Draining the tobacco swamps: Shaping the built environment to reduce tobacco retailer proximity to residents in 30 big US cities

Combining geospatial data on residential and tobacco retailer density in 30 big US cities, we find that a large majority of urban residents live in tobacco swamps – neighborhoods where there is a glut of tobacco retailers. In this study, we simulate the effects of tobacco retail reduction policies and compare probable changes in resident-to-retailer proximity and retailer density for each city. While measures of proximity and density at baseline are highly correlated, the results differ both between effects on proximity and density and across the 30 cities. Context, particularly baseline proximity of residents to retailers, is important to consider when designing policies to reduce retailer concentration.     

中国烟草控制政策扫描

本文主要根据世界卫生组织发布的《扭转烟草流行系列政策MPOWER》的要求进行分类,描述了我国相应烟草政策的制定及执行情况,并与《烟草控制框架公约》相应条款要求对比,提出了政策制定和执行方面的不足和改进意见。     

从消极控烟国到积极控烟国——关于"十二五"时期全面控烟的建议

从2006年1月起世界卫生组织<烟草控制框架公约>在中国正式生效,"十一五"时期中国为履行该<公约>采取了一系列控烟行动,但是吸烟人数和烟草消费量仍在上升,烟草行业仍在不断"上水平",实际控烟效果甚微.烟草已成为威胁中国人群健康的最大"杀手",烟草业是中国最大的健康危害型产业.维护公众健康安全是中国政府履行公共安全服务...     

中国烟草流行与控制

烟草使用是当今世界最大的可预防死因,烟草使用者中近一半将死于烟草使用.目前全世界吸烟者总人数超过10亿,约占世界人口的1/4.每年烟草使用导致全球500多万人死亡.在发展中国家,随着人口的稳步增长以及烟草企业的大力市场营销措施,烟草使用人数持续增长[1].如果当前的趋势继续下去,到2030年,由于烟草使用导致的年死亡人数将超过800万;到21世纪末,烟草使用将夺去10亿人生命,而且据估计,其中3/4以上集中在发展中国家[1].     

我国地方控烟政策:基于政策文本的内容分析

目的 挖掘我国地方性控烟政策的特征,为完善控烟政策和健康中国控烟行动提供参考.方法 统计拥有地方立法权的53个城市的控烟政策,并对2005年后立法或修法的24个地方控烟政策进行内容分析.结果 控烟政策的法律效力低;政策规划设计尚需优化;实施层经济型、信息型政策工具运用相对不足.结论 我国地方性控烟政策需提高政策的法...     

2009年和2013年电视烟草广告及控烟节目播出情况分析

目的对比2009年和2013年电视烟草广告及控烟节目播出情况,评价全面禁止烟草广告政策在我国主要电视媒体的执行情况。方法监测2009年31个电视频道和2013年32个电视频道5月某一周的全部电视节目,对其播出的烟草广告及控烟节目进行记录、分析和比较。结果 2009年发布烟草广告的电视频道占监测数量的61.0%,共发布烟草广告562次;2013年发布烟草广告的频道数量占监测数量的9.4%,发布频次下降到159次。直接烟草广告的比例由60.7%下降为0。烟草广告在黄金时段播出的比例由89.7%下降到27.0%。但控烟节目的播出频次也由52次下降到12次,播出频道所占比例也由32.3%下降到18.8%。结论电视烟草广告仍有播出。须尽快修改烟草广告相关法律,明确烟草广告定义,去除法律盲区;加强电视烟草广告监管力度;提高媒体控烟能力。     

Advertising bans as a means of tobacco control policy: a systematic literature review of time-series analyses

Summary Objectives: This paper reviews the international literature that employed time-series analysis to evaluate the effects of advertising bans on aggregate consumption of cigarettes or tobacco. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted. Three groups of studies representing analyses of advertising bans in the USA, in other countries and in 22 OECD countries were defined. The estimated effects of advertising bans and their significance were analysed. Results: 24 studies were identified. They used a wide array of explanatory variables, models, estimating methods and data sources. 18 studies found a negative effect of an advertising ban on aggregate consumption, but only ten of these studies found a significant effect. Two studies using data from 22 OECD countries suggested that partial bans would have little or no influence on aggregate consumption, whereas complete bans would significantly reduce consumption. Conclusions: The results imply that advertising bans have a negative but sometimes only narrow impact on consumption. Complete bans let expect a higher effectiveness. Because of methodological restrictions of analysing advertising bans’ effects by time series approaches, also different approaches should be used in the future. Submitted: 1 February 2006, Revised: 16 May, 19 December 2006, Accepted: 9 February 2007     

91 种平面媒体烟草广告及控烟报道刊出情况分析

目的 监测平面媒体烟草广告及控烟报道刊出情况,评价全面禁止烟草广告政策在我国平面媒体的执行情况.方法 监测91种平面媒体2013年5月13日-19日所有版面的刊出内容,对其刊出的烟草广告及控烟报道进行记录、分析和比较.结果 11种报纸杂志刊出烟草广告12篇,占监测媒体种类的12.1％;其中直接烟草广告2篇,新闻专访和新闻特写等深度报道占33.3％ （4/12）.17种报纸刊出控烟报道37篇,占监测媒体种类的18.7％,未见杂志刊登控烟报道;控烟报道中64.9％ （24/37）为新闻消息.结论 须尽快修改烟草广告相关法律,明确烟草广告定义,去除法律盲区;加强平面媒体烟草广告监管力度;加强控烟媒体报道.     

中国控烟措施有效性评价研究的系统综述

为系统评价中国控烟研究的质量,总结控烟措施的有效性证据,在多个数据库中检索1990-2009年中国发表的控烟措施有效性评价研究文献,采用美国<社区预防服务指南>制定的方法对文献质量进行评价,并进一步对控烟干预措施的有效性证据强度进行评定。共纳入282项中国控烟干预性评价研究,其中仅75项(26.41%)研究质量较好、能够进入证据评价体系。有效性证据强度评定结果显示,吸烟人群中开展戒烟药物干预和行为干预一般人群中开展多组分干预(如宣传教育+行为干预)的有效性证据充分,而临床咨询、中医疗法、单纯宣传教育、规章制度等干预措施的有效性缺乏充分证据支持。中国控烟干预性研究整体质量较低,高质量研究的数量不足是限制控烟有效性证据产出的主要障碍;应重视和加强对控烟规章制度有效性评价的研究。     

中国控烟措施有效性评价研究的系统综述

为系统评价中国控烟研究的质量,总结控烟措施的有效性证据,在多个数据库中检索1990-2009年中国发表的控烟措施有效性评价研究文献,采用美国<社区预防服务指南>制定的方法对文献质量进行评价,并进一步对控烟干预措施的有效性证据强度进行评定.共纳入282项中国控烟干预性评价研究,其中仅75项(26.41%)研究质量较好、能够进入证据评价体系.有效性证据强度评定结果显示,吸烟人群中开展戒烟药物干预和行为干预一般人群中开展多组分干预(如宣传教育+行为干预)的有效性证据充分,而临床咨询、中医疗法、单纯宣传教育、规章制度等干预措施的有效性缺乏充分证据支持.中国控烟干预性研究整体质量较低,高质量研究的数量不足是限制控烟有效性证据产出的主要障碍;应重视和加强对控烟规章制度有效性评价的研究.

Abstract：

To systematically summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of measures regarding tobacco control in China. Papers on several databases published between 1990 and 2009were systematically searched. Methods in American Guide to Community Preventive Services were used to evaluate the quality and strength of evidence on the effectiveness of tobacco control programs.Overall, 282 studies were included in this paper, but only 75 (26.41%) studies had acceptable execution quality. Items as pharmaceutical therapy and behavior intervention in the smoking population that would show sufficient evidence on the effectiveness of the programs. In general population, multi-component intervention programs appeared to be effective. However, the effectiveness regarding items as clinical consultation, therapy with traditional Chinese medicine,education programs alone, non-smoking related laws and regulations etc. were of insufficient evidence. The overall execution quality of intervention studies on tobacco control in China was considered to be poor and few of them would show the evidence on the effectiveness of the programs. Only few studies on non-smoking related laws and regulations touched upon the positive effectiveness on this issue. We suggested that the execution and evaluation on non-smoking related laws and regulations be strengthened.     

我国居民对烟草危害及控烟问题的认知情况

目的了解我国居民烟草危害知识以及对控烟相关问题态度的现状。方法利用2007年中国慢性病及其危险因素监测样本人群,采用多阶段随机抽样方法抽取15～69岁成年人15 883人,进行问卷调查,了解我国居民对吸烟危害健康知识的正确回答率以及对控烟相关问题的正向认知率,并采用χ2检验比较吸烟者与非吸烟者之间的差异。结果知道吸烟和被动吸烟会引起肺癌的人分别占72.7%和63.2%;仅有不到1/3的人知道吸烟会引起脑卒中(29.6%)、流产(25.4%)、低出生体重儿(25.1%)和白内障(14.5%),且吸烟者对这些健康危害的认知度均低于非吸烟者(P<0.01)。仅有9.2%的人对"标明低焦油含量香烟的危害比一般香烟小"这一概念表示反对;53.4%的人赞同这一概念。与非吸烟者相比,吸烟者对公共场所禁烟及政府加大控烟力度的支持度更低(P<0.01)。结论我国对烟草所致健康危害的宣传力度还应加强,过半数居民赞同"低焦油、低危害"这一错误概念,值得控烟工作者警惕并采取应对措施。     

全球不同控烟措施应用场景下潜在的短期控烟效果的Meta分析

目的在梳理全球控烟措施效果的模拟预测研究现状、理清不同控烟措施的实施场景的基础上, 系统分析提高烟草税、全面无烟环境立法、烟草包装健康警示、防止向未成年人销售烟草、禁止烟草营销、提供戒烟帮助、开展控烟宣传活动(七大类控烟措施)不同应用场景下潜在的短期控烟效果。方法系统检索PubMed、Embase、EconLit、PsychINFO和CINAHL数据库截至2022年4月有关控烟措施效果模拟预测的研究。根据纳入和排除标准收集资料, 采用R软件对七大类控烟措施不同应用场景下潜在的短期控烟效果进行Meta分析。结果共纳入22篇文献, 研究地点涉及16个国家, 其中美国、墨西哥和意大利分别进行5、3和2次研究。纳入研究均选取了提高烟草税、全面无烟环境立法和开展控烟宣传活动措施, 部分研究选取了防止向未成年人销售烟草措施(21项)、禁止烟草营销措施(20项)和提供戒烟帮助及烟草包装健康警示措施(19项)。Meta分析结果显示, 提高烟草税对不同年龄组的价格弹性影响不同, 15～17岁组的价格弹性最大, 为0.044(95%CI:0.038～0.051);工作场所全面无烟环境立法的潜在短期控烟效果...     

Attitudes of detainees and prison staff towards tobacco control policy in Switzerland: A qualitative interview study

Purpose

To explore detainees and staff's attitudes towards tobacco use, in order to assist prison administrators to develop an ethically acceptable tobacco control policy based on stakeholders’ opinion.

Design

Qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 31 prisoners and 27 staff prior (T1) and after the implementation (T2) of a new smoke-free regulation (2009) in a Swiss male post-trial prison consisting of 120 detainees and 120 employees.

Results

At T1, smoking was allowed in common indoor rooms and most working places. Both groups of participants expressed the need for a more uniform and stricter regulation, with general opposition towards a total smoking ban. Expressed fears and difficulties regarding a stricter regulation were increased stress on detainees and strain on staff, violence, riots, loss of control on detainees, and changes in social life. At T2, participants expressed predominantly satisfaction. They reported reduction in their own tobacco use and a better protection against second-hand smoke. However, enforcement was incomplete. The debate was felt as being concentrated on regulation only, leaving aside the subject of tobacco reduction or cessation support.

Conclusion

Besides an appropriate smoke-free regulation, further developments are necessary in order to have a comprehensive tobacco control policy in prisons.     

Mortality attributable to tobacco: review of different methods

Background

One of the most important measures for ascertaining the impact of tobacco is the estimation of the mortality attributable to its use. Several indirect methods of quantification are available. The objective of the article is to assess methodologies published and applied in calculating mortality attributable to smoking.

Methods

A review of the literature was made for the period 1998 to 2005, in the electronic databases MEDLINE. Twelve articles were selected for analysis.

Results

The most widely used methods were the prevalence methods, followed by smoking impact ration method. Ezzati and Lopez showed that the general rate of Smoking attributable mortality (SAM) globally was 12% (18% in men). Across countries, attributable fractions of total adult deaths ranged from 8% in Southern Africa, 13.6% in Brazil (18.1% in men) and 25% in Hong Kong (33% in men).

Conclusion

The variations can be attributed to methodological differences and to different estimates of the main tobacco-related illnesses and tobacco prevalence. All methods show limitations of one type or another, yet there is no consensus as to which furnishes the best information.     

烟草控制规划制定和实施：国际经验及启示

本文对美国、英国、挪威、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度六个国家烟草控制规划的关注领域、规划内容和存在的问题等进行比较分析,为中国控烟规划制定提供参考。结果显示,各国控烟规划目标明确,并具有一定的前瞻性,实施措施得力具体并具有可操作性,同时在制定和实施规划的过程中能够有效排除烟草利益相关部门的参与,保证了控烟规划能够指导本国的控烟实践。提示在制定中国控烟规划时需要制定合理性和超前性统一的目标,采取可操作的实施策略,建立多部门合作的有效机制,发动全社会参与,并抵制烟草业的干扰。     

Characterizing the spatial relationship between smoking status and tobacco retail exposure: Implications for policy development and evaluation

Tobacco retail density and smoking prevalence remain elevated in marginalized communities, underscoring the need for strategies to address these place-based disparities. The spatial variation of smokers and tobacco retailers is often measured by aggregating them to area-level units (e.g., census tracts), but spatial statistical methods that use point-level data, such as spatial intensity and K-functions, can better describe their geographic patterns. We applied these methods to a case study in New Castle County, DE to characterize the cross-sectional spatial relationship between tobacco retailers and smokers, finding that current smokers experience greater tobacco retail exposure and clustering relative to former smokers. We discuss how analysis at different geographic scales can provide complementary insights for tobacco control policy.     

全国控烟公益广告播出情况调查及策略建议

目的了解全国各省、自治区、直辖市控烟公益广告播出情况及存在问题,为探索控烟公益广告宣传模式提供策略建议。方法由卫生部向全国31个省区市、新疆建设兵团和5个计划单列市控烟主管部门下发公函,同时提供公益广告播出带和光盘。要求各单位落实控烟公益广告播出,并对播出情况进行问卷调查。结果共回收问卷37份,落实公益广告在省级电视媒体播出的省区市28个,省级累计播出4458次;落实电视播出的地/市220个,地/市级累计播出7823次;落实电视播出的县/区713个,县/区级累计播出28 594次。落实控烟公益广告在公共场所播出的省区市共26个,全国公共场所累计播放4934次。结论本次控烟公益广告推荐播出工作在全国范围内取得了较明显的成效,今后要加强控烟机构与大众媒体合作,继续推广控烟宣传。     

The changing role of agriculture in tobacco control policymaking: A South Carolina case study

To document the behavior of tobacco manufacturers’ agricultural third-party allies in South Carolina from the 1970s through 2009, we analyzed news reports, public documents and internal tobacco industry documents and conducted interviews with knowledgeable individuals. We found that agriculture-based interest groups (the Farm Bureau), elected state agency heads (Commissioners of Agriculture) and tobacco-area legislators acted as an iron triangle containing strong third-party allies of tobacco manufacturers from the 1970s through the 1990s. The Farm Bureau and Commissioners of Agriculture reacted to national-level changes in the tobacco leaf market structure by shifting towards a neutral position on tobacco control, while some tobacco-area legislators remained manufacturer allies (Sullivan, Barnes, & Glantz, 2009). This shift was reinforced by public health outreach and successes, which were in turn facilitated by the lack of opposition from agricultural groups. We conclude that public health advocates in tobacco-growing states should use the pragmatic shift of agricultural groups’ position to challenge remaining third-party manufacturer alliances and agriculture-based opposition to tobacco control policies.