塌陷前期股骨头坏死的保头手术治疗的进展

股骨头坏死是一种由多种原因引起股骨头血运障碍而导致骨细胞及骨髓成分的死亡,最终导致股骨头塌陷,进而影响髋关节功能的难治性疾病。其治疗关键在于早期诊断并治疗,防止骨塌陷,延迟或避免髋关节置换手术。该病早期有很多外科手术治疗方法,至今仍无公认的确切有效的治疗方案。现主流以髓芯减压术为基础,联合骨移植术、钽棒植入术、骨髓间充质干细胞等方案治疗股骨头坏死。另外也有数种截骨术通过改变负重部位以减轻压力,延缓股骨头坏死。其中钽棒由于优缺点众多,其对股骨头坏死的治疗作用仍有争议,而骨髓间充质干细胞移植法治疗早期股骨头坏死展现出了巨大潜力。     

Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults

The treatment of adult osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), with 8.12 million patients in China, remains a challenge to surgeons. To standardize and improve the efficacy of the treatment of ONFH, Chinese specialists updated the experts' suggestions in March 2015, and an experts' consensus was given to provide a current basis for the diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of ONFH. The current guideline provides recommendations for ONFH with respect to epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, staging, treatment, as well as rehabilitation. Risk factors of non‐traumatic ONFH include corticosteroid use, alcohol abuse, dysbarism, sickle cell disease and autoimmune disease and others, but the etiology remains unclear. The Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging system, including plain radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide examination, and histological findings, is frequently used in staging ONFH. A staging and classification system was proposed by Chinese scholars in recent years. The major differential diagnoses include mid?late term osteoarthritis, transient osteoporosis, and subchondral insufficiency fracture. Management alternatives for ONFH consist of non‐operative treatment and operative treatment. Core decompression is currently the most common procedure used in the early stages of ONFH. Vascularized bone grafting is the recommended treatment for ARCO early stage III ONFH. This guideline gives a brief account of principles for selection of treatment for ONFH, and stage, classification, volume of necrosis, joint function, age of the patient, patient occupation, and other factors should be taken into consideration.     

Analysis of bone matrix composition and trabecular microarchitecture of the femoral metaphysis in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) usually affects young individuals. In advanced stages of ONFH, total hip replacement is the golden standard. However, survivorship after total hip replacement has been reported to be poorer in patients with ONFH compared to patients with primary osteoarthritis (OA). In radiological and histological studies, an impaired bone quality was found not only for the femoral head, but also for the intertrochanteric and metaphyseal region. We hypothesize that alterations of bone quality in the femoral metaphysis might contribute to early stem loosening. The objective of this study was to assess the gene expression levels of factors regulating bone formation and remodeling of the intertrochanteric regions and the proximal femoral canal in patients with ONFH and those with primary OA. The cellular and macromolecular composition of the bone matrix was assessed by osteocalcin immunohistochemistry, and the three‐dimensional organization of trabecular bone was characterized by µCT analysis. Gene expression of BMP‐2 is twofold higher in the proximal femur in the region of the greater trochanter of patients with ONFH compared to those with OA. The number of osteoblasts in the greater trochanter of patients with ONFH (253/mm²) is increased compared to patients with OA (156/mm²). Trabecular properties in ONFH bone are altered for bone volume (OA: 32 mm³, ONFH: 51 mm³) and structure model index (OA: 2.2, ONFH: 1.6) in the proximal femoral canal, but not in the trochanteric regions. These alterations in bone metabolism and architecture might contribute to the higher rates of stem loosening after total hip replacement in patients with ONFH, however, further experimental and clinical studies are needed to support our findings. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res     

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip: comparison of extracorporeal shockwave with shockwave and alendronate

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and alendronate are reported effective in early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We hypothesized that joint effects of ESWT and alendronate may produce superior results. This prospective study compared the results of ESWT and alendronate with that of ESWT without alendronate in early ONFH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients with 60 hips were randomly divided into tow groups. There were 25 patients with 30 hips in group A and 23 patients with 30 hips in group B. Both groups showed similar demographic characteristics. All patients were treated with 6,000 impulses of ESWT at 28 KV (equivalent to 0.62 mJ/mm((2))) to the affected hip as a single session. Patients in group B also received alendronate 70 mg per week for 1 year, whereas patients in group A did not. The evaluations included clinical assessment, radiograph and MR image of the affected hip. Both groups were compared statistically using paired t, Mann-Whitney and Chi square tests with statistical significance at P < 0.05. The primary end point is the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA). The secondary end point is the improvement in pain and function of the hip. The third end point is the progression or regression of the lesion on image study. RESULTS: The overall clinical outcomes were improved in 83%, unchanged in 7% and worsened in 10% for group A; and improved in 77%, unchanged in 13% and worsened in 10% for group B. THA was performed in 10% of group A and 10% of group B (P = 1.000). Significant improvements in pain and function of the hip were noted in both groups (P < 0.001), however, the differences between the two groups were not significant (P = 0.400, 0.313). On MR images, the lesions showed progression in 10%, regression in 47% and unchanged in 43% in group A, and progression in 7%, regression in 53% and unchanged in 40% in group B (P = 0.830). CONCLUSION: ESWT and alendronate produced comparable result as compared with ESWT without alendronate in early ONFH. It appears that ESWT is effective with or without the concurrent use of alendronate. The joint effects of alendronate over ESWT in early ONFH are not realized in short-term.     

The use of an injectable calcium sulphate/calcium phosphate bioceramic in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Purpose

The purpose of our study is to describe the rationale, the surgical technique and the early clinical and radiographic results of the treatment of patients with early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) by performing: core decompression, injection of autologous bone marrow concentrate and the use of a new composite injectable bone substitute (PRO-DENSE^®), as a mechanical supplementation associated with decompression.

Methods

The study included 37 hips (31 patients, 14 females, 17 males; mean age 43.9 years, range 24–56 years) with stages IC–IIIA ONFH. The outcome was determined by the changes in the Harris hip score (HHS), by progression in radiographic stages and by the need for hip replacement. The mean follow-up was 20.6 months (range 12–32 months).

Results

At final follow-up the mean HHS increased from 68 points pre-operatively to 86 points post-operatively. The radiological results showed that 29 hips (78.4  %) improved or had no further collapse. The overall clinical success rate of the procedure was 86.5 %, with three conversions to THA, and a failure rate of only 3.3 % in the pre-collapse group.

Conclusions

We are encouraged by these early results using core decompression, injection of the autologous bone marrow concentrate and backfilling the defect with an injectable bioceramic for the treatment of early stages of ONFH; as far as a conclusion can be drawn from the current data, this treatment seems to relieve hip pain and prevent the progression of ONFH in the majority of the cases.     

Rapid and Severe Idiopathic Aseptic Necrosis of the Contralateral Femoral Head after Unilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty

BackgroundOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a multifactorial disease, and agnogenic ONFH, otherwise known as idiopathic ONFH, is rare in clinic. Idiopathic ONFH that exhibits severe necrosis and progresses extremely rapidly is called rapidly destructive hip disease (RDHD). RDHD greatly affects patients but is rarely reported in clinical practice and literature.Case PresentationIn this study, a 64‐year‐old male patient with complete collapse and necrosis of the right femoral head complicated with severe bone destruction at 10 months after left total hip arthroplasty (THA) was reported. The period from the intact structure of the right femoral head to the first discovery of its complete collapse, according to imaging results, was 7 months. The duration from the occurrence of symptoms in the right hip joint to the first discovery of complete collapse and necrosis of the femoral head was only 5 months. At present, the cause has not been determined based on medical history, symptoms, signs, imaging evaluation results, laboratory examination results, and pathological examination results, though it has been identified as severe idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femoral head with rapid progression, or RDHD. Finally, right THA was performed, and a good outcome was observed in the patient at present.ConclusionsAs a rare hip joint disease, RDHD greatly influences the normal life of patients. RDHD of the contralateral side after unilateral THA is even scarcer. Left THA may be one of the important factors accelerating the necrosis of the right femoral head. Hopefully, with this case report, more attention will be paid to the contralateral hip joint in patients undergoing unilateral THA by clinicians and rehabilitation physicians, and a clinical reference will be provided for the research on RDHD.     

股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死

简要叙述股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的早期诊断和坏死预测等的最新进展。为使骨折后骨坏死尽量减少，早期手术和关节穿刺减压，避免髋关节放置在伸直及内旋位是必要的，建议屈曲位牵引。应用Gd-DTPA增强MRI T1脂肪浸润扫描，可预测股骨头坏死的可能性。建议将股骨头坏死分为静息型骨坏死和临床型骨坏死．     

成人常见髋关节疾病双侧髋关节解剖参数的研究

目的探讨行全髋关节置换术中利用对侧相对正常髋关节的解剖参数作为模板重建患侧髋关节的准确性。 方法选取2019年9月至2020年12月于大连医科大学附属第一医院关节外科行首次单侧全髋关节置换术的患者作为研究对象。纳入标准：患侧诊断为髋关节骨关节炎、股骨头坏死或髋关节发育不良Crowe Ⅰ型；对侧髋关节形态不影响测量。排除标准：患侧髋关节既往手术史；畸形严重影响测量；髋关节发育不良Crowe Ⅱ型及以上。最后共纳入82例患者，其中33例男性，49例女性，年龄范围29~74岁。根据患者X线及CT影像数据，分别测量患者患侧及对侧髋臼前倾角、髋臼外展角、股骨前倾角、颈干角以及股骨偏心距，并计算其各自的联合前倾角。运用t检验、Pearson相关性分析等统计学方法分析双侧髋关节解剖参数的对称性。 结果对股骨头坏死及髋关节骨关节炎患者来说，除双侧股骨偏心距患侧小于对侧外(t＝0.523，P <0.05)，余双侧髋关节解剖参数包括髋臼前倾角、髋臼外展角、股骨前倾角、联合前倾角及颈干角的差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示股骨头坏死及骨关节炎患者股骨偏心距的不对称性与颈干角有相关性(r＝-0.519，P<0.001)，颈干角的不对称性与股骨前倾角(r＝0.303，P＝0.041)以及股骨偏心距有相关性，联合前倾角的不对称性与髋臼外展角(r＝0.311，P＝0.035)、颈干角(r＝0.049，P＝0.032)有相关性。Crowe Ⅰ型髋关节发育不良患者的髋臼前倾角(t＝2.081，P＝0.045)、股骨偏心距(t＝3.934，P<0.001)患侧小于对侧，颈干角患侧大于对侧(t＝3.792，P＝0.001)；而双侧髋臼外展角、股骨前倾角、联合前倾角差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。Pearson相关性分析发现股骨偏心距的不对称性与颈干角(r＝-0.709，P<0.001)、股骨前倾角(r＝-0.349，P＝0.037)有相关性。Crowe Ⅰ型髋关节发育不良患者的股骨偏心距小于股骨头坏死患者或髋关节骨关节炎患者，而髋臼前倾角、髋臼外展角、颈干角大于后者。 结论对于股骨头坏死患者及髋关节骨关节炎患者来说利用对侧肢体作为模板重建患侧髋关节是可行的。而Crowe Ⅰ型髋关节发育不良患者双侧髋关节解剖形态差异较大，对这类患者的全髋关节置换术需个体化。     

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head by using the greater trochanteric bone flap with double vascular pedicles

The use of the bone flap transfer has been reported to be successful in treatment of patients with early to medium stage (Ficat and Arlet stage I‐III) osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We examined the vascular anatomy and blood supply of the greater trochanter area and evaluated the feasibility of revascularization of the femoral head by using the bone flap pedicled with transverse and gluteus medius branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. Based on the anatomy study, from January 2002 to May 2004, 32 ONFH patients were treated with the greater trochanteric bone flap pedicled with double blood vessels. Fifteen femoral heads were Ficat and Arlet stage II and 17 were stage III. The mean follow‐up was 99.5 months. Two of the 32 patients required a total hip replacement due to severe hip pain after surgery. The overall Harris hip score improved from a mean of 55.2 points to 85 points. Our data suggest the procedure is relatively easy to perform, less donor‐site morbidity and useful for young patients with stages II to III disease with or without mild collapse of the femoral head. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:593–599, 2013.     

钻孔减压自体松质骨打压植骨结合同种异体腓骨棒植入治疗早期股骨头坏死的近期疗效观察

目的回顾性分析钻孔减压基础上自体松质骨植入结合同种异体腓骨移植治疗早期股骨头坏死（ONFH）（塌陷前期）的近期临床疗效。方法从2009年8月至2011年5月,本组共19例（19髋）诊断为ONFH（FicatⅡ期）患者接受股骨头钻孔减压、经减压通道清除股骨头坏死骨并取转子间区自体松质骨打压植骨,经通道植入经深低温冷冻处理的同种异体腓骨棒治疗。患者年龄26～47岁,平均36.4岁,男17例,女2例。15例为酒精性ONFH,4例为激素性ONFH。其中15例为双侧ONFH,7例一侧因股骨头塌陷同时接受全髋关节置换治疗,8例因另外一侧无症状或已塌陷但临床症状不明显而接受观察、保守治疗。术前采用Harris评分系统进行患髋评分。术后予以对症治疗,定期随访、拍片复查。结果本组16例（16髋）获得随访,失访3例,其中末次电话随访3例（3髋）,平均随访14个月。Harris评分由术前74分提高到末次随访时的85分（78～96分）。酒精性ONFH患者和激素性ONFH患者之间术前及术后Harris评分无明显差别。影像学检查显示,移植同种异体腓骨位置良好,顶端位于股骨头关节面软骨下骨5～8mm,平均6.6mm,腓骨顶端于股骨头外上方负重区;无1例发生腓骨脱出。1例1髋病情进展股骨头发生塌陷,无1例接受全髋关节置换治疗。无感染（包括浅表感染和深部移植之腓骨周围感染）,无术中、术后股骨转子间或股骨颈骨折发生。结论髓芯减压结合自体松质骨移植基础上,植入同种异体腓骨对早期ONFH近期临床疗效满意,中远期临床效果尚待进一步观察。     

The Role of Structural Deterioration and Biomechanical Changes of the Necrotic Lesion in Collapse Mechanism of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a crippling disease which is due to a lack of effective therapeutic measures. Its natural progression is rapid, the internal bone structure of the femoral head changes dramatically, and the subsequent fractures and collapse cause severe hip pain and loss of hip function. Femoral head collapse is a critical turning point in the development of ONFH and is related to the prognosis of patients. Early prevention and intervention help to preserve the hip joint and delay femoral head collapse. However, the mechanism of collapse still needs to be further studied because it is affected by different complex factors. This review discusses the underlying causes of femoral head collapse from two aspects: structural degradation and regional changes of biomechanical properties in the necrotic femoral head.     

Management of femoral head osteonecrosis: Current concepts

Osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) is a disabling condition of young individuals with ill-defined etiology and pathogenesis. Remains untreated, about 70-80% of the patients progress to secondary hip arthritis. Both operative and nonoperative treatments have been described with variable success rate. Early diagnosis and treatment is the key for success in preserving the hip joint. Once femoral head collapses (>2 mm) or if there is secondary degeneration, hip conservation procedures become ineffective and arthroplasty remains the only better option. We reviewed 157 studies that evaluate different treatment modalities of ONFH and then a final consensus on treatment was made.     

金属对金属全髋关节表面置换治疗中青年中晚期股骨头缺血性坏死

目的评价金属对金属全髋关节表面置换治疗中青年中晚期股骨头缺血性坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的早期疗效,并与同期治疗单纯骨性关节炎疗效比较。方法回顾分析2006年7月-2008年10月行金属对金属全髋关节表面置换的33例45髋ONFH患者(ONFH组)临床资料,并与同期行金属对金属全髋关节表面置换的39例45髋骨性关节炎患者(骨性关节炎组)进行疗效比较。ONFH组:男18例27髋,女15例18髋;年龄19～58岁,平均42.7岁。有创伤史4例,糖皮质激素治疗史25例,吸毒史2例,酗酒史1例,银屑病1例。左侧22髋,右侧23髋。按Steinberg分期:Ⅲ期10髋,Ⅳa期18髋,Ⅳb期13髋,Ⅳc期4髋。Harris评分为(52.0±4.6)分。病程为1～12年。骨性关节炎组:男26例30髋,女13例15髋;年龄42～65岁,平均47.1岁。左侧17髋,右侧28髋。退行性骨性关节炎23例,创伤后骨性关节炎11例,强直性脊柱炎继发骨性关节炎5例。Harris评分为(57.0±3.8)分。病程为3～17年。两组患者一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、下肢深静脉血栓等并发症发生。患者均获随访,ONFH组随访时间平均26个月,骨性关节炎组平均28个月。术后4个月骨性关节炎组1例发生股骨颈骨折,改行人工全髋关节置换。其余患者均无明显假体松动、脱位,切口感染,骨坏死、吸收等并发症发生。末次随访时ONFH组Harris评分为(93.0±5.5)分,骨性关节炎组为(94.0±2.4)分;两组术后组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);组内手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论金属对金属全髋关节表面置换治疗中青年中晚期ONFH近期临床效果满意,与治疗骨性关节炎效果相似,但仍需积累更多病例及长期临床随访验证中远期疗效。     

A prospective cohort study of the clinical presentation of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: spine and knee symptoms as clinical presentation of hip osteonecrosis

Purpose

To study the clinical presentation of femoral head osteonecrosis (ONFH). Publications dedicated to this aspect of ONFH are rare. Our aim was to systematically collect and describe the clinical data.

Methods

A prospective survey was conducted in a cohort of ONFH recruited from a dedicated clinic for osteonecrosis. The history of symptoms, medical management, and physical findings were obtained from 88 patients suffering from 125 ONFH. Subgroups were formed: bilateral versus unilateral ONFH, radiological stages 1–2 (pre-fractured) versus fractured stage 3 versus stage 4.

Results

ONFH was bilateral in 63 %, especially in corticosteroid users and in sickle-cell cases. These patients were younger but had similar BMIs compared to the unilateral cases. The pain was mechanical in 79 % of hips and inflammatory in 21 %. Acute pain at the onset was present in 55 % of hips. The localization of this pain was variable, including in the groin, the buttocks, or diffused in the lower limbs. A limp was present in 50 % of the patients, only when one hip was painful. The physical examination of the hip was normal in 31 %, especially in stages 1–2 (55 %). The diagnosis delay was 12 months, with inadequate medical management in 51 % of patients.

Conclusions

In ONFH cases, no typical clinical pattern was found. The clinical presentation was very variable, sometimes having spine or knee symptoms with a normal physical examination of the hip. ONFH should be systematically suspected in cases of onset of pain in the pelvis, buttocks, groin, and lower limbs.

     

记忆合金网球治疗成人股骨头缺血性坏死

目的 探讨用超弹性镍钛合金记忆金属网球治疗早、中期股骨头缺血性坏死(ostconecrosis of the femoralhead,ONFH)的中期随访效果. 方法 1996年7月-1998年1月,采用超弹性镍钛合金记忆金属网球植入术治疗54例(75髋)股骨头缺血性坏死患者并随访观察.其中5例失访,3例分别因心肌梗死、肾脏衰竭及胃癌死亡而被排除.男32例,女14例;年龄21～61岁,平均39岁.按Ficat分期,Ⅱ期29髋,Ⅲ期36髋.术前Harris评分(58.20±13.82)分. 结果 46例(65髋)获随访86～125个月,平均8年8个月.术后Harris评分为(80.78±18.77)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);其中优29髋,良21髋,可2髋,差13髋,优良率76.9%.8髋金属网球破裂,行人工全髋关节置换术.影像学评估Ⅰ级16髋(24.6%),Ⅱ级34髋(52.3%),Ⅲ级15髋(23.1%). 结论 超弹性镍钛合金记忆金属网球植入是治疗早、中期ONFH的方法之一,但其最终能否治愈ONFH,金属网球是否会继续破裂仍有待长期随访观察.     

激素性股骨头坏死与髋关节骨关节炎患者离体标本相关因子表达水平的比较研究

目的探讨激素性股骨头坏死与髋关节骨关节炎患者股骨头标本内PPARγ、Runx2、DKK-1表达水平的差异性。方法选取于四川大学华西医院骨科因股骨头坏死和髋关节骨关节炎行全髋关节置换术患者共40例,其中激素性股骨头坏死（A组）和髋关节骨关节炎（B组）患者各20例。经患者及家属同意后收集该40例患者所置换的股骨头标本进行HE染色及免疫组化检测PPARγ、Runx2、DKK-1三因子表达水平。结果 A组患者股骨头标本HE染色显示空骨陷窝率均大于50%,符合股骨头坏死病理诊断标准;免疫组化结果显示PPARγ、DKK-1因子大量阳性表达,其中PPARγ阳性表达面积百分比约13%,DKK-1阳性表达面积百分比约53%,而runx2极少阳性表达,阳性表达面积百分比约2%。而骨关节炎组患者股骨头标本HE染色显示较少空骨陷窝。免疫组化结果显示PPARγ、DKK-1少量阳性表达,其中PPARγ阳性表达面积百分比约2%,DKK-1阳性表达面积百分比约4%,而Runx2大量阳性表达,阳性表达面积百分比11%左右。结论 PPARγ和DKK-1两因子在A组表达水平显著高于B组,而Runx2则在骨关节炎组表达水平显著高于A组,均具有显著统计学意义（P〈0.05）。PPARγ、DKK-1、Runx2三因子属于调控骨髓基质细胞向成骨细胞和脂肪细胞分化以及骨吸收的重要调控因子。因此,激素性ONFH发生可能是通过影响骨髓基质细胞代谢失衡导致ONFH的发生,主要为通过增加PPARγ表达量减少Runx2表达量使骨髓基质细胞向脂肪细胞分化增加而向成骨细胞分化减少,同时破骨细胞活性增强,骨坏死修复作用减弱,最终导致ONFH发生。     

Retrospective Long-Term Follow-Up Survival Analysis of the Management of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head With Pedicled Vascularized Iliac Bone Graft Transfer

BackgroundOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) often affects young, active adults and leads to the destruction of the hip joint and disabling arthritis. Several procedures have been developed to prevent conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA), especially in young patients who have a high rate of hip revision surgery. The aim of this long-term follow-up is to analyze the results of vascularized iliac bone flap transfer for ONFH treatment.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 856 patients (1006 hips) who accepted hip-preserving surgery with vascularized iliac bone grafting due to ONFH (Ficat and Arlet stages II-IV) from January 1985 to December 2012 at our hospital. Radiographic assessment was performed with the Ficat and Arlet system, clinical assessment was performed with the Harris Hip Score system, and quality of life was evaluated with the 36-Item Short Form Survey. The hips included 575 stage II hips, 382 stage III hips, and 49 stage IV hips. We defined clinical failure as conversion to THA or any other hip-preserving surgery because of hip symptoms.ResultsA total of 856 patients (1006 hips) were eventually followed up with an average time of 15 years (range 5-25). In total, 75 patients were lost to follow-up, and 105 hips were converted to THA. The average Harris Hip Score was 87.43 ± 6.42 points at the last follow-up, representing a great improvement compared to the 66.42 ± 6.52 points obtained preoperatively. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no difference in the 15-year survival rate between patients with stages II and III disease (using THA as an end point). However, the survival rate was lower for patients with stage IV disease than that for patients with stages II and III disease. The survival rate for patients in the glucocorticoid group was lower than that for patients in the idiopathic, alcoholic, and trauma groups. The Physical Component Summary scores ranged from 78 ± 10 to 85 ± 14 postoperatively compared to 30 ± 14 to 55 ± 15 preoperatively, and the postoperative Mental Component Summary scores (range from 34 ± 11 to 59 ± 12) were significantly higher than the preoperative scores (range from 72 ± 11 to 90 ± 10), representing great improvement in patient quality of life. Postoperative complications occurred in 86 patients (4.5%) during the follow-up, including 23 patients with deep venous thrombosis, 16 patients with meralgia paresthetica (which resolved), and 47 patients with secondary wound healing.ConclusionThe vascularized iliac bone flap grafting technique yields significant improvement (particularly in the precollapse disease stages in young patients) for restoration of the biomechanical support of the collapsed femoral head and reconstruction of the blood supply to the osteonecrotic area. This procedure allows these patients to avoid or delay the need for THA surgery.     

非细胞型组织工程骨联合钛棒微创植入治疗股骨头早期坏死的疗效分析

目的 评估非细胞型组织工程骨联合钛棒微创植入治疗早期股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的临床疗效.方法 2003年1月至2006年6月,确诊早期ONFH 32例(42髋);国际骨循环研究学会分期:I期8髋,ⅡA期11髋,ⅡB期13髋,ⅡC期10髋;在X线透视定位及关节镜监视下,经皮微创行髓芯减压,植入非细胞型组织工程骨,并钛棒支撑股骨头软骨下骨质.术后6、12、24、36个月时随访,临床评价包括:疼痛评分、Harris评分、X线片病情评价及以全髋关节置换作为失败终点的生存率分析.结果 患者术后疼痛及Harris评分指数各时间段(不含第24个月)之间前后比较及与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义.X线分期比较,术后16个月1例ⅡB期进展为ⅡC期,术后24个月2例ⅡC髋病变加重,股骨头塌陷,30个月后行全髋关节置换术.术后患者总改善率88.1%,与激素应用有关的Ⅱ期病变3年生存率最低;I期病变治疗改善率最佳,ⅡA期、ⅡB期改善率次之,ⅡC期改善率最低,无变化及加重患者均为激素性ONFH病例.结论 非细胞型组织工程骨联合钛捧微创植入,除对ONFH ⅡC期激素性病变疗效改善极差应慎重选择外,对Ⅰ-ⅡC期病变可有效防止股骨头塌陷.     

Analysis of long‐term outcomes of double‐strut bone graft for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Objective: To analyze the long‐term effect of double‐strut bone graft for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Methods: A total of 366 adult patients with ONFH in 466 hips underwent double‐strut bone graft from March 1988 to January 1999. Of them, 186 patients with 206 hips and an average age of 32.2 years (range, 20–60 years) were followed up for more than five years, up to January 2006. Based on the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) classification, there were 36 hips in stage IIB, and 30, 40, 40, 32 and 28 in stage IIC, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IV, respectively. The functional results of affected hips were evaluated by the hundred forked method. Results: Hip pain in all patients disappeared or alleviated greatly after the operation. The height of the femoral head improved to various extents, and the range of motion of the hip joint increased. The patients were followed up for 5–16 years, (average 10.5 years). The total scores increased significantly postoperatively (P < 0.01). The rate of excellent and good results was 83.3%, 80.0%, 75.0%, 65.0%, 40.6% and 28.6% in stage IIB, IIC, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IV, respectively (63.6% for the whole group). Conclusion: The long–term effect of double‐strut bone graft for ONFH is satisfactory in relation to staging of ONFH. Favorable results can be expected in young ONFH patients in stage IIB, IIC, and IIIA, IIIB.     

Free vascularized fibular grafting for treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head secondary to hip dislocation

Traumatic dislocation of the hip results in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) or avascular necrosis (AVN) in ～40% of patients. This high‐energy event causes an ischemic insult to the femoral head that may lead to ONFH. Here, we investigate use of Free‐Vascularized Fibular Grafting (FVFG) in patients with ONFH after traumatic hip dislocation. Thirty‐five patients with FVFG for this indication were reviewed (average follow‐up 3.3 years, range 1–21). We reviewed patient injury statistics, demographics, preoperative radiographs, pre‐ and postoperative Harris Hip scores, complications, and rate of conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). The majority (81%) of our patients were young males (22 years) with ONFH diagnosed an average of 2 years after injury. The average preoperative Harris Hip score was 64.9 which improved by over 10 points to 76.1 at 1‐year follow‐up. Seven of 35 patients required conversion to THA at an average of 45 (13–86) months postoperation. After a maximum follow up of 21 years, the remainder of the patients retained their native hips and Harris Hip scores tended to show improved hip function. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.