼希反应连接壬基酚与卵清蛋白（OVA）；通过抗体芯片技术与紫外扫描鉴定偶联物。结果：壬基酚与OVA偶联成功，壬基酚单克隆抗体对偶联物的识别浓度小于2．68μg／ml。结论：本方法可用于壬基酚与卵清蛋白的偶联，且方法简单易实现。