薄层扫描法测定肤阴洁中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立薄层扫描法测定肤阴洁中盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法：4批样品经提取后点样，以正丁醇－冰醋酸－水（7：1：2）为展开剂，检测波长为λs=430nm,λR=600nm。结果：平均回收率为100．8％，RSD＝2．3％，稳定性试验：RSD＝1．3％。结论：本方法简便，准确，可用于该制剂质量的控制。     

薄层扫描法测定安宫宁胶囊中千层纸甲素A的含量

目的：建立安宫宁胶囊中千层纸甲素A的含量测定方法。方法：测定波长λS＝315nm，参比波长λR＝360nm，展开剂为苯－甲醇－冰醋酸（95：5：0．2），结果：千层纸甲素A的平均回收率为96．96％，RSD＝2．1％，结论：该方法简便，快速，准确。可用于安宫宁胶囊的质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定固脾通鼻片中黄芪甲苷含量

目的：测定固脾通鼻片中黄芪甲苷含量，方法：0．2％羧甲基纤维素钠作粘合剂的硅胶G薄层板；以氯仿－甲醇－水（40：13：1）溶液为展开剂；λs=510nm,λR=690nm。结果：线性范围0．266－2．128μg（r＝0．996），平均加样回收率为95．6％；RSD＝2．64％（n=5)。结论：本法简便、准确、重现性好，可用于质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定消渴平颗粒中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的 建立测定消渴平颗粒中黄芪甲苷含量的方法。方法 采用双波长反射锯齿扫描法测定，用氯仿－甲醇－水（13：6：2）下层溶液为展开剂，10％硫酸乙醇溶液为显色剂，λS＝530nm,λR=700nm。结果和结论 该方法简便，准确，线性范围1－5μg，平均回收率98．50％，RSD＝1.16%(n=5)。     

薄层扫描法测定肤舒能洗剂中氧化苦参碱的含量

目的：采用薄层扫描法测定肤舒能洗剂中氧化苦参碱含量的方法。方法：用CS－9301型双波长薄层扫描仪，氯仿－甲醇－氨水（5：0．6：0．2）为展开剂，改良碘化铋钾试液显色，λs=460nm,λR=650nm。结果：样品中氧化苦参碱分离完全且呈良好线性关系。平均回收率为98．4％（RSD＝1．2％）。结论：方法简便，结果准确，可作为其质量控制依据。     

复方苦参注射液中苦参碱及槐定碱的含量测定

目的：建立薄层色谱扫描法测定复方苦参注射液中苦参碱及槐定碱的含量。方法：样品直接点于硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷－醋酸乙酯－二乙胺（8：9：0．6）为展开剂，分离本品中的苦参碱和槐定碱，以碘化铋钾试液和5％亚硝酸钠溶液为显色剂，采用双波长反射法锯齿扫描测定其含量，λS=500nm,λR=650nm，结果：苦参碱在2．01－12．06μg,槐定碱在0．99－5．94μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程分别为Y苦参碱＝5266．95X＋16215．95,r=0.9991和Y槐定碱＝8244.04X 1122.18,r=0.9993；加样回收率分别为98．91％，RSD苦参碱＝0．85％和98．96％，RSD槐定碱＝0．88％，结论：本法简便，快速，专属性强，重现性好，可用于测定复方苦参注射液的含量。     

三波长分光光度法测定复方甲硝唑搽剂的含量

用三波长分光光度法测定复方甲硝唑搽剂中甲硝唑含量，可消除氯霉素的干扰，三波长组合选择在氯霉素△A值为零处λ1＝330nm，λ2＝310nm，λ3＝254nm。平均回收率为99．14％（RSD＝0．50％）。     

葛根芩连微丸中葛根素的含量测定

目的；研究葛根芩连微丸质量标准控制方法。方法：样品经适当提取后点于硅胶G薄层板上，以氯仿－甲醇－水（60：35：10）下层为展开剂，紫外光灯（365nm)下检视，测定波长为λ=256nm，结果：回归方程：Y＝126480．70X－4673．72，r=0.9996，线性范围：0．4945－2．4725ug，平均回收率为96．48％，RSD为2．20％，结论：本法操作简便，结果准确，可为评价新药质量提供可行依据。     

高效薄层扫描法测定维生素E霜中维生素E的含量

建立了高效薄层扫描法测定维生素E霜中维生素E含量的方法。以乙酸乙酯、乙醚、冰醋酸（7：3：0．2）为展开剂,采用观波长反射锯齿法,测维生素E时λs＝285nm,λr＝320nm。加样回收率为98．7％,RSD为2．5％。     

薄层扫描法测定溃疡平颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立了溃疡平颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。方法：用薄层扫描法，采用硅胶G板，苯－醋酸乙酯－甲醇－异丙醇－浓氨试液（6：3：1．5：1．5：0．5）为展开剂，双波长反射法踞齿扫描，双波长反射法踞齿扫描，λs=345nm,λR=370nm。结果：回归方程为Y＝73084．45X＋289．13（r=0.9996)，平均回收率为98．20％，RSD：2．71％（n=6)。结论：本法简单，准确，可用于控制溃疡平颗粒质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.