心包开窗术在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的分析心包开窗术在冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年4月邢台市第三医院332例冠心病患者行CABG术的临床资料。按是否行心包开窗术分为两组。开窗组:166例(男119例、女47例),年龄36~72(62.7±10.3)岁,关胸前放置心包纵隔引流管同时行心包开窗术;对照组:166例(男122例、女44例),年龄38~79(62.2±11.4)岁,关胸前放置心包纵隔引流管,未行心包开窗术。拔除引流管后1~30 d出现中等量以上积液为迟发性胸腔积液或心包积液。结果全组手术均成功,无死亡病例;开窗组术后发生2例膈肌上抬,反复呃逆,经药物治疗后好转。两组手术时间、体外循环时间,主动脉阻断时间、死亡率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。开窗组迟发性胸腔/心包积液发生率较对照组低(7.2%vs.23.5%,P0.05)。开窗组住ICU时间、住院时间、住院费用低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心包开窗术用于预防冠状动脉旁路移植术后胸腔积液与心包积液安全、有效。     

食管癌术后不同引流方法的临床效果比较

目的探讨食管癌术后更有利于患者术后恢复及减少并发症发生的胸腔引流方法。方法泸州医学院附属医院对200例食管癌患者行外科手术治疗,按手术后放置胸腔引流管的数量不同分为两组,双胸腔引流管组（双引流管组）：2008年8月至2009年8月收治的100例食管癌患者（男80例,女20例;年龄61.8±11.4岁）,术后行双胸腔引流管引流;单胸腔引流管组（单引流管组）：2006年1月至2008年7月收治的100例食管癌患者（男76例,女24例;年龄57.5±9.3岁）作为对照,术后均行单胸腔引流管引流。术后观察两组患者胸腔引流时间、胸腔引流总量、气胸或肺不张发生情况、术后拔管后胸腔穿刺或再次胸腔引流情况,并进行对比分析。结果双引流管组患者术后胸腔引流时间明显短于单引流管组（50.8±7.3hvs.75.6±9.4h,P〈0.05）,术后气胸或肺不张发生率明显低于单引流管组（2%vs.12%,P〈0.05）。双引流管组患者术后拔管后仅有2例因术侧胸腔内有残余积液需行胸腔穿刺,无须行再次胸腔引流;单引流管组拔管后有10例因胸腔内有积液或气胸需行胸腔穿刺,有6例需行再次胸腔引流,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论食管癌患者手术后放置双胸腔引流管引流更有利于肺充分复张,缩短胸腔引流时间,减少患者术后并发症的发生     

慢性左心填塞

心脏手术后由于纵隔内液体和血块迅速积聚所造成的心脏填塞的典型症状是众所周知的。1966年Yacoub描写了一例心内直视手术后即期发生血块从心后压迫左房引起的急性左房填塞的非典型症状。本文作者介绍一例在术后晚期由于出血性心包积液引起的慢性左心填塞。在心内直视手术后,一直作为心切开术后综合症治疗,症状持续两月之久。病人男性、34岁。因继发房间隔缺损,正中劈开胸骨行房间隔缺损单纯缝合修补,右侧胸腹腔、心包腔、纵隔上下均引流。术后48小时拔去引流,引流量达1500毫升。其中,后12小时仅     

心脏直视手术后并发乳糜胸五例治疗体会

心脏直视手术后并发乳糜胸是一种少见的并发症．我院1995年至今共行心脏手术15G例．其中并发乳糜胸5例．报道如下。临床资料本组5例．男4例．女1例．年龄2～5岁。2例室缺＋动脉导管未闻．2例室间隔缺损．1例右室双出口。均为胸骨正中切口建立体外循环的病人．在术后胸骨后引流管及心包引流管中,血性液体引流量逐日增加,逐渐变为淡黄色,进食后引流量立即增多,变混浊。1例5天后呼吸困难,胸透示右胸积液,右胸腔闭式引流乳糜液4000ml．液体乳糜试验阳性而确诊。2例引流量＜500ml／d．采用保守治疗（延长拔管时间．低脂肪饮食,静脉营养）…     

胸腔镜心包开窗术对恶性心包积液的治疗价值

目的　评价胸腔镜心包开窗术在恶性心包积液治疗中的效果。方法　对 2 2例恶性心包积液患者行胸腔镜心包开窗术。结果　平均手术时间 5 5min(4 5～ 110min) ,2 2例手术患者术中及术后均无手术并发症发生。术后 2 4～ 96h(平均 3 3 .5h)拔胸腔引流管。术后随访 ,无心包积液复发 ,也未发现缩窄性心包炎。结论　胸腔镜心包开窗手术是一个安全的手术方法 ,可以广泛切除心包 ,手术并发症少 ,可作为恶性心包积液的首选治疗方法。     

闭合性心脏破裂合并肝脏破裂二例

患者1,女,26岁。车祸致胸腹部伤2 h 后入院。体格检查：BP 89／64 mmHg, P 149次／分。双侧颈静脉怒张。心率149次／分,律齐,心音遥远。双侧移动性浊音阳性。B 超检查提示心包腔积液,液性暗区约0．9 cm;胆囊窝及盆腔积液。CT 检查提示心包积液,双侧胸腔积液,肝左叶挫伤,胆囊窝及盆腔积液。初步诊断：（1）心包积液;（2）肝脏破裂;（3）失血性休克。急诊行心包开窗引流及剖腹探查术。自体血回收并剑突下心包开窗引流,术中见心包腔大量积血。诊断为心脏破裂。纵劈胸骨探查见右心房近上腔静脉区3～6 mm 3个裂口,不断有血涌出。清除积血及血凝块,暴露右房裂口,控制出血后缝合右房裂口,放置引流管并关胸。同时,取上腹正中切口探查,见腹腔内大量积血,约2000 ml,肝圆韧带左侧有一长约10 cm 裂口。缝合创面,放置引流管并关腹。术后心脏彩超检查提示心内结构无异常,第10天顺利出院。     

急性心包压塞后乳糜胸1例

病人　女 ,2 6岁。 2 0 0 1年 5月行房间隔缺损修补术。术后 10ｄ出现胸闷、气短。Ｘ线胸片显示心影明显增大 ,左侧肋膈角消失。Ｂ超检查提示有大量心包腔积液、左胸腔中等量积液。立即心包穿刺抽出血性液 30 0ｍｌ,留置心包腔引流管。左侧胸膜腔穿刺 ,抽出血性液体 6 0 0ｍｌ。 2ｄ后Ｂ超检查 ,心包内已无积液 ,拔除心包引流管。左胸膜腔仍有中等量积液 ,置胸腔闭式引流管 ;引流量每日 130 0ｍｌ左右 ,引流液渐呈乳白色 ,苏丹ＩＩＩ染色阳性 ,确诊为乳糜胸。遂行开胸胸导管结扎术。术后 2周病人痊愈出院。随访半年 ,病人体健。　　 讨论　…     

胸部手术引流的改良

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨对胸部手术传统粗管连接水封瓶引流方式的改进。方法〓通过对我院28例(31人次)胸部手术引流改良采用细软管负压球袋装置代替粗管水封瓶引流术后的观察,总结改进引流后患者疼痛程度、下床活动时间、放置引流管的时间、有无引流管的堵塞和拔出引流管后胸腔穿刺次数。结果〓术后疼痛程度,轻度15例,中度11例,重度2例|15人次未使用任何止痛药,12人次口服1~2次止痛药,4人次分别有3次以上使用止痛药。放置引流管后,开始下床活动的时间0.5~12小时,引流管留置的时间为6小时~21天,24小时引流量为2~2800 mL,无引流管堵塞现象。引流管拔除后没有需要胸腔穿刺病例。无一例胸腔内和手术引流切口感染,没有医源性气胸。结论〓胸部手术后采用细软管负压球袋装置引流,创伤小,也不易堵塞,可较长时间放置,临床效果良好。     

外科引流在肝脏外科的应用体会

目的：探讨外科引流在肝脏外科中的临床应用价值。方法：近十年来收治各类肝脏外科手术病例97例，其中肝癌57例，肝外伤破裂26例，肝血管瘤5例，结肠癌肝转移7例，巨大肝囊肿2例。术中常规于膈下、肝下和(／或)盆腔放置多侧孔硅胶引流管或橡皮引流管，术后经引流管观察有无出血、胆漏、感染等情况。结果：术后早期大出血3例，经再次手术后止血2例，死亡1例；胆漏5例，4例引流1—4个月自愈，1例死于感染并全身衰竭；并发脱下感染3例，2例经局部冲洗、引流后治愈，1例再次手术后死于多器官功能衰竭；盆腔及肠腔间积液、积脓各1例，再次手术治愈。结论：外科引流在肝脏外科术后具有重要价值，对及时发现术后大出血、胆漏及预防膈下、肝下、肠腔及盆腔积液有重要临床意义。     

心包积液超声引导经皮心包穿刺置管引流术围术期护理体会

目的总结心包积液超声引导经皮心包穿刺置管引流术期间的护理体会。方法对18例心包积液患者在接受超声引导经皮穿刺心包置管引流术期间,实施术前准备,术中医护间配合,加强术后病情监测、体位、导管引流、心理及康复指导等围术期系统护理措施。结果 18例患者一次穿刺置管成功率为100.00%,术后管道引流过程通畅。引流管留置时间5～18 d,平均12.26 d。心包填塞等症状完全消失或显著改善,无感染、计划外管道脱出等并发症出现。结论对心包积液患者实施心包积液超声引导经皮心包穿刺置管引流术的,围术期做好系统护理措施,是提高手术效果,促进患者康复的重要保障。     

Pleural Drainage After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

A bstract Prolonged pleural effusion after congenital heart surgery results in extended hospitalization. Pleural drainage was evaluated in 39 consecutive patients undergoing repair of tetralogy of Fallot, to identify risk factors for persistent pleural effusion. Duration and amount of drainage was examined by the Kaplan-Meier method and risk factors were evaluated by univariable and multivariable analyses. Median time of pleural drainage was 6.1 days, range 3 to 42 days. Duration of pleural drainage correlated with length of hospital stay (p < 0.0001). Postrepair right atrial pressure (p = 0.018) and preoperative hemoglobin (p = 0.035) were risk factors for persistent drainage. The presence of a previous right thoracotomy reduced drainage duration (p = 0.034). Prolonged mechanical ventilation increased the average daily volume of effusion (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, prolonged pleural effusion is an important morbidity factor after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Bilateral chest tube insertion is indicated in patients with high preoperative hemoglobin and elevated postrepair right atrial pressure. Right thoracotomy is the preferred surgical approach when a preliminary palliative shunt is required.     

心脏外科术后心包积液的危险因素与治疗

目的 探讨心脏外科手术后心包积液的危险因素和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析22 462例患者临床资料,定义心包积液诊断标准.观察心包积液患者与无积液患者的临床表现,对症治疗,分析危险因素.结果 509例(2.3％)患者有心包积液262例有临床特殊症状,其中51例有心包压塞的临床表现.有、无心包积液的患者年龄、性别、冠心病史等因素差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而大体重、瓣膜病、主动脉阻断和体外循环时间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 心包积液的危险因素有大体重,术前心功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级,瓣膜病,先天性心脏病,大血管疾病,体外循环和主动脉阻断时间延长.超声引导下的心包积液穿刺引流是安全有效的.     

Massive primary chylopericardium: a case report

A large pericardial effusion was discovered in an asymptomatic 12-year-old boy admitted for an elective orthopedic procedure. On physical examination, heart rate was 96 and blood pressure was 130/70 without paradox. The neck veins were not distended, but heart tones were distant. Chest roentgenogram (CXR) showed an enlarged cardiac silhouette. Echocardiogram showed a massive pericardial effusion compressing the right atrium, with depressed ventricular contractility. Pericardiocentesis yielded 450 mL of chylous fluid. A percutaneous pericardial drain was placed and drained another 400 mL of chyle. Pericardial fluid reaccumulated even though the patient was on a low-fat diet, and 1 week after admission left thoracotomy was performed with partial pericardiectomy and pericardial window. There was 1 L of chyle in the pericardial sac; frozen section of the pericardium showed lymphangiectasia. Chest tube drainage diminished rapidly and the patient was discharged. Follow-up CXR at 1 week showed fluid in both pleural spaces requiring bilateral tube thoracostomies again draining chyle. Even with total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 500 mL/d of chyle drained from the pleural tubes. Right thoracotomy with ligation of the thoracic duct was performed after 1 week of TPN. Pleural drainage abruptly dropped, and there has been no reaccumulation in either the pleural spaces or pericardium at 6-month follow-up. This case dramatically supports early thoracic duct ligation and partial pericardiectomy as the treatment of choice for primary massive chylopericardium.     

Pericardial tamponade and massive pleural effusion complicating orthotopic heart transplantation.

Pericardial and pleural effusions occur commonly after open cardiac procedures. However, the combination of tamponade and massive pleural effusion is not often observed. We present a case of such a patient who received an orthotopic heart transplant in a setting of previously diagnosed systemic sarcoidosis. Treatment ultimately required the creation of a pericardial window and chemical pleurodesis.     

Delayed pericardial effusion following stab wounds to the chest.

INTRODUCTION: Delayed pericardial effusion following penetrating cardiac trauma has not been commonly reported, and the exact incidence remains unknown. It was more common before 1960, when pericardiocentesis was still a popular treatment for stable patients presenting with a stab wound to the heart. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During an 8-year period, 24 patients were diagnosed with delayed pericardial effusions following a recent stab wound over the chest. Nine patients had been initially treated at our trauma unit, and the remaining 15 patients were referred by a peripheral clinic. RESULTS: Diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac ultrasound or echocardiogram. Sixteen patients were adequately treated by subxiphoid drainage. Sternotomy was performed in five patients, left thoracotomy in two and right thoracotomy in one patient. No actively bleeding injuries were found. Three patients had active infection in the pericardial space. Fever, pleural effusions and ascites were common associated findings. Additional procedures performed included laparotomy for acute abdominal pain in two patients (both negative), and simultaneous drainage of a pleural empyema. Two patients with staphylococcal pericardial infections required subsequent pericardiectomy. SUMMARY: The diagnosis of a penetrating cardiac patient may be missed in a stable patient, and patients may present with delayed pericardial effusions and tamponade. Post pericardiotomy syndrome may be the most common cause of delayed pericardial effusion, followed by sepsis. Subxiphoid pericardial window is an adequate form of treatment. Recent literature reveals that occult cardiac injury is not uncommon, thus a case should be made to actively investigate all patients with precordial stab wounds with cardiac ultrasound or echocardiogram.     

Usefulness of silicone blake drains after cardiac surgery

In the present study, the drainage system consisting of a silicon blake drain and a portable suction reservoir (J-vac system) was applied to the patients who received cardiac surgery (SD group). Postoperative drainage volume, postoperative pericardial effusion volume, and postoperative length of hospital stay in SD group were compared with those in the patients who received cardiac surgery and were applied a conventional chloroethlene drain (CD group). There were no significant differences in postoperative drainage volume, postoperative pericardial effusion volume, or postoperative length of hospital stay between SD and CD groups. Therefore, its was thought that a silicon back drain could be safely used as a drainage system after heart surgery. Recently the development of less-invasive cardiac surgery made the early hospital discharge possible, and J-vac system might be very useful in view of its portability under such clinical settings.     

Laparoscopic pericardio-peritoneal window: an alternative approach in the treatment of recurrent pericardial effusion, in-hospital evolution and survival

BACKGROUND: Although cardiac tamponade due to pericardial effusion is not frequently seen it may, in many cases require surgical drainage. The aim of this study is to show our experience with a laparoscopic approach to perform the pericardio-peritoneal window in the management of recurrent pericardial effusion. METHODS: We included 16 patients with recurrent pericardial effusion and echocardiographic global tamponade. A pneumoperitoneum was made and 3 trocars were placed; an avascular area of the diaphragm was chosen and a pericardial window was made (4 cm diameter). RESULTS: Pericardial-peritoneal window was carried out successfully (mean operative time 40 min). All patients presented relief of symptoms. The mean follow-up was 729 days. No patient experienced recurrence on repeated ecocardiographic examinations. There were no fatal events related to the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pericardial window is a simple, safe, and effective alternative for the treatment of recurrent pericardial effusion with global cardiac tamponade.     

Which treatment in pericardial effusion?

BACKGROUND: Pericardiocentesis, pleuro-pericardial window, subxiphoid pericardial drainage and pericardioscopy: which methodology to treat pericardial effusion? Each of these surgical treatments can be effective, depending on clinical factors and history of the patients. We considered pericardial effusions during 5 years. METHODS: We reviewed 64 cases: 14 acute pericardial effusions (5 patients with cardiac tamponade), 39 subacute, 11 chronic. Epidemiology and aetiology: 8 cases were between 20 and 25 years old (all affected by lymphoma), 56 were distributed in every age, especially over 60, and of these 45 were neoplastic and 11 non- neoplastic. Non-neoplastic cases were connectivitis (3 patients), uncertain origin effusion (7 patients), tubercular (1 patient). In neoplastic effusions we found lymphoma (at older age) in 7, small cell lung cancer in 6, NSCLC in 12, mesothelioma in 2, breast cancer in 7. RESULTS: Acute pericardial effusions with cardiac tamponade underwent echo-guided pericardiocentesis. In 43 we had a subxiphoid pericardial drainage, among these cases we performed 4 pericardioscopies. We created a pleuro-pericardial window on VATS in 13, on thoracotomy in 4 for technical reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Pericardiocentesis is to be preferred in acute pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade to avoid general anaesthesia. Pleuro-pericardial window on VATS is better in chronic pericardial effusion (for infective or systemic disease) and in recurrence, after performing subxiphoid drainage. Subxiphoid drainage is suitable for all neoplastic patients, and in case of unknown aetiology in order to perform a pericardioscopy.     

Catheter drainage of late cardiac tamponade guided by computed tomography

Delayed cardiac tamponade is an unusual but serious complication of cardiac surgery. Echocardiography and computed tomography (CT) are well established methods for the detection of pericardial effusions. Catheter insertion guided by CT has been used to accomplish non operative drainage of symptomatic postoperative pericardial effusion in seven cases. These patients were grouped into four types according to distribution of the fluid. General pericardial effusion around the heart is classified as type 1, effusion adjacent to the right side of the heart as type 2 and left side as type 3, effusion localized only at the apex as type 4. CT imaging is useful not only to localize and assess the size of the effusions, but also to select the way of catheter insertion. As the fluid might be trapped in compartments, for instance right-sided or left sided type, investigation of the pericardial spaces is important in planning a catheter pericardiocentesis.     

Surgical treatment for right ventricular perforation caused by transvenous pacing electrodes: A report of three cases

We experienced three cases of right ventricular perforation that were induced by transvenous pacing electrodes. The patients were a 72-year-old man who underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary recanalization and angioplasty, an 80-year-old woman who had temporary transvenous pacing for a complete atrioventricular block induced by acute valvular heart failure, and a 44-year-old man who had received a permanent pacemaker. All three patients were treated surgically. The first and second patients demonstrated either cardiac tamponade or hemopericardium necessitating pericardial drainage. Spontaneous hemostasis did not occur in cases 1 and 2, due to either anticoagulant therapy or myocardial degeneration. Such patients require surgical closure of the perforation and pericardial drainage as soon as pericardial effusion is confirmed. In contrast, middle-aged individuals without myocardial damage, such as patient 3, need only a simple removal and repositioning of the electrode followed by serial echocardiography.