一氧化氮动态变化与急性脑血管病关系

目的 通过对204例急性脑血管病患者一氧化氮水平的动态观察,探讨其与急性脑血管病情变化及预后之间的关系.方法 采用生物化学方法检测急性脑血管病患者血清第1、第2、第3、第4 NO含量水平.并与正常对照组比较.结果 急性脑血管病中NO水平明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),发病后第1周显著升高,随着病情好转,第2～4周逐渐下降.出血性脑血管病中NO水平明显高于缺血性脑卒中组(P＜0.05).结论 对急性脑血管病患者NO水平动态观察,可判定病情和评价预后.     

急性缺血性脑卒中并发全身炎症反应综合征或多脏器功能障碍综合征的临床研究

目的:探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)或MODS的发生率,以及C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)在急性缺血性脑卒中并发SIRS和MODS中的诊断意义.方法:严密监测82例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的病情,按其有否并发SIRS或MODS而将其分为急性单纯性缺血性脑卒中组(45例)及急性非单纯性缺血性脑卒中组(37例),采用构成比描述SIRS及MODS的发生率,另将30名体检正常健康者作对照组,采用免疫透射比浊法测定各组的CRP水平,比较3组的差别.结果:急性缺血性脑卒中并发SIRS的发生率为45%、并发MODS发生率为39%;并发SIRS的患者86%发生MODS.急性单纯性缺血性脑卒中组的CRP水平为(17.3±2.8)mg/L,急性非单纯性缺血性脑卒中组的CRP水平为(55±4)mg/L,对照组的CRP水平为(4.0±1.7)mg/L.急性单纯性缺血性脑卒中组、急性非单纯性缺血性脑卒中组的CRP水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,均为P＜0.01.急性单纯性缺血性脑卒中组的CRP水平与急性非单纯性缺血性脑卒中组比较差异有统计学意义,P＜0.0l.结论:急性缺血性脑卒中可并发SIRS或MODS,各组CRP水平的不同提示CRP可作为估计患者是否并发SIRS或MODS的一项指标.     

急性脑卒中患者血清一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶、丙二醛、超氧化期歧化酶及过氧化脂质水平动态变化与病情预后分析

目的通过对216例急性脑卒中患者血清一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化脂质（LPO）水平变化的动态观察,探讨这5项指标与急性脑卒中病情变化及预后之间的关系。方法采用生物化学方法检测急性脑卒中患者血清第1～4周NO、NOS、MDA、SOD、LPO含量水平,并与正常对照组比较。结果①急性脑卒中组NO、NOS、MDA、LPO水平均明显高于正常对照组（P均（0.01）,发病后第1周显著升高,随着病情的好转,第2～4周逐渐下降;SOD水平明显低于正常对照组（P（0.01）,发病后第1周显著降低,第2～4周逐渐升高。②出血性脑卒中NO、NOS、MDA、LPO水平明显高于缺血性脑卒中组（P（0.01）,而SOD水平则明显降低（P（0.05）。结论急性脑卒中患者存在NO、NOS、MDA、SOD、LPO含量失衡的变化,并随病情的严重与演变而变化。观察这5项指标的水平动态变化,可作为判定病情和评价预后的参考指标。     

急性脑梗死程度及预后与C反应蛋白水平的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)水平与神经功能缺损程度及病情预后的关系.方法 对80例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和60例健康体检者(对照组)24 h内抽取空腹静脉血2 mL,采用免疫散射比浊法测定CRP含量.对2组CRP水平的变化进行比较.结果 脑梗死组的CRP含量平均为(23.7±1.5)mg·L-1,对照组CRP含量平均为(4.5±1.2)mg·L-1,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).脑梗死组重型组、中型组CRP水平高于轻型组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),重型组CRP水平高于中型组(P＜0.05).脑梗死好转组CRP水平低于无好转组(P＜0.01).结论 CRP参与了脑梗死的病程,能反应病情严重程度;急性脑梗死患者CRP水平越高,提示病情越重,预后越差.     

老年急性缺血性脑卒中患者血浆N端-脑钠肽前体水平的变化及与预后的关系

目的 通过分析老年急性脑卒中患者N端-脑钠肽前体（NT-pro-BNP）水平的变化,探讨NT-pro-BNP与老年急性脑卒中预后的关系.方法 将80例老年急性缺血性脑卒中患者按TOAST分型标准分为心源性卒中组和非心源性卒中组,每组40例;另选择同期健康体检的老年人（对照组）30例.分别于入院48 h,治疗第14、90天进行美国国立卫生研究卒中量表（NIHSS）评分;观察各组入院48 h和第14天的血浆NT-pro-BNP水平的变化及患者入院时血浆NT-pro-BNP水平与缺血性卒中患者预后的关系.结果 缺血性脑卒中患者入院48 h及入院第14天血浆NT-pro-BNP水平均较对照组明显增高（P＜0.05）;心源性卒中组血浆NT-pro-BNP水平较非心源性卒中组明显增高（P＜0.05）;心源性卒中组及非心源性卒中组入院第14天血浆NT-pro-BNP水平较48 h的NT-pro-BNP明显降低（均P＜0.05）.心源性卒中组及非心源性卒中组入院第14、90天的NIHSS评分均较入院48 h明显下降,尤以入院第90天降低更明显（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.NIHSS评分≤6分组入院时血浆NT-pro-BNP浓度明显低于NIHSS＞6分组（P＜0.0l）.好转组入院时血浆NT-pro-BNP浓度明显低于死亡组（P＜0.05）.结论 BNP水平越高患者病情越严重,预后越差.老年急性缺血性脑卒中患者血浆NT-pro-BNP升高可作为预测急性缺血性脑卒中预后的一个危险因子.     

CT和MRI对急性缺血性脑卒中的诊断价值比较

[目的]比较头颅计算机断层扫描(CT)平扫和核磁共振成像(MRI)检查对诊断急性缺血性脑卒中的临床诊断价值差异.[方法]选择2013年6月至2014年11月本院收治的152例急性缺血性脑卒中的患者作为观察对象,根据其发病后行CT及核磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)检查的时间不同将其分成三组:发病后6h内行CT以及DWI检查组(A组,n=66),发病后6～24 h行CT以及DWI检查组(B组,n=57),发病后24～72 h行CT及DWI检查组(C组,n=29).所有患者均通过NIHSS量表评估病情严重程度,分析不同时间段CT、DWI对急性缺血性脑卒中的检出率.根据患者病情以及就诊时间采用适当的治疗方法,观察患者的临床预后.[结果]A组、B组DWI检查对急性缺血性脑卒中的检出率明显高于头颅CT平扫检查,差异均具有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05);而C组两种检查方法差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).急性缺血性脑卒中的早期(发病24 h内)诊断的患者病死率为5.89％(7/119)明显低于后期(发病24～72 h)诊断的患者的病死率22.23％(6/27),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.67,P=0.03＜0.05),早期及时诊断能显著降低患者的病死率.[结论]DWI检查在急性缺血性脑卒中的早期检出率方面明显优于CT平扫,可有显著降低患者的病死率,对患者预后有重要的临床意义.     

血清病毒水平预测急性乙型肝炎患者慢性化的效果

目的:研究急性乙型肝炎患者发病后血清病毒水平与病情慢性化之间的关系.方法:对238例急性乙肝患者于发病初诊时、4周、12周进行HBV-DNA定量测定,按HBV-DNA水平进行分组,观察各组患者慢性化发生率.结果:急性乙型肝炎患者发病初期血清HBV-DNA水平与慢性化发生率之间无明显关系.发病4周时,HBV-DNA＞105拷贝/mL组慢性化发生率高达46.43％,显著高于HBV-DNA 103～ 105拷贝/mL组(13.46％)和HBV-DNA＜103拷贝/mL组(3.94％) (P＜ 0.01);HBV-DNA 103 ～ 105拷贝/mL组慢性化率显著高于HBV-DNA＜ 103拷贝/mL组(P＜0.01).12周时血清HBV-DNA＞ 105拷贝/mL组慢性化发生率高达81.81％,显著高于HBV-DNA 103～ 105拷贝/mL组(29.41％)和HBV-DNA＜103拷贝/mL组(7.89％)(P＜0.01);HBV-DNA 103～105拷贝/mL组慢性化率显著高于HBV-DNA＜ 103拷贝/mL组(P＜ 0.01).结论:急性乙型肝炎发病初期HBV-DNA水平与慢性化发生率之间无明显相关性;发病4周和12周HBV-DNA水平越高,慢性化发生率越高.     

热休克因子1在缺血性脑卒中患者外周血检测的临床意义

目的:探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者发病48 h内热休克因子1(Hsf-1)水平及其与不同病因学亚型的关系。方法:对62例缺血性脑卒中患者进行TOAST病因学分型、用美国国立卫生研究院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评估神经功能缺损,发病3个月时改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评估预后。并与正常对照组(31例)用逆转录PCR法检测外周血单核细胞中Hsf-1mRNA的表达水平。结果:神经功能缺损轻型与重型之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.138),大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(LAA)组的Hsf-1表达高于小动脉闭塞性卒中(SAA)组,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),按NIHSS进一步分层后统计学差异仍存在,预后良好组Hsf-1表达高于预后不良组且差异具有统计学意义(P=0.007)。结论:Hsf-1表达测定对缺血性卒中病因学分型有一定的参考价值,并可能成为缺血性卒中患者病情评估的参考指标之一。     

急性脑梗死患者血浆神经元特异性烯醇酶和碱性髓鞘蛋白的动态变化及意义

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者血浆神经元特异性烯醇酶(NSE)和碱性髓鞘蛋白(MBP)的动态变化及其对预后的影响.方法 选择急性脑梗死患者75例,分别于发病24 h、第4天、第7天、第14天采集血标本,应用酶联免疫吸附法测血浆NSE、MBP水平,并与正常对照组40例进行比较.结果 脑梗死患者发病24 h、第4天血浆NSE、MBP明显高于对照组,以24 h为主,预后不良组血浆NSE水平在发病24 h、第4天、第7天各时间点均明显高于预后良好组,而预后不良组血浆MBP水平发病在24 h、第4天各时问点亦高于预后良好组.73例脑梗死患者发病第4天的梗死体积与发病24 h、第4天血浆NSE、MBP水平呈正相关.相关系数分别为0.92、0.78(均P＜0.001)及0.82、0.69(均P＜0.001).72例脑梗死患者第14天神经功能缺损评分减少值与发病24 h、第4天的血浆NSE、MBP水平呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.51、-0.45(均P＜0.001)及-0.47、-0.36(P＜0.001和0.01).结论 急性脑梗死患者早期血策NSE、MBP水平升高明显,血浆NSE、MBP的动:态变化可反映脑梗死的严重程度及预后.     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平变化的临床观察

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清C反应蛋白(CPR)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-a)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)变化及其与病情严重程度的关系。方法对30例急性缺血性脑卒中患者和30名健康体检者进行对照,缺血性脑卒中患者发病后第1、2、3d测定血清CRP、TNF-a、IL-6水平。分析其与缺血性脑卒中病灶大小及与临床神经功能缺损程度评分(CNFDS)的相关性。结果急性缺血性脑卒中组血清CRP、TNF-a、IL-6含量高于正常对照组(P<0.01);不同临床分型组间患者血清CPR、TNF-a、IL-6水平比较,重型患者CRP、TNF-a、IL-6水平明显高于轻、中型患者(P<0.01);CRP、TNF-a、IL-6的变化且与临床神经功能缺损程度评分呈正相关(分别r=0.65、0.59、0.70,P<0.01)。结论血清CRP、TNF-a、IL-6水平增高与急性缺血性脑卒中的发生和严重程度有密切关系,CRP、TNF-a、IL-6在血清中的水平可作为判断急性缺血性脑卒中患者病变严重程度的指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。