前交叉韧带陈旧损伤22例诊治体会

目的探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)陈旧损伤的诊治及疗效。方法 2010年1月至2011年12月,采用关节镜下单束自体四股腘绳肌腱重建ACL。本组共22例(男18例,女4例),年龄18～46岁(平均31.6岁);观察术后Lysholm评分及关节前向松弛度差值变化。结果所有病例均获得随访,随访时间7~24个月(平均12.5个月),均未发生感染、血管神经损伤、内固定物松动及深静脉血栓等并发症;术前Lysholm评分为42~64分(平均53.2分),关节前向松弛度差值3.4~4.3 mm(平均3.72 mm);术后Lysholm评分为88~96分(平均93.2分),关节前向松弛度差值1.2~2.4 mm(平均1.64mm)。结论关节镜下自体四股腘绳肌腱重建ACL,是一种治疗ACL陈旧损伤的可靠方法,术中在治疗关节失稳的同时,需同时对关节内软骨、半月板等结构损伤进行修复,以增强膝关节的稳定性。本方法疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

前交叉韧带损伤术前膝关节稳定性测试

比较６８例前交叉韧带损伤术前常规及麻醉下的前抽屉试验、Ｌａｃｈｍａｎ试验、膝外翻应力试验的结果，并用Ｓｔｒｙｋｅｒ膝关节仪做稳定性测试。前抽屉试验的阳性率为４４．１％，麻醉下为７９．４％；Ｌａｃｈｍａｎ试验的阳性率为８８．２％，麻醉下为９５．６％；膝外翻应力试验的阳性率为６６．２％。仪器测试结果阳性率为８２．４％。作者认为，Ｌａｃｈｍａｎ试验对于前交叉韧带损伤具有重要的诊断意义，仪器的稳定性测试可作为诊断的补充措施。     

Hybrid Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Introduction of a New Technique for Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Recently, anatomic or double-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been presented in an effort to more accurately restore the native anatomy. These techniques create 2 tunnels in both the femur and tibia to reproduce the bundles of the ACL. However, the increased number of tunnels, particularly on the femoral side, has raised some concerns among authors and surgeons. We describe a technique to reconstruct the 2 distinct bundles of the ACL by using a single femoral tunnel and 2 tibial tunnels, the “hybrid” ACL reconstruction. The femoral tunnel is drilled through an anteromedial arthroscopy portal, which allows placement in a more anatomic position. Fixation in the femur is achieved with a novel device that separates a soft-tissue graft into 2 independently functioning bundles. Once fixed in the femur, the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the graft are passed through respective tunnels at the anatomic footprint on the tibia. These bundles are independently tensioned, which creates a reconconstruction that is similar to the native ACL. The technique presented provides surgeons with an alternative to other double-bundle techniques involving 4 tunnels.     

The Results of All-Inside Meniscus Repair Using the Viper Repair System Simultaneously with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background

Meniscus tears are commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures. It is essential to repair meniscal tears as much as possible to prevent early osteoarthritis and to gain additional stability in the knee joint. We evaluated the results of arthroscopic all-inside repair using the Meniscal Viper Repair System (Arthrex) on meniscus tears simultaneously with ACL reconstruction.

Methods

Nineteen out of 22 patients who were treated with arthroscopic all-inside repair using the Meniscal Viper Repair System for meniscus tear associated with ACL rupture were evaluated. ACL reconstructions were performed at the same period. The mean follow-up period was 16.5 months (range, 12 to 24 months). The clinical results of the meniscus repair were evaluated by symptoms (such as catching or locking), tenderness, effusion, range of motion limitation, and the McMurray test. Clinical success was defined by negative results in all five categories. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score was evaluated. Objective results were evaluated with secondary look arthroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI results were categorized as completely repaired, incompletely repaired, and failure by Henning''s classification. The results of second-look arthroscopy were evaluated with the criteria of meniscal healing.

Results

The clinical success rate was 95.4% and the HSS scores were 93.9 ± 5.4 at the final follow-up. According to Henning''s classification, 15 out of 18 cases showed complete healing (83.3%) and two cases (11.1%) showed incomplete healing. Seventeen out of 18 cases that underwent second-look arthroscopy showed complete healing (94.4%) according to the criteria of meniscal healing. Only one case showed failure and the failure was due to a re-rupture at the sutured area. Complications of ACL reconstruction or meniscus repair were not present.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that arthroscopic all-inside repair using the Meniscal Viper Repair System is an effective treatment method when it is performed simultaneously with ACL reconstruction.     

Injury to the Anterior Tibial Artery during Bicortical Tibial Drilling in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Many complications have been reported during or after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, including infection, bleeding, tibial tunnel widening, arthrofibrosis, and graft failure. However, arterial injury has been rarely reported. This paper reports a case of an anterior tibial arterial injury during bicortical tibial drilling in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, associated with an asymptomatic occlusion of the popliteal artery. The patient had a vague pain which led to delayed diagnosis of compartment syndrome and delayed treatment with fasciotomy. All surgeons should be aware of these rare but critical complications because the results may be disastrous like muscle necrosis as in this case.     

关节镜下应用EndoPearl与Intrafix固定双侧绳肌肌腱一期重建膝关节前后交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下应用EndoPearl与Intrafix固定双侧腘绳肌肌腱同时重建膝关节前后交叉韧带的近期临床效果。方法对2004年6月~2005年3月收治的10例膝关节前后交叉韧带同时断裂的患者,切取双侧腘绳肌腱,2条半腱肌腱和2条股薄肌腱分别对折成四束,折端固定同直径EndoPearl。关节镜下利用两组移植物同时分别重建膝前后交叉韧带。股骨端应用可吸收界面螺钉顶压固定EndoPearl与移植肌腱,胫骨端应用Intrafix固定四束肌腱。结果10例均获得随访,平均7.5个月(6~15个月),切口Ⅰ期愈合,无感染。其中新鲜损伤4例,陈旧性损伤6例,合并后外侧复合体损伤3例,均予同期修复,合并内侧副韧损伤6例,未予特殊处理,5例曾急诊修复腘动静脉。术后3个月膝关节活动范围均超过120°,无伸膝受限,后抽屉试验Ⅰ度阳性2例,其余为阴性;Lyshlom评分(92.6±3.2)分。结论关节镜下应用EndoPearl与Intrafix固定双侧腘绳肌肌腱同时重建膝关节前后交叉韧带方法确切,可有效恢复膝关节功能。     

关节镜下应用EndoPearl和Intrafix固定腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的 关节镜下采用腘绳肌肌腱和EndoPearl与Intrafix重建前交叉韧带.方法 31例前交叉韧带断裂患者在关节镜下采用四股腘绳肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带,股骨端应用EndoPearl和可吸收界面螺钉固定,胫骨端应用Intrafix固定,术后系统康复.结果 全部获随访,平均15.5个月(12～20个月).术前Lysholm评分平均为(54.2±5.4)分,术后为(98.4±0.2)分.与术前相比差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 关节镜下采用腘绳肌肌腱和EndoPearl与Intrafix重建前交叉韧带操作简单,固定可靠,疗效肯定.     

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Generalized Joint Laxity

Generalized joint laxity is a genetically determined component of overall joint flexibility. The incidence of joint laxity in the overall population is approximately 5% to 20%, and its prevalence is higher in females. Recently it was noticed that individuals with generalized joint laxity are not only prone to anterior cruciate ligament injuries but also have inferior results after a reconstruction. Therefore, an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with generalized laxity should be undertaken with caution due to the higher expected failure rate from the complexity of problems associated with this condition. It is also necessary to identify the risk factors for the injury as well as for the post operative outcome in this population. A criterion that includes all the associated components is necessary for the proper screening of individuals for generalized joint laxity. Graft selection for an anterior cruciate reconstruction in patients with ligament laxity is a challenge. According to the senior author, a hamstring autograft is an inferior choice and a double bundle reconstruction with a quadriceps tendon-bone autograft yields better results than a single bundle bone-patella tendon-bone autograft. Future studies comparing the different grafts available might be needed to determine the preferred graft for this subset of patients. Improved results after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be achieved by proper planning and careful attention to each step beginning from the clinical examination to the postoperative rehabilitation.     

关节镜辅助下应用自体半腱肌腱微创重建膝交叉韧带和加强重建后外侧角韧带

目的探讨膝交叉韧带和后外侧韧带结构损伤的治疗方法 ,评估临床治疗效果。方法 2004年5月～2009年2月,对32例膝交叉韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤的患者,在关节镜辅助下应用自体半腱肌腱一期重建交叉韧带和加强重建后外侧角韧带。结果 32例随访1～4年,平均2.3年。所有患者在站立、行走和下楼梯时没有与膝关节后外侧不稳相关的过伸位膝关节不稳感;未发现行走时膝关节内甩者。关节活动度,屈曲110°～130°,平均118°;伸0°～5°。按照IKDC膝关节评分标准,主观评价:正常10例(31%),近似正常16例(50%),不正常6例(19%),无严重异常;客观评价48～95分,平均83分。结论对膝交叉韧带合并后外侧韧带结构损伤,通过应用自体半腱肌腱微创手术重建能够满意恢复膝关节后外侧的稳定性和关节功能。     

Twenty-Year Experience of a Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a four-strand semitendinosus tendon was started in our department in July 1994. The motivation for starting the procedure was that the EndoButton with an inside-out procedure instrument became available in Japan. A review article of our DB ACL reconstruction procedure was summarized for the twentieth anniversary of the surgical procedure. Initial tension setting of the two grafts was changed in the first 8 years to achieve better stability during DB ACL reconstruction. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was started in July 2002 to clarify superiority of the DB procedure to single-bundle (SB) reconstruction under the concept of anatomic reconstruction. Several anatomic studies were performed to describe normal ACL anatomy, which is essential for realizing anatomic reconstruction. A remnant-preserving technique would be an additional option for our DB procedure to improve reconstruction outcomes. Thus, a new remnant-preserving DB procedure was started in 2012. The reproducibility of the new procedure was investigated using three-dimensional computed tomography images. More complex procedures were performed using a transtibial technique and EndoButtons. Initial tension balancing between the two grafts was important for a better outcome. Superiority of knee stability after the DB compared to that after the SB procedure was clarified by the RCT. However, no patient consensus has been reached on any subjective advantage to the DB procedure. Studies of normal ACL anatomy have left questions unresolved regarding where the two tunnels should be created for direct and indirect insertions based on normal anatomy. A new remnant-preserving DB ACL procedure has been practiced. The procedure was more reproducible with respect to creating the femoral tunnel. DB ACL reconstruction using a semitendinosus tendon is an attractive option when pursuing a better outcome for patients.     

Replacement of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament with a Polyethylene Prosthetic Ligament

The results of insertion of the Richards Polyflex® ligament in 9 patients to replace the anterior cruciate ligament are reported. In 3 of these 9 patients it had been necessary to remove the prosthetic ligament and in another patient the operation had not stabilized the knee. Half of the patients who still have a Polyflex ligament complained of pain. It is concluded that from the material-technical point of view the Polyflex ligament has not yet been satisfactorily developed, and the operation poses a great many technical problems. Technically and functionally this system must still be considered to be in the experimental stages and not yet properly developed for general use.     

成人前交叉韧带断裂并半月板损伤的临床研究

目的：探讨前交叉韧带（ ACL）断裂对半月板损伤的影响。方法回顾分析2010年12月至2013年12月,本组收治的373例ACL断裂合并半月板损伤患者行关节镜手术治疗的临床资料。将患者按损伤不同时段分为急性期组、亚慢性期组及慢性期组,分析半月板损伤的位置、类型分布情况及与损伤不同时段的关系。结果 ACL断裂并内侧半月板损伤200例,并外侧半月板损伤164例,并内、外侧半月板损伤73例。不同组的损伤类型以纵行撕裂最多,其次为水平撕裂。内侧半月板损伤的发生率随病程增加,急性期为30.7％,亚慢性期增为51.9％,慢性期则增为89.8％。外侧半月板损伤的发生率与病程无明显关系。半月板损伤的复杂程度随病程增加。结论 ACL断裂可并发半月板损害,所致的关节不稳可继发半月板损伤。胫骨过度内旋及向前半脱位是造成ACL断裂后内侧半月板损伤的主要原因。     

自体中1/3骨—髌韧带—骨重建前交叉韧带

目的：为了评价中１／３骨—髌韧带—骨重建前交叉韧带的手术疗效。方法：从１９９４～１９９７年,利用自体中１／３骨—髌韧带—骨（ＢＰＢ）重建１２例前交叉韧带损伤。１２例病人中,８例合并内侧副韧带损伤,３例合并内侧副韧带和半月板损伤,１例前后交叉韧带断裂伴膝关节脱位。结果：所有病人感觉膝关节稳定性明显改善,术前１２例前抽屉试验阳性,术后全部阴性。２例行走时感膝部轻微疼痛,１例屈膝受限。结论：ＢＰＢ具有抗牵拉能力强,固定牢靠和等长重建的优点,能使重建的韧带达到骨生物学固定,是重建前交叉韧带理想的方法。     

前交叉韧带重建术中等长点确定的临床研究

目的 研究前交叉韧带单束重建中等长点位置寻找的方法 及术后效果.方法 选择25例单纯前交叉韧带断裂病例,使用四股的半腱肌和骨薄肌肌腱关节镜下重建前交叉韧带.术中综合应用解剖定位和透视定位方法 初步确定等长点,检查等长效果(误差控制在2 mm以内).记录股骨隧道内口中央点选点次数及变点方向.术后1年随访,行Lysolm膝关节功能评分.结果 17例选点1次.8例变更了股骨选点位置,5例上移,1例下移,2例后上移动,选点次数为1～4次,平均约1.36次.术后随访19例,Lysolm评分92～100分,平均97.5分.结论 在股骨隧道内口初步选点后行等长效果检查,对保证手术质量有非常重要的意义.无论是解剖定位法还是透视定位法,都不能保证在所有病例中的等长效果.