格列吡嗪控释片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究国产和进口格列吡嗪控释片(降血糖药)的相对生物利用度。方法男性健康受试者随机交叉单剂(24名)、连续(22名)口服国产和进口格列吡嗪控释片,均每天5mg,共7天。用LC-MS/MS法测定血清中格列吡嗪的药物浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度并进行生物等效性评价。结果进口和国产制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下。单次给药:t1/2β分别为((9.12±2.73)和(8.60±4.43)h,tmax分别为(10.67±5.13)和(9.08±2.76)h,Cmax分别为(135.9±41.1)和(157.9±25.3)ng·mL-1;AUC0-48分别为(2852.0±946.6)和(3021.5±899.9)ng.h.mL-1;2种制剂AUC0-48的相对生物利用度为(109.2±28.9)%。连续给药:t1/2β分别为(11.31±3.37)和(10.97±3.49)h,tmax分别为(6.8±3.5)和(6.6±3.7)h,Cssmax分别为(187.4±54.5)和(176.0±72.3)ng·mL-1,Cssmin分别为(61.3±28.1)和(69.1±41.2)ng·mL-1,AUC0-48分别为(3495.0±1110.6)和(3488.2±1554.9)ng.h.mL-1,DF为(56.2±19.9)%和(49.7±22.5)%。2种制剂AUC0-48的相对生物利用度为(101.0±32.1)%。结论2种格列吡嗪控释片为生物等效制剂。     

复方曲尼司特片在人体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的:建立人血浆中曲尼司特的HPLC-UV法和沙丁胺醇的HPLC-MS测定方法.以复方曲尼司特胶囊为参比制剂,研究受试制剂复方曲尼司特片在人体内的药物动力学行为,评价其相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康受试者随机分组,按自身交叉对照试验设计,分别单剂量口服受试制剂1片或参比制剂1粒,剂量均为曲尼司特 80 mg 和硫酸沙丁胺醇 2.4 mg.结果:受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后,曲尼司特的血药浓度达峰时间分别为(3.3±0.7)h和(2.9±0.7)h,达峰浓度分别为(11.28±2.55)μg·mL-1和(11.70±2.34)μg·mL-1,消除半衰期分别为(8.5±1.6)h和(8.1±1.2)h,AUC0-36分别为(99.2±19.8)μg·h·mL-1和(101.6±19.2)μg·h·mL-1;沙丁胺醇的血药浓度达峰时间分别为(3.2±1.1)h和(2.9±1.0)h,达峰浓度分别为(4.51±1.00)μg·mL-1和(4.82±1.48)ng·mL-1,消除半衰期分别为(5.8±1.4)h和(5.9±1.0)h,AUC0-24分别为(31.7±4.5)ng·h·mL-1和(32.7±5.1)ng·h·mL-1.复方曲尼司特片中两种成分曲尼司特和沙丁胺醇的相对生物利用度分别为97.8%±10.8%和97.6%±9.5%.结论:建立的分析方法准确、灵敏、可靠,统计学分析表明两种复方制剂生物等效.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度

目的:研究自制硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片与进口控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度。方法:利用高效液相色谱荧光检测法,采用交叉实验设计对本品和进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片进行人体生物利用度对照研究。结果:硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片与进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片的血药浓度曲线下面积AUC 分别为(63.67 ±10.37)ng·h·mL^-1和(60.21 ±11.95) ng·h·mL^-1,最大血药浓度C_max 分别为(8.60 ±1.93) ng·mL^-1 和(8.20 ±1.40)ng·mL^-1,达峰时间T_max 分别为(6.3 ±1.0) h 和(6.8 ±1.3) h,多剂量给药达稳态时血药浓度波动系数FD 分别为1.09 ±0.23 和1.14±0.25。结论:经方差分析和双单侧检验,两种制剂生物等效。     

氯诺昔康片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的研究氯诺昔康片(非甾体抗炎镇痛药)片在健康人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法用随机交叉给药方案,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服氯诺昔康受试片和参比片8mg,用HPLC-UV法检测血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数并评价其生物等效性。结果受试和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(669.50±141.76)和(657.47±146.98)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.85±0.75)和(1.85±0.88)h;t1/2(Kel)分别为(5.09±0.99)和(5.05±1.11)h;AUC0-24分别为(3276.50±650.33)和(3461.64±850.73)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(3442.18±597.72)和(3612.05±857.13)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度分别为F0-24=(97.49±21.16)%,以F0-∞=(98.10±19.75)%。结论国产与进口氯诺昔康片生物等效。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆氯吡格雷浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的:建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定人血浆中氯吡格雷的浓度,研究2种硫酸氢氯吡格雷片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标美利曲辛,经乙腈沉淀蛋白提取,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法。用建立的方法测定20例健康男性受试者单剂量口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.02～20 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率98.4%～103.2%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服75 mg硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(1.9±1.5)ng·mL-1和(1.8±1.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.8±0.5)h和(1.0±0.8)h;t1/2分别为(3.4±1.6)h和(3.5±1.5)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(4.4±4.3)h·ng·mL-1和(4.4±4.6)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(4.7±4.4)h·ng·mL-1和(4.7±4.7)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(98.2±32.8)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

鲑鱼降钙素喷鼻剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产和进口鲑鱼降钙素鼻喷剂的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期自身随机交叉设计。用放射免疫法(RIA)测定22例健康志愿者喷鼻给药后的血药浓度。结果:国产制剂及进口鼻喷剂实测平均血药峰浓度C_(max)分别为(64.72±9.68)ng·L~(-1)和(65.61±8.46)ng·L~(-1);实测平均达峰时间t_(max)分别为(0.27±0.05)h和(0.27±0.05)h;国产制剂及进口制剂t_(1/2)(ke)分别为(0.68±0.23)h和(0.69±0.24)h;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积AUC_(0-8)h平均值分别为(61.70±15.53)ng·L~(-1)·h和(64.89±15.12)ng·L~(-1)·h;以进口制剂为参比制剂,试验制剂鲑鱼降钙素鼻喷剂的相对生物利用度为(95.95±15.21)%。结论:国产与进口鲑鱼降钙素鼻喷剂生物等效。     

复方雌二醇片在健康绝经妇女体内的生物等效性

目的 评价国产与进口复方雌二醇(雌激素)在健康绝经妇女的生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者单剂量口服复方雌二醇(雌二醇2 mg、炔诺酮1 mg)国产制剂与进口制剂后,用化学发光免疫分析法、放射免疫分析法和高效液相色譜-质譜联用技术测定雌二醇、雌酮和醋酸炔诺酮的体内血药浓度;计算药代动力学参数,评价2制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服复方雌二醇受试制剂(国产)与参比制剂(进口)后的主要药代动力学参数,①雌二醇:Cmax分别为(102.92±26.68)、(93.52±18.91)pg·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.05±0.78)、(2.32±1.54)h;t1/2分别为(18.97±11.94)、(26.74±16.83)h;AUC0-t分别为(1.62 ± 7.38)、(1.62±7.35)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(1.98 ± 8.21)、(2.19±9.55)ng·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度F0-t、F0-∞分别为(99.84±17.78)%、(94.41±24.98)%.②雌酮:Cmax分别为(313.72±93.89)、(313.05±103.76)Pg·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.93±1.32)、(4.16±1.21)h;t1/2分别为(11.86±3.76)、(12.04±5.10)h;AUC0-t分别为(4.48±1.75)、(4.62±1.73)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(4.67±1.77)、(4.88±1.86)Pg·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度F0-t、F0-∞分别为(97.47±15.18)%、(96.71±15.11)%.③炔诺酮:Cmax分别为(12.73±6.53)、(12.62±6.32)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.39±0.69)、(1.15±0.57)h;t1/2分别为(7.04±2.66)、(7.98±2.66)h;AUC0-t分别为(46.92±28.16)、(49.28±31.46)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(52.99±32.96)、(56.81±37.07)ng·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度F0-t、F0-∞分别为(99.74±16.19)%、(97.15±16.04)%.表明健康志愿者口服单剂量复方雌二醇片受试及参比制剂后,体内药代动力学行为没有显著差异.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

阿奇霉素软胶囊在健康志愿者的药代动力学与相对生物利用度

目的建立人血浆中阿奇霉素(大环内酯类抗生素)的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法,用于研究阿奇霉素软胶囊在人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法18例健康男性志愿者单剂量口服阿奇霉素软胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂500mg后,用建立的方法测定阿奇霉素的血药浓度,用3P97药代动力学软件求算药代动力学参数,以双单侧t检验进行生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(676.6±283.1),(663.4±298.3)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.9±0.5),(2.0±0.6)h;t1/2分别为(50.4±14.3),(49.1±14.5)h;AUC0-144分别为(5025.1±881.9),(4857.5±946.8)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5827.3±898.0),(5638.9±998.5)ng·h·mL-1。相对生物利用度为F0-144=(105.8±22.8)%。结论2制剂为生物等效制剂。     

进口与国产利培酮薄膜衣片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的 研究利培酮薄膜衣片(抗精神分裂症药)在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 23名健康男性志愿者随机交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂(进口)和参比制剂(国产)2 mg后,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,利培酮:AUC0～t分别为(94.76±82.93)和(103.05±117.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0～1分别为(96.72±84.52)和(105.19±119.36)ng·h·mL0-1;Cmax分别为(15.91±5.63)和(16.21±11.56)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.14±0.73)和(1.15±0.54)h;t1/2分别为(7.32±5.94)和(7.44±6.50)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.68±40.21)%.9-羟基利培酮:AUC0-96h分别为(268.56±85.20)和(279.64 ±117.86)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(282.74±87.46)和(294.28±120.32)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(10.84±4.69)和(11.11±4.80)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.35±2.32)和(4.48±2.76)h;t1/2分别为(23.18±3.26)和(23.12±4.31)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.37±27.23)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

复方盐酸二甲双胍胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的评价国产的复方盐酸二甲双胍胶囊(试验制剂)与市售的盐酸二甲双胍片联合格列本脲片(参比制剂)的人体相对生物利用度。方法18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服试验制剂2粒(每粒含二甲双胍250mg,格列本脲1.25mg)或参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍片(250mg)2片、格列本脲片(2.5mg)1片。二甲双胍的血药浓度采用离子对高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定,格列本脲的血药浓度采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(HPLC-MS)测定,计算两者的药动学参数并评价试验制剂的相对生物利用度。结果受试者单次服用试验制剂或参比制剂后,二甲双胍的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-24分别为(5.90±1.36)和(5.95±1.35)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6.17±1.36)和(6.28±1.36)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(0.82±0.21)和(0.82±0.14)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.43±0.88)和(1.54±0.98)h,相对生物利用度为(100.21±14.10)%;格列本脲的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-16分别为(270.28±61.82)和(268.70±61.99)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(287.13±61.97)和(284.17±67.85)ng·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(62.83±10.89)和(61.44±12.11)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.53±0.79)和(2.81±0.75)h,相对生物利用度为(101.67±14.54)%。结论经统计学分析,试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间差异无统计学意义,试验制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.