北京市朝阳区自备井集中式供水系统风险评估

目的了解北京市朝阳区自备井集中式供水系统运行管理现状,查找供水系统存在的主要风险。方法在北京市朝阳区抽取30口自备井集中式供水系统作为评估对象,参照WHO《Guidelines for drinkingwater quality》的半定量风险评价模型对供水系统的各个环节进行风险评估。结果北京市朝阳区自备井集中式供水系统中影响供水安全的关键风险点涉及从水源到用户的多个环节,主要风险即关键风险点包括:无安全密闭的井房或设备间(13.33%)、无水处理措施(10.00%)、无简单水质检验设备(93.33%)、不进行消毒剂余量日常检测(92.60%)、管材没有卫生批件(70.00%)、管网老旧(13.33%)。结论北京市朝阳区自备井集中式供水系统存在一定的安全风险,需进一步加强管理。     

中国农村供水设施卫生学风险因素分析

目的 了解中国农村供水系统的风险因素.方法 使用"农村供水系统中常见水质风险因素评价量表"对5省68家农村水厂或供水系统进行风险评价.结果 农村供水设施的水质风险因素涉及到从水源到用户的各个环节.集中式供水中危险发生频率较高的是集中式供水中取水构筑物的破坏发生频率达到0.69,未建立水源保护区的发生频率达0.57;集中式供水管网的主要因素是管道的渗漏和周围污水管道的影响.分散式供水的危险因素主要是防护措施的不足,一些危险因素的频率达到0.3以上.另外,调查提示农村集中式供水的水厂应急管理需要加强.结论 集中式供水设施的风险因素涉及到取水构筑物、水源和输水管网,取水构筑物和输水管网的问题,提示在农村集中式供水的管理中应该注意这些影响水质的因素.在分散式供水的水质风险因素主要是取水点附近存在污染源;而在家庭储水方面,主要是存在二次污染的风险.     

农村水厂应用"饮水安全计划"研究

目的 建立适合我国农村集中式供水水厂特点的"饮水安全计划"方法.方法 于2007年6-10月,选择浙江省某农村集中式供水水厂作为研究对象,应用(2004)和<波恩安全饮用水宪章>(2004)中的"危害评价和分析"方法对其进行典型研究,并建立一套饮水安全保障体系.结果 水源环节中的"气候和季节变化带来的水质变化"和"水源防护区乱堆垃圾"、配水管网环节中的"干、支管材老化、渗漏"以及"应急措施不力"和"停电后发电不及时"是对饮用水水质影响比较大的风险因素.针对以上风险因素,制订了供水系统控制措施,如加强水源地的保护和管理,对水处理环节进行监测和校正措施,加强对配水管网的检修以及建立针对各种突发事件的应急机制,完善岗位操作制度、药品和仓库管理制度等.结论 采用"饮水安全计划"方法能够识别我国农村集中式供水水厂存在的水质危害因素,并建立"饮水安全计划"."饮水安全计划"方法适用于我国农村集中式供水水厂的管理.     

北京市朝阳区二次供水风险评估

目的了解北京市朝阳区二次供水系统运行管理现状,找出二次供水系统存在的主要风险,为风险管理和政策制定提供科学依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取130套二次供水系统作为评估对象,参照WHO《饮用水水质准则》中"饮水安全计划"的评估程序对供水系统的各个环节进行风险评估。结果朝阳区二次供水系统大部分供水环节风险等级较低,其主要风险即高风险(10~15分)的2个因素,也就是关键风险点有2个,分别是管网老旧比例(80.77%,105/130)和感官化学指标超标比例(3.85%,5/130)。结论北京市朝阳区二次供水存在一定的安全风险,需进一步加强监督管理,开展风险控制。     

海拉尔铁路辖区集中式供水水质现况调查

目的 了解海拉尔铁路辖区集中式供水系统水质状况,发现可能影响人群健康的因素.方法 采用瞬时随机取样的方式对12个集中式供水给水所选取39个供水点分别设1个取水点,在一个月内进行采样监测.结果 对海拉尔铁路辖区集中式供水系统水质进行监测,监测后总合格率为71.8％,影响水质合格率的主要因素是浑浊度和耗氧量.结论 集中式供水系统水质受自然因素、供水周边环境卫生影响较大,应保护铁路居民生活饮用水水源,并逐步改善生活饮用水消毒及净化处理设施,完善水处理工艺流程,从根本上保障铁路居民生活饮用水的安全.     

青川县震后集中式供水系统调查

[目的]了解青川县震后集中式供水系统现状,发现存在的问题和隐患,提出合理的建议。[方法]从水源、水质处理、输水管网、水质监测、运行管理共5个方面对抽取的11处集中式供水系统进行现场调研。[结果]集中式供水系统卫生防护不足,部分设施损坏,沉淀、消毒方式不合理,水质监测覆盖面小,检测指标少,系统运行管理不善。[结论]集中式供水系统亟待改善。     

饮水安全计划在农村小型集中式供水工程卫生学管理中的应用

目的探讨饮水安全计划在农村小型集中式供水工程卫生学管理中的效用。方法选取金华市54家农村小型集中式供水工程,参照世界卫生组织提出的饮水安全计划对供水系统的各个环节进行风险评估与风险管理。结果 54家农村小型集中式供水工程的高风险因素包括水量不能保证(11.11%)、原水水质不稳定(31.48%)、无水源保护区和警示标识(57.41%)、水质不处理(29.63%)、水质未进行混凝(94.44%)、水质未消毒或消毒不规范(59.26%)、水处理构筑物未进行清洗消毒(44.44%)、管网使用超过10年(29.63%)、管网存在老化严重现象(29.63%)、管网存在渗漏严重现象(38.89%)、上年度有管网损坏事故发生(38.89%)、管网被污水或其他污染物淹没现象(7.41%)、管网与受污染水的管网连接(14.81%)、用水管网与污水管网距离过近(40.74%)和供水单位不具备检测能力(100.00%)等,分布在水源、水处理、供水管网和卫生管理4个环节,针对主要危害采取相应的控制措施,建立水质监控系统进行监控管理可有效降低水质安全风险。结论金华市农村小型集中式供水工程存在安全风险,饮水安全计划适用于小型集中式供水设施的卫生学管理。     

天津市某供水系统水质风险分析

目的对天津市某供水系统水质进行风险评估,为供水系统的水质安全提供保障。方法应用世界卫生组织《水安全计划》中所建立的方法,对天津市某供水系统的水源、水厂、管网及用户的安全性进行风险分析。结果以用户为例描述了风险评估结果,其中有2项危险因素的评定风险值≥40,处于比较高的风险范围;针对上述结果提出了相应的建议和控制措施。结论对供水系统相关环节的水质安全风险进行分析,并制定相应的控制措施,可为供水系统的安全运行提供保障,以便在问题出现时能够快速采取相应的措施和应急预案,尽早排除问题以确保供水安全。     

环境卫生与监测

1992年6～7月,对全市22个自备集中式供水系统进行卫生学调查和水质卫生监测及评价.结     

湖南省集中式供水系统水的放射线污染情况调查

湖南省集中式供水系统水的放射线污染情况调查欧阳思，吴传业，李主恩（湖南省卫生防疫站４１０００５）为了解我省集中式供水系统水的α、β放射线污染情况，我们按照国家《生活饮用水标准检验法》（ＧＢ５７５０－８５）的要求对全省各县（市）的１０９家集中式供水系统...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.