Plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and outcome prediction in elderly hip fracture patients

Background

Hip fractures, particularly intertrochanteric fractures, frequently occur in the elderly, and they are associated with a high incidence of complications and mortality. The development of markers is essential to allow for adjustments to treatment strategies in patients, as it remains unclear why some patients endure organ failure and others do not under seemingly similar clinical conditions.

Objective

Our objective was to determine the kinetics of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 during the hospitalisation of patients and to examine the relationship of these parameters to outcome (mortality and complications) 6 months and 12 months postoperatively.

Methods and subjects

A total of 127 elderly patients, who underwent hip fracture surgery, were prospectively followed up for 12 months, and 60 healthy elderly volunteers were enrolled in the control group to examine the effects of trauma and surgery on the inflammatory response. The epidemiological characteristics, chronic medical conditions and type of operation and anaesthetic were recorded. Cognition was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination, and TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were assessed during admission and preoperatively (post-anaesthesia) as well as 1 h, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days postoperatively. During the follow-up period, serious complications and mortality within 1 year were evaluated.

Results

Overall, 96 patients survived, and 31 died within the 6-month postoperative period; 43 patients died, and 84 survived when examining the 12-month postoperative period. There were significant within-subject effects of time on TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The above three cytokines were all significantly increased in the hip fracture patients compared with the control group. There were also differences in the kinetic patterns of all three parameters when the patients who died were compared with those who survived during the 6-month and 12-month postoperative periods. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TNF-a at 1 day (odds ratio (OR) = 1.020, P = 0.045) and 3 days (OR = 1.034, P = 0.037) postoperatively and IL-6 at 1 day (OR = 1.048, P = 0.000) postoperatively were independent predictors of mortality at 6 months; IL-6 (OR = 1.019, P = 0.025) and IL-10 (OR = 1.018, P = 0.042) at 1 day postoperatively were independent predictors of mortality at 1 year. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) showed that only IL-6 or IL-10 had the highest values for the area under the curve for mortality at 6 months and 12 months. Of the 84 patients who survived, 23 patients had 32 complications. The most common complication was pneumonia infection (11/84, 13%). TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10 kinetics were found to differ in patients with complications compared to those without complications and in patients with infections compared with patients without complications. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that IL-6 (OR = 1.081, P = 0.000) at 1 day postoperatively was an independent outcome predictor.

Conclusion

In elderly hip fracture patients, cytokine concentrations (TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10) represented independent outcome predictors for adverse postoperative outcomes (mortality and complications). The inflammatory response played an important role in postoperative organ dysfunction in elderly hip fracture patients, and further study is needed to define whether decreasing the inflammatory response through cytokine antibodies or damage control strategies would decrease mortality and complication following hip fracture.     

老年髋部骨折术后1年急性脑血管事件发生危险因素及预后分析

目的:探讨老年髋部骨折术后1年内发生急性脑血管事件的危险因素及预后影响。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月至2020年12月收治老年髋部骨折320例,男111例,女209例;年龄60～101(79.05±8.48)岁。根据术后1年内是否发生急性脑血管事件,将患者分为脑血管事件和无脑血管事件组。收集患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、合并症、骨折类型、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、白蛋白、独立生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评分、行走能力、麻醉方式、手术方式和住院时间,通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析老年髋部骨折术后1年内急性脑血管事件的独立危险因素,比较两组术后1年ADL、行走能力和死亡率等。结果:术后1年内38例(11.9%)发生急性脑血管事件,脑血管事件组男20例,女18例,年龄(82.53±7.91)岁;非脑血管事件组男91例,女191例,年龄(78.59±8.46)岁。单因素分析结果显示急性脑血管事件与年龄(t=2.712,P=0.007)、男性(χ²=6.129,P=0.013)、高血压病(χ²...     

老年患者髋部骨折术后1年病死率及危险因素分析:一项回顾性队列研究

目的 调查老年髋部骨折患者术后1年病死率,并分析其危险因素. 方法 研究为回顾性队列研究,收集2011年～2014年因髋部骨折行手术治疗的老年(年龄≥65岁)患者信息,随访术后1年存活情况,采用Logistic回归分析筛选术后死亡的危险因素. 结果 共295名老年髋部骨折患者纳入本研究,平均年龄(78.4±6.7)岁,女性占71.5％,术前有3种以上合并症的占38％,平均随访(31.2±0.7)个月.住院期间、术后30 d、术后1年以及随访结束时病死率分别为0.7％、1.7％、3.7％和5.8％. 结论 高龄、术前合并呼吸系统疾病、既往有脑卒中病史及采用内固定手术是老年髋部骨折患者术后1年死亡的危险因素.     

Hip fracture in the elderly: does counting time from fracture to surgery or from hospital admission to surgery matter when studying in-hospital mortality?

Summary  This study aims to analyze whether the interval from hospital admission to surgery may be used as a surrogate of the actual gap from fracture to surgery when investigating in-hospital hip fracture mortality. After analyzing 3,754 hip fracture admissions, we concluded that those intervals might be used interchangeably without misinterpretation bias. Introduction  The debate regarding the influence of time to surgery in hip fracture (HF) mortality is one of the most controversial issues in the HF medical literature. Most previous investigations actually analyzed the time from hospital admission to surgery as a surrogate of the less easily available gap from fracture to surgery. Notwithstanding, the assumption of equivalency between those intervals remains untested. Methods  We analyzed 3,754 hospital admissions of elderly patients due to HF in Quebec, Canada. We compared the performance as predictors of in-hospital mortality of the delay from admission to surgery and the actual gap from fracture to surgery using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results  The mean times from fracture to surgery and from admission to surgery were 1.84 and 1.02 days (P < 0.001), respectively. On univariate logistic regression, both times were slightly significant as mortality predictors, yielding similar odds ratios of 1.08 (P < 0.001) for time from fracture to surgery and 1.11 (P < 0.001) for time from admission to surgery. After accounting for other covariates, neither times remained significant mortality predictors. Conclusion  The gap from admission to surgery may be used as a surrogate of the actual delay from fracture to surgery when studying in-hospital HF mortality.     

Mortality following hip fracture: trends and geographical variations over the last 40 years

Hip fractures are an ever increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of this condition requires an all-encompassing approach from prevention to post-operative care. It is important in such a situation to gather data on the incidence and trends of hip fractures to aid in the future treatment planning of this important condition. A review of all articles published on the outcome after hip fracture over a four decade period (1959-1998) was undertaken to determine any changes that had occurred in the demographics of patients and mortality over this time period. The mean age of patients sustaining hip fractures was found to be steadily increasing over the study period at a rate of 1 year of age for every 5-year time period. The mean age in the 1960s was 73 years to a mean of 79 years in the 1990s. No notable differences were seen in the proportion of male patients over the years but a definite downward trend was noticed with regard to intracapsular fractures. The mortality at 6 and 12 months after injury remained essentially unchanged over the four decades reviewed. Mortality after a hip fracture remains significant, being 11-23% at 6 months and 22-29% at 1 year from injury. Geographical variations exist in the mortality after hip fracture. More detailed international comparisons are required to determine if these differences in outcome are accounted for by the variations in the demographics of patients or due to diversities in treatment methods.     

The effect of aortic stenosis on elderly hip fracture outcomes: A case control study

IntroductionAortic stenosis (AS) is an established predictor of perioperative complications following both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of mortality and perioperative complications among surgically treated hip fractures in elderly patients with moderate or severe AS compared to those without AS (negative controls).Materials and methodsA retrospective case-controlled review (1:2) of elderly (≥65 years) surgically treated hip fractures from 2011 to 2015 with moderate/severe AS (according to American Heart Association criteria) was conducted. Postoperative complication rates, 30 days and 1 year mortality were reviewed.ResultsModerate/severe AS was identified in 65 hip fracture cases and compared to 129 negative controls. AS cases were significantly older with higher rates of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation (p < 0.05). Rates of any 30-day perioperative complication (74% vs. 37%, p < 0.001) and severe non-cardiac 30-day perioperative complication (52% vs. 26%, p = 0.002) were significantly higher among AS cases compared to controls. Kaplan Meier estimates of 30-day mortality (14.7% vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (46.8% vs. 14.1%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in AS cases compared to controls. Multivariate analysis of severe 30-day postoperative complications identified moderate/severe AS (OR 4.02, p = 0.001), pulmonary disease (OR 7.36, p = 0.002) and renal disease (OR 3.27, p = 0.04) as independent predictors. Moderate/severe AS (OR 3.38, p = 0.03), atrial fibrillation (OR 3.73, p = 0.03) and renal disease (OR 4.44, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Moderate/severe AS (OR 5.79, p < 0.001) and renal disease (OR 3.39, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of 1-year mortality.ConclusionAortic stenosis is associated with a significantly increased risk of perioperative complications, 30-day mortality and 1-year mortality in elderly patients undergoing surgical treatment of hip fractures.     

老年髋部骨折术后早期并发症对疗效的影响

[目的]分析老年髋部骨折患者术后心肺及血液系统早期并发症对手术疗效的影响。[方法]研究2001年1月-2005年7月本科收治的59例髋部骨折，其中39例合并有内科疾病，多为高血压、慢性支气管炎、糖尿病、心律失常。共有56例行手术治疗。[结果]52例均手术成功，1例死亡。死亡原因为肺间质纤维化。术后呼吸道、泌尿系、伤口感染、褥疮、应激性溃疡和下肢深静脉血栓的发生率分别为19％、10％、8％、5％、2％和4％。[结论]老年髋部骨折病人术后肺部感染的发病率最高，术前应评价心肺功能。下肢深静脉血栓是最严重的并发症，术后应早期开始股四头肌功能锻炼，并适时应用抗凝剂，同时辅助行CPM机锻练。手术方式的选择也是影响疗效的一个重要因素。     

Prognostic prediction in patients with hip fracture: risk factors predicting difficulties with discharge to own home

Background  

Little is known about risk factors that may prevent hip fracture patients from being discharged to home. The present study was developed to investigate possible prognostic factors.     

Geriatric distal femoral fractures: A retrospective study of 30 day mortality

Introduction

Distal femoral fractures have many of the same challenges as hip fractures, but there has been limited research into outcomes following these. The aim of this study was to assess 30 day mortality following distal femoral fractures in comparison to hip fractures presenting to a single institution Secondary outcomes included risk factors for mortality, post-operative complications and union.

The impact of time to surgery after hip fracture on mortality at 30- and 90-days: Does a single benchmark apply to all?

IntroductionDelays to surgery after hip fracture have been associated with mortality Uncertainty remains as to what timing benchmark should be utilized as a marker of quality of care and how other patient factors might also influence the impact of time to surgery on mortality. The goal of this study was to determine how time to surgery affects 30- and 90-day mortality by age and to explore the impact of preoperative comorbid burden and sex.ParticipantsWe used population-based administrative data from a Canadian province collected from 01April2008 to 31March2015. Of 12,713 Albertans 50-years and older who experienced a hip fracture and underwent surgery within 100 h of admission, 11,996 (94.8%) provided data.MethodsTime to surgery was analyzed in hours from admission to surgery. Age and the interaction between age and time to surgery were evaluated using logistic regression. Charlson co-morbidity score and sex were also considered in the analysis. Survival was evaluated at 30-and 90-days post hip fracture using a provincial registry.ResultsThe average age of the cohort was 79.6 ± 11.2 years and 8,412 (70.1%) were female. Overall, 586 (4.9%) patients died within 30-days and 1,023 (8.5%) died within 90-days of hip fracture. Mortality increased significantly with increasing time to surgery (30-day mortality odds ratio [OR] = 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05: 90-day mortality OR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.01–1.04). Mortality also increased substantially with increasing age; those ≥85 years were 19.63 (95% CI 6.83–67.33) and 15.66 (95%CI 7.20–37.16) times the odds more likely to die relative to those between 50–64 years of age at 30-days and 90-days postoperatively respectively. Further, those who were ≥85 years were more significantly affected by increasing time to surgery than those who were 50–64 years of age at both 30-days (p = 0.04) and 90-days (p = 0.025) post-fracture. Males and those with a higher comorbid burden also had higher odds of dying after controlling for time to surgery (p < 0.001)ConclusionTime to surgery following hip fracture may have a differential effect on 30- and 90-day survival dependent on age. Older patients appear to be at higher risk of dying with surgical delays than younger patients.     

老年人髋部骨折术后死亡分析

目的　探讨老年髋部骨折手术患者死亡原因。方法　对 2 6 7例老年人髋部骨折手术患者进行回顾性研究 ,分析和讨论术后患者死亡的原因 ,并将病人年龄、术前健康状况评估与术后病死率之间的相互关系进行统计学分析。结果　老年人髋部骨折术后病死率为 5 6 % ,住院期间死亡 1 0例 ,随访死亡 5例。死亡原因依次为心脏事件、肺部感染、肺栓塞、脑梗死。统计结果显示对死亡影响最大的因素是术前健康状况。结论　严格掌握手术禁忌证 ,术前充分准备、纠正并存疾病、术中监测及术后积极治疗和密切观察病情是近一步降低术后病死率的重要措施。     

Hip fractures after falls in hospital: A retrospective observational cohort study

Objectives

To compare the prevalence and characteristics of hip fractures sustained after inpatient falls (hospital subgroup) to those presenting with a fall in the community (control group).

Design

Retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Participants

5879 hip fractures occurred over an 8-year period, 327 of these took place after a fall as a hospital inpatient.

Outcome measures

Comparison of 30-day and 1 year mortality, co-morbidities, length of post-fracture hospital stay, specific complication rates and cognitive function between the hospital and control group. Other specific data on those falling in hospital was also collected.

Results

There were significantly higher rates (p < 0.001) of cerebrovascular, chronic obstructive airways and renal disease, diabetes, malignancy and polypharmacy in patients suffering falls in hospital. Mini-mental test scores (MTS) were also significantly reduced in this subgroup (p < 0.001). 30-day and 1 year mortality rates were 9% and 26%, respectively in the control group and almost double this in the hospital subgroup, being 18% and 47%, respectively (30 days, 95% CI 2.00 (1.54-2.60): p < 0.001; 1 year, 95% CI 2.04 (1.73-2.40): p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between post-operative complications or length of stay post-fracture. 55% of falls in hospital took place on medical/geriatric wards with an additional 14% occurring on psychiatric units.

Discussion

Patients suffering hip fractures after falls in hospital are frailer with impaired cognitive function and have more co-morbidities than those suffering a fracture in the community. These patients have increased mortality, with almost 50% dead within 1 year of the fall. The majority of hip fractures after falls occur in medical or geriatric wards, but the highest risk group appears to be elderly patients on psychiatric wards. Therefore, falls risk assessment and falls prevention schemes in hospital elderly patients are of paramount importance.     

Cost-effectiveness of hip protectors in frail institutionalized elderly

A randomized controlled trial was performed to examine the cost-effectiveness of external hip protectors in the prevention of hip fractures. Since the hip protectors were not effective in preventing hip fractures in our study, the main objective became to examine whether the use of hip protectors results in lower average costs per participant in the hip protector group as compared with the control group. In addition, the average costs of a hip fracture and subsequent rehabilitation in frail, institutionalized elderly were calculated. Residents from apartment houses for the elderly, homes for the elderly and nursing homes with a high risk for hip fractures were randomized to the hip protector group (n=276) or control group (n=285). Costs were calculated for the hip fracture and subsequent rehabilitation until 1 year after the fracture. Six months after each hip fracture, a nurse was interviewed and after 12 months, a questionnaire was sent to the general practitioner or nursing home physician to determine the utilization of health care resources. Differences in costs between the groups were analyzed using non-parametric bootstrapping. Eighteen hip fractures occurred in the intervention group and 20 hip fractures (in 19 persons) in the control group (log rank P-value=0.86). The average costs per participant, including the costs of the intervention, were €913 in the intervention group and €502 in the control group (cost difference of €–411; 95% confidence interval: –723; 57). The average costs of a hip fracture and subsequent rehabilitation were €8100 (95% CI: 6716–10,010). The use of hip protectors was not associated with lower costs. In addition, the average costs of a hip fracture and subsequent rehabilitation in the first year after the fracture were estimated at €8100 in institutionalized elderly.     

Hip axis length as an independent risk factor for hip fracture independently of femural bone mineral density in Caucasian elderly Brazilian women

Studies carried out in several countries and in different ethnic groups have suggested that the hip axis length (HAL) may be a risk factor for hip fractures.

To evaluate if the HAL is an independent risk factor for hip fractures in elderly Caucasian Brazilian women, this study includes 112 participants sustaining proximal femur osteoporosis. Through HAL and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, a statistical analysis using a multivaried regression curve was done. HAL was significantly longer in women sustaining a hip fracture than in the control group (99.24 ± 5.9 mm vs. 96.95 ± 5.6 mm, P < 0.05). After adjusting the standard HAL deviation for neck and trochanter BMD, OR was 1.43 (IC 95% 0.29–1.07; P < 0.08). When HAL was categorized for 97.8 mm (average HAL in all women), OR was 2.24 (IC 95% 1.04–4.84; P < 0.05). In conclusion, HAL may be associated with risk of hip fracture regardless of age, weight or BMD of elderly Brazilian Caucasian women.     

人工股骨头置换治疗90岁以上患者髋部骨折

[目的]报告人工股骨头置换治疗90岁以上患者髋部骨折的疗效。[方法]本组23例（24髋），男7例，女16例：年龄90～100岁，平均94岁。骨折分类：股骨颈骨折10例，按Garden分型，Ⅲ型6例，Ⅳ型4例；股骨粗隆问骨折13例（1例为双侧），按Evans分型，ⅢA型6例，ⅢB型6例，Ⅳ型1例。除2例在室外被碰伤外，其余骨折均发生在室内。患者入院后暂用皮牵引制动患肢，然后抓紧时间进行各项必要的术前检查，了解患者的健康情况。争取在短时间内请有关科室联合会诊，对患者的全身情况评估，论证能否耐受手术。本组患者在骨折前均并存各种不同程度的内科疾病，但经过对症处理相对稳定，大部分都能生活自理，经过评估后认为无绝对手术禁忌证。手术均用气管插管全麻，术中心电监护仪监护。取侧卧位，髋后外侧切口，股骨颈骨折的手术操作与其他年龄段患者操作相同。股骨粗隆间骨折，需要将骨折分离的股骨大、小粗隆重新复位，用钢丝捆绑固定，股骨距部位的骨缺损用骨水泥充填、重塑。股骨粗隆问骨折患者术中适当输血，本组8例术中输血200～800ml，平均400ml：关节腔内置负压引流管，48～72h后拔除。[结果]23例均顺利通过手术，术后下床时间2～7d，平均4d，住院时间15～28d，平均21d。并发症：6例术后出现一过性精神障碍，经过治疗逐渐恢复；1例出现患肢轻度深静脉炎，对症处理后未影响治疗效果；1例95岁女性患者ⅢB型股骨粗隆问骨折，术后3周死于多脏器功能衰竭。16例（9例股骨粗隆间骨折，7例股骨颈骨折）有随诊结果，随访5～36个月，平均8个月。10例（6例股骨粗隆问骨折，4例股骨颈骨折）基本达到骨折前的状况，5例（2例粗隆间骨折，3例股骨颈骨折）生活部分自理，1例股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后6个月死于其他疾病。[结论]人工股骨头置换治疗90岁以上患者髋部骨折，疗效满意，可早下床活动，减少并发症，降低死亡率，改善生活质量，减轻家庭生活护理负担。