Effects of hormone replacement therapy or raloxifene on ambulatory blood pressure and arterial stiffness in treated hypertensive postmenopausal women

The administration of oral raloxifene in 30 postmenopausal hypertensive women was evaluated to demonstrate its effect on arterial stiffness. Casual and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and pulse-wave velocity (PWV) data were obtained before and after patients received raloxifene, estrogen-progestin replacement therapy, or placebo in a randomized crossover study. It was shown that the 2 therapies decreased BP and carotid-femoral PWV, and the effect of raloxifene on vascular compliance was independent of the effects on BP.     

依普利酮与氯沙坦对轻中度原发性高血压患者动脉僵硬度及中心动脉压的影响

目的探讨依普利酮与氯沙坦对收缩压及舒张压均增高的双期轻中度原发性高血压患者动脉僵硬度及中心动脉压(CAP)的影响。方法随机、双盲、双模拟、阳性药物平行对照设计,将84例轻中度原发性高血压患者[舒张压90～<110mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)且收缩压140～<180mm Hg]分为依普利酮组和氯沙坦组,每组各42例,经服用安慰剂2周后进入12周的试验期,分别给予依普利酮50mg或氯沙坦50mg,口服1次/d,复诊1次/2周,4周后如舒张压≥90mm Hg,则改为依普利酮100mg分2次口服或氯沙坦100mg,口服1次/d。安慰剂治疗2周后及12周试验期结束前分别进行肝肾功能、电解质、血糖、血脂、血常规、尿常规、动态血压监测、臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)和CAP的测定。结果依普利酮组高血压患者完成试验37例,失访5例,氯沙坦组完成试验40例,失访2例;与治疗前相比,依普利酮组及氯沙坦组患者坐位收缩压及舒张压、动态血压参数、baPWV及CAP均明显降低;治疗12周末,两组患者的坐位收缩压及舒张压下降幅度差异无统计学意义[(18.3±8.6)比(21.4±9.4),(14.0±5.3)比(15.1±6.6)mm Hg,均P>0.05];依普利酮组的24h平均收缩压及平均舒张压、昼平均收缩压及平均舒张压、夜平均收缩压及平均舒张压、baPWV、CAP及总的不良事件发生率,与氯沙坦组相比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论依普利酮与氯沙坦均能明显降低轻中度收缩压及舒张压均增高的双期原发性高血压患者的动脉僵硬度及中心动脉压。     

Inflammatory status, arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome

Introduction

Inflammatory state is activated in metabolic syndrome and may explain part of the adverse prognosis of this entity. Arterial stiffness, central blood pressures and wave reflections are independent predictors of cardiovascular risk. This study investigates the relation between low-grade inflammation and arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Methods

We studied 106 consecutive hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. Arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral (c-f) and carotid-radial (c-r) pulse wave velocity (PWV). Central blood pressures were evaluated by pulse wave analysis and heart rate corrected augmentation index (AIx₇₅) was used as a measure of wave reflections. White blood cell count (WBC), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen were measured as inflammatory markers.

Results

In univariable analysis, PWVc-f correlated with both hsCRP (p < 0.01) and fibrinogen (p < 0.01), while PWVc-r correlated with hsCRP (p = 0.05). Regarding central blood pressures, aortic SBP correlated positively with hsCRP (p < 0.05) and marginally with fibrinogen (p = 0.06) and WBC (p = 0.08). Interestingly, no correlation was found between AIx₇₅ and any of these biomarkers. After adjustment for age, gender, smoking, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, waist circumference, glucose, total and HDL cholesterol, PWVc-f was independently related to hsCRP (p < 0.001) and fibrinogen (p < 0.01), while a marginal independent correlation was also found between PWVc-r and hsCRP (p = 0.06). Furthermore, aortic PP independently associated with fibrinogen (p < 0.05) whereas marginal associations demonstrated between aortic SBP and hsCRP and fibrinogen (p = 0.06 for both).

Conclusion

Inflammatory status is related to arterial stiffness and central blood pressures (but not to augmentation index) in hypertensives with metabolic syndrome. These findings may have implications for increased cardiovascular risk in these patients.     

Repeated automated versus daytime ambulatory blood pressure measurement in mild, moderate and severe untreated black hypertensive patients

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which one session of repeated automated (30-45 min) blood pressure measurements in non-treated, hypertensive patients can be used to predict daytime ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). METHODS: Two hundred untreated black hypertensive patients (mean age 50.2+/-11.2) were retrospectively stratified on the basis of the daytime ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (DBP) into mild, moderate and severe hypertensives (90 mmHg 相似文献   

Arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics in treated hypertensive subjects according to brachial blood pressure classification

BACKGROUND: International recommendations have classified brachial blood pressure (BP) in subgroups enabling better cardiovascular risk stratification. Central BP is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, differing from brachial BP through the predominant influence of arterial stiffness and wave reflections. Central BP has never been studied in relation to international guidelines for brachial BP classification. METHODS: In 580 chronically treated hypertensive subjects we measured: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid artery augmentation index (AI) and carotid blood pressures, using applanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis, and using brachial BP for carotid pressure wave calibration. RESULTS: For each given brachial value, carotid systolic blood pressure (SBP) and PP were significantly lower than the corresponding brachial SBP and PP. This pressure amplification was significantly lower in the 'optimal' and 'normal' BP ranges (6.8-7.4 mmHg) than in the higher BP ranges (10.1-11.3 mmHg), mainly depending on heart rate (HR) and PWV levels. PWV gradually increased as a function of brachial BP classification and was a significant predictor of this classification independently of age, drug treatment, atherosclerotic lesions and even mean BP. Finally, PWV was a highly sensitive marker of the effective BP control throughout all decades of age. CONCLUSION: Under chronic antihypertensive therapy, central BP does not strictly parallel the corresponding brachial BP classification, depending on differences in aortic stiffness and HR. Whether aortic PWV might predict the brachial BP classification and/or the presence of effective BP control, as suggested in this study, needs further confirmation.     

老年高血压患者降压治疗后动态动脉僵硬度指数研究

目的 观测老年高血压患者降压治疗后动态动脉僵硬度指数（ambulatory arterial stiftness index,AASI）的结果及其对评估动脉硬化和预测心血管事件的作用。方法 观测99例住院老年高血压患者,男性87例;女性12例,平均年龄78．03±6．36岁。记录其在连续接受降血压治疗6个月后的相关资料（高密度脂蛋白检测,24小时动态血压测定,动态动脉僵硬度指数及脉压、脉压指数）并进行回顾性分析。结果动态动脉僵硬度指数与脉压指数呈中度正相关（r=0．381,P〈0．001）,与高密度脂蛋白呈负相关（r=-0．252,P=0．013）。结论提示对于接受降压治疗的老年原发性高血压患者,动态动脉僵硬度指数可作为动脉硬化评估的参考指标,有望成为心血管危险的预测因子。     

Twenty-Four hour ambulatory blood pressure profile of a new slow-release formulation of diltiazem in mild to moderate hypertension

Twelve patients with a mild to moderate essential hypertension were included in a double-blind, balanced, randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study to assess the efficacy and duration of action of a new slow-release formulation of diltiazem (300 mg) given once daily for 3 weeks. All office blood pressure measurements were done 24 hours after drug intake. In order to improve the accuracy of the trial, 24-hours non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (Spacelabs 90207 system) were performed as well. Diltiazem significantly lowered supine and standing systolic and diastolic office blood pressure (by 16.9/12.7 mmHg and by 17.3/13.8 mmHg, respectively), without changing office heart rate. Diltiazem also significantly lowered ambulatory blood pressure measured over 24 hours, as well as ambulatory heart rate. The blood pressure lowering effect was most pronounced during the daytime period and did not reach statistical significance during the sleeping hours. The treatment was well tolerated, and there were no significant side effects. The results confirm the antihypertensive efficacy of diltiazem LP 300 mg once daily during the daytime and during the early morning blood pressure rise, without inducing nocturnal hypotension.     

Association of renal function with the ambulatory arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure in hypertensive patients

Arterial stiffness exemplified by the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and pulse pressure (PP) predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The present cross-sectional study assessed the association of renal function with AASI and 24-h PP in hypertensive inpatients. Subjects included 948 hypertensive inpatients with drug treatment (mean age, 53.3 years; male, 67.1%). The AASI was defined as 1 minus the regression slope of diastolic over systolic blood pressure readings obtained from 24-h recordings. Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion was expressed by the urinary albumin-to-urinary creatinine ratio (ACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the modification of diet in renal disease formula and chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration formula. As AASI and 24-h PP increased, serum creatinine concentrations and ACR increased, and eGFR decreased. Multiple linear regression showed that AASI and 24-h PP were associated with eGFR-EPI (B=-12.00, P=0.001 vs. B=-0.14, P=0.002) and ACR (B=0.56, P=0.004 vs. B=0.01, P=0.017) independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. After additional adjustment for 24-h PP, the association of AASI with eGFR-EPI had borderline significance (P=0.053), whereas the significant associations of 24-h PP with serum creatinine and ACR persisted (P=0.009 and P=0.006) after adjusting for confounding factors and AASI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that each s.d. increase in 24-h PP (that is, 13?mm?Hg) was associated with a higher risk of suffering from microalbuminuria (MA) by 39% (P=0.038) after additional adjustment for AASI. In conclusion, AASI is more closely associated with eGFR compared with 24-h PP in hypertensive inpatients. However, for MA 24-h PP is a better predictor.     

The effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Patients and methods

We studied 38 hypertensive patients who suffered from severe OSA. Ambulatory BP measurement was performed at baseline and after at least 3 months of uninterrupted CPAP therapy. In 19 of these patients, we also measured pulse wave velocity (PWV) at baseline, after the first night of CPAP therapy and at 3 months. Fifteen normotensive subjects without OSA comprised the control group.

Results

CPAP therapy reduced systolic BP from 141.5?±?12.1 to 133.5?±?9.7 mmHg (p?=?0.007) and diastolic BP from 87.8?±?6.8 to 83?±?5.4 mmHg (p?=?0.004). CPAP also reduced the PWV from 8.81?±?1.4 to 8.18?±?1 m/s after the first night of CPAP therapy (p?=?0.003) and to 7.37?±?1 m/s at 3 months (p?=?0.007).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that CPAP therapy in hypertensive patients with OSA improves arterial stiffness from the first night and that this favorable effect is maintained for at least 3 months of CPAP use. A reduction in BP was also observed, even though BP control was not always achieved.     

Effects of mild physical activity, atenolol and the combination on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether beta-blocker treatment could enhance the effect of a mild physical training programme upon blood pressure. DESIGN AND METHODS: In 12 hypertensive subjects (mean age: 40.3 years) a prospective randomized Latin square-design trial was performed with three treatments: physical training and placebo tablets; atenolol 50 mg once a day and inactivity; and physical training and atenolol 50 mg once a day. RESULTS: Training significantly increased maximal ventilatory oxygen consumption (VO2MAX), and there was a decrease in ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (DBP) which did not reach statistical significance. Atenolol alone significantly reduced ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP. Atenolol alone did not reduce VO2MAX. The combination of training and atenolol resulted in an increase in VO2MAX compared with atenolol alone, but no additional significant fall in blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Atenolol did not enhance the effect of physical training upon blood pressure and had little if any effect upon the training-induced increase in exercise tolerance.     

Comparison of ambulatory central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in patients with diabetic and non‐diabetic CKD

Increased arterial stiffness is independently associated with renal function decline in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether DM has additional deleterious effects on central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is yet unknown. This study aimed to compare ambulatory central BP, arterial stiffness parameters, and trajectories between patients with diabetic and non‐diabetic CKD. This study examined 48 diabetic and 48 non‐diabetic adult patients (>18 years) with CKD (eGFR: <90 and ≥15 ml/min/1.73 m²), matched in a 1:1 ratio for age, sex, and eGFR within CKD stages (2, 3a, 3b and 4). All patients underwent 24‐h ABPM with the Mobil‐O‐Graph device. Parameters of central hemodynamics [central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), pulse pressure (PP)], wave reflection [augmentation index (AIx), and pressure (AP)] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were estimated from the 24‐h recordings. Diabetic CKD patients had higher 24‐h cSBP (118.57 ± 10.05 vs. 111.59 ± 9.46, P = .001) and 24‐h cPP (41.48 ± 6.80 vs. 35.25 ± 6.98, P < .001) but similar 24‐h cDBP (77.09 ± 8.14 vs. 76.34 ± 6.75 mmHg, P = .625) levels compared to patients with non‐diabetic CKD. During day‐ and nighttime periods, cSBP and cPP levels were higher in diabetics compared to non‐diabetics. 24‐h PWV (10.10 ± 1.62 vs. 9.61 ± 1.80 m/s, P = .165) was numerically higher in patients with DM, but no between‐group differences were noted in augmentation pressure and index. In multivariate analysis, DM, female gender, and peripheral SBP were independently associated with higher cPP levels. Patients with diabetic CKD have higher ambulatory cSBP and increased arterial stiffness, as indicated by higher ambulatory cPP. These finding suggest that DM is a factor independently contributing to the adverse macrocirculatory profile of CKD patients.     

Effect of combination hormone replacement therapy on ambulatory blood pressure and arterial stiffness in diabetic postmenopausal women

Background: Diabetes mellitus negates the premenopausal gender benefit with respect to coronary artery disease. Whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) offers any cardiovascular advantage to diabetic postmenopausal women is not known. Diabetic subjects have increased vascular load and abnormal 24-h blood pressure (BP) profiles. Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to improve indexes of arterial load in nondiabetic postmenopausal women as well as to restore circadian variation in BP. This aim of this study, therefore, was to determine prospectively whether HRT improved arterial stiffness and 24-h ambulatory BP profile in diabetic postmenopausal women.Methods: Twelve diabetic postmenopausal women were studied. Six subjects were also hypertensive. Vascular load was characterized by carotid arterial pulse waveform analysis to calculate central augmentation index. All subjects also underwent 24-h BP monitoring. Subjects were studied before commencement of HRT and were then randomized to two groups. The first group was observed for 6 months and then given 2 months of estrogen alone, followed by 4 months of combination estrogen with progestin. The second group received the HRT regimen first, then were restudied after 6 months off HRT.Results: The HRT did not affect either clinic or ambulatory BP. There were no changes in indexes of vascular load or pulse pressure, an indirect measure of arterial stiffness. There was a low rate of circadian variation in 24-h BP at baseline (55%), which was unaltered by HRT.Conclusions: The HRT was well tolerated. Despite evidence for a beneficial effect of HRT on indexes of arterial load and ambulatory BP previously reported in normal subjects, we found no change in this cohort of diabetic postmenopausal women.     

轻中度高血压患者血压达标后动态血压及血压节律的变化特点

目的探讨轻中度高血压患者血压达标后动态血压及血压节律的变化特点。方法选择124名轻中度高血压患者,给予口服厄贝沙坦/氢氯噻嗪复方制剂（每片含厄贝沙坦150mg及氢氯噻嗪12.5mg）控制血压,目标血压值为〈130/85mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）,根据血压达标情况增加药物剂量,观察时间为14～16d。记录血压达标患者治疗前后动态血压参数及血压达标所需时间。结果治疗后共70例患者血压达标,血压达标患者24h收缩压（SBP）,24h舒张压（DBP）,昼间平均SBP,昼间平均DBP,夜间平均SBP,夜间平均DBP及脉压在治疗前后差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。治疗后血压达标患者的血压节律构成比发生变化,正常血压节律患者的比例由治疗前52.8%增加至治疗后的81.4%,治疗前后血压节律构成比的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。血压达标患者中血压节律正常者与血压节律异常者血压达标所需天数分别为[（7.70±2.20）dvs.（9.21±2.63）d],差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论厄贝沙坦/氢氯噻嗪复方制剂降低轻中度高血压患者血压的同时,改善了血压达标患者的昼夜血压节律。     

Effects of celecoxib on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients on ACE inhibitors

Nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to attenuate the antihypertensive efficacy of ACE inhibitors with average increases in systolic blood pressure (BP) of 5 to 10 mm Hg. Less is known about the specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors now widely used for the treatment of arthritis. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of celecoxib compared with placebo on 24-hour BP levels in ACE inhibitor-treated patients with hypertension. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial involving 178 men and women (mean age, 53 years) with essential hypertension who were treated and controlled with lisinopril monotherapy (10 to 40 mg daily). Baseline BP values were obtained using 24-hour ambulatory recordings. Patients received either celecoxib, 200 mg twice daily (twice the recommended dose for osteoarthritis) (n=91), or placebo (n=87) for 4 weeks, and changes in the 24-hour BP, body weight, and clinical laboratory parameters were assessed. Mean changes from baseline in the 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP were 2.6/1.5+/-0.9/0.6 mm Hg on celecoxib versus 1.0/0.3+/-1/0.6 mm Hg on placebo (P=0.34 for systolic BP; P=0.45 for diastolic BP). The proportion of patients whose 24-hour BP increased by at least 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm Hg were also similar on celecoxib and placebo. No changes in body weight, serum creatinine, or potassium occurred in either group. Thus, these data demonstrate that high doses of celecoxib have no significant effect on the antihypertensive effect of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. The placebo-subtracted changes observed in 24-hour BP (1.6/1.2 mm Hg) are less than what has been reported for nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in ACE inhibitor-treated patients.     

Left ventricular relaxation and ambulatory blood pressure in mild, untreated arterial hypertension

Twenty patients with mild, untreated arterial hypertension had ambulatory blood pressure recordings and a digitized echocardiographic study of the left ventricle with measurement of its mass (LVM) and of relaxation parameters. A significant correlation was found between LVM and ambulatory systolic pressure during daytime (r = 0.64; p less than 0.01; n = 20) and during 24 hours (r = 0.79; p less than 0.001; n = 16). One of the relaxation parameters studied, the time taken to reach maximal speed of left ventricular enlargement, was closely related to the diurnal diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.58; p less than 0.01; n = 20), whereas in this population with mild arterial blood pressure none of the parameters was related to the amount of increase of LVM. One may therefore consider the abnormalities of left ventricular relaxation as likely to appear at an early stage of arterial hypertension; their discovery may antedate that of LVM and confirm that the hypertensive disease is real. However, the methodological problems encountered with type of exploration ought to be stressed: left ventricular relaxation is a multifactorial phenomenon, and its echocardiographic approach is subject to many hazards.     

老年高血压患者长时血压变异性及降压治疗对动脉僵硬度的影响

目的 探讨长时血压变异性(BPV)和降压治疗对动脉僵硬度的影响。方法 选取2017年1月至6月于山西白求恩医院进行降压治疗及管理的原发性老年高血压患者411例,用臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)和踝臂指数(ABI)作为评估动脉僵硬度的指标。采用线性回归分析血压指数及BPV与baPWV、ABI的相关性,BPV用收缩压标准差(SBP_SD)表示。采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行数据分析。采用t检验分析降压治疗的效果以及降压治疗对动脉僵硬度的影响。结果 通过3年降压治疗,老年高血压患者平均SBP、DBP、PP、MAP均较治疗前出现明显下降,FPG、TC、TG也较前明显下降,HDL-C较前明显升高,差异均有统计学意义[(131.78±7.36)和(142.92±17.14)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),(80.22±6.31)和(81.49±10.01)mmHg,(51.57±7.81)和(61.43±14.06)mmHg,(97.41±5.57)和(101.97±10.98)mmHg,(5.30±1.67)和(5.81±1.69)mmol/L,(3.85±0.95)和(4.42±0.90)mmol/L,(1.27±0.68)和(1.79±1.13)mmol/L,(1.35±0.31)和(1.21±0.31)mmol/L;均P＜0.05];而治疗前后LDL-C的差异无统计学意义。调整混杂因素后线性回归结果显示,在老年高血压患者中SBP、PP、MAP、SBP_SD均与baPWV呈正相关(β=10.390,5.500,14.940,11.110;均P＜0.05),与ABI呈负相关(β=-0.002,-0.001,-0.002,-0.003;均P＜0.05);而DBP仅与baPWV呈正相关(β=8.690,P＜0.05),而与ABI无相关性。降压治疗后,baPWV由(1782.70±308.87)cm/s降至(1732.43±261.73)cm/s、ABI由(1.12±0.10)升至(1.14±0.08),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);其中baPWV在性别和年龄分层分析中均表现出下降趋势,与降压治疗前相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);而ABI在女性患者及60~70岁患者中,与降压治疗前相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。降压前后SBP差值、DBP差值与baPWV差值均呈正相关(β=3.000,3.290;P＜0.05),而与ABI差值无相关性。结论 SBP_SD是动脉僵硬度的影响因素,对老年高血压患者进行降压治疗及综合管理,可以显著改善患者的baPWV值,而降压治疗对ABI的影响尚需进一步的研究去明确。     

老老年人群动态血压参数与动脉僵硬度的相关性

目的探讨老老年人群动态血压参数与动脉僵硬度的相关性。方法筛选年龄≥80岁的老老年人238例,以血压≥160/95 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为标准,分为高血压组(134例)和对照组(104例),并进行臂-踝脉搏传导速度(baPWV)和24 h动态血压监测。用Pearson分析动态血压各参数与动脉僵硬度的相关性。结果高血压组baPWV高于对照组(P<0.05)。高血压组偶测收缩压,24 h、昼间和夜间收缩压、舒张压、脉压,收缩压负荷及舒张压负荷均高于对照组.夜间收缩压下降率、舒张压下降率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。baPWV与偶测血压;24 h收缩压、舒张压、脉压;昼间收缩压、舒张压、脉压、心率;夜间收缩压、舒张压、脉压;收缩压负荷、舒张压负荷呈正相关(P<0.05,P<0.01),而与夜间收缩压下降率呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论高血压是老老年人群动脉僵硬度增加的一个重要因素,动脉僵硬度与动态血压、脉压、心率及血压负荷相关。