急性脑梗死散在和单一弥散加权成像病损与其供血动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死弥散加权磁共振成像(DWI)上大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区散在性或单一性缺血性病损与其脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系.方法 回顾性分析73例连续积累的DWI显示一侧MCA供血区脑梗死的病例,入组病例均排除心源性栓塞性脑梗死,所有患者均在发病24 h内进行MRI和MRA等检查,7例患者并进行DSA.采用DWI急性缺血性病损分类方法 分为散在病损组和单一病损组,比较两组的病灶同侧MCA、颈内动脉(ICA)颅内段和颅外段狭窄或闭塞的发生率.结果 散在病损组42例,单一病损组31例.在病损同侧ICA颅外段和MCA闭塞或重度狭窄方面两组差异有统计学意义(28.6%与0,x2=10.6,P=0.001).在病损同侧ICA颅内段并MCA轻中度狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(31.0%与9.7%,x2=4.717,P=0.03).散在病损与MCA和(或)ICA严重或多发狭窄呈正相关(OR值为13.7,95%CI:3.6～52.5).在MRA或DSA未发现颅内外大血管狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(11.9%与32.3%,x2=4.526,P=0.033).散在病损组与无明显血管狭窄呈负相关(OR值为0.284,95%CI:0.09～0.94).结论 (1)脑梗死急性期DWI显示的MCA区散在性病损患者,MCA和ICA狭窄、甚至闭塞的可能性较大,以ICA颅外段闭塞较为常见;(2)DWI显示单一病损时提示脑供血动脉狭窄程度较轻,范围较局限,小血管病变的可能性相对较高,很少为严重的ICA颅外段狭窄或闭塞.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between scattered or single lesion of acute cerebral infarction in middle cerebral artery territory on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and stenosis of middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods With exclusion of cardioembolism, 73 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction of the unilateral MCA territory on DWI were analyzed. All patients got magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) within 24 hours after onset, and 7 patients also had digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were classified into single lesion group or scattered lesions group according to the DWI findings. The incidence of stenosis or occlusion of ipsolateral MCA, intracranial and extracranial ICA were compared between the two groups. Results 42 patients had scattered lesions and 31 patients had single lesion. The scattered-lesions group had a high incidence of ipsilateral extracranial ICA or MCA occlusion or severe stenosis ( 25.6%versus 0, x2 = 10.6, P = 0.001 ) and a high incidence of ipsilateral intracranial ICA or MCA moderate or mild stenosis (31.0% versus 9.7% ,x2 =4.717, P =0.03 ). A positive correlation was found between the scattered lesions and severe or multifocal stenosis of ipsilateral ICA and MCA ( OR: 13.7, 95% CI: 3.6 to 52.5). There was a low incidence of absence of extra- and intracranial stenosis on MRA or DSA in the scattered-lesions group ( 11.9% versus 32.3%, x2= 4.526, P = 0.033 ). A negative correlation was found between the scattered lesions and absence of large-artery stenosis ( OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.94).Conclusions ( 1 ) Patients with acute cerebral infarction and scattered lesions on DWI were more likely to suffer from stenosis or occlusion of ICA or MCA, especially over the extracranial ICA. (2) Patients with single lesion were less likely to have severe or multiple stenosis of MCA and ICA, indicating the relevance of small-vessel pathogenesis.     

Evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity by ultrasonography in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension

BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects cerebrovascular reserve capacity, and cerebrovascular reactivity damage prognosticates a very high risk of stroke. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CVR by detecting the increase rate of blood flow volume of middle cerebral artery (MCA) before and after breathholding in diabetic patients with hypertension, and observe the effects of hypertension on cerebrovascular reserve capacity of diabetic patients. DESIGN: Controlled observation. SETTINGS: Department of Function, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University; Department of Special Diagnosis, the 202 Hospital of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS: Inpatients or outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or primary hypertension admitted to Departments of Gastroenterology and Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and the 202 Hospital of Chinese PLA from April to December 2004 were involved in this experiment. Inclusive criteria: type 2 DM met the criteria of the report on diabetes diagnosis announced in 1999 by WHO expert committee, totally 88 patients were involved. Primary hypertension met the diagnosis criteria announced in 1999 by WHO/ISH, totally 42 patients were involved. Another group of 43 concurrent subjects who received physical examination served as controls. According to the disease condition, the involved patients were assigned into 3 groups: DM group (only diabetic patients), hypertension group (only hypertension patients) and DM complicated with hypertension group (diabetic patients with hypertension). Informed consent for the examination was obtained from all the involved subjects. METHODS: Before MCA of subjects was detected, bilateral carotid artery was routinely detected by high-frequency ultrasonography. Subjects were rejected when stenosis rate of unilateral internal carotid artery or common carotid artery ≥ 70%. Vessels were expanded with transcranial color Duplex Doppler by breath holding test for detecting vascular reactivity. Hypercapnia was created by BHT. The mean velocity and diameter of blood flow were detected under the quiescent condition and 25 s after breath holding with transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. The volume of blood flow of MCA was calculated according to the following formula: Volume of blood flow of MCA (mL/ min) = (the diameter of blood flow /2) 2×π×mean blood flow velocity×60. The increase rates of mean blood flow velocity and blood flow volume of patients with hypercapnia were calculated as compared with under the quiescent condition to evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean blood flow velocity, blood flow diameter and MCA blood flow volume as well as the increase rates of them. RESULTS: Among the 173 participates, 103 patients and 39 healthy controls were involved in the final analysis, and the other 31 dropped out due to not accomplishing the examination. ①Comparison of blood flow parameter of MCA under the quiescent condition: The mean blood flow velocity of DM complicated by hypertension group was significantly higher than that of DM group (P < 0.05) and control group (P < 0.05); The blood flow diameter of DM complicated by hypertension group was significantly smaller than that of control group (P < 0.01). Under the quiescent condition, significant difference was not found in the intergroup comparison of blood flow volume of MCA. ② Comparison of increase rate of blood flow parameter: In the DM group, hypertension group, DM complicated by hypertension group and control group, the increase rate of mean blood flow velocity of was （29.34±4.50）%,（29.35±4.35）%,（26.68±4.99）% and （30.99±3.54）%, respectively, the increase rate of blood flow volume of MCA was （35.32±5.08）%,（35.36±6.16）%,（31.78±7.11）% and（37.26±4.17）%, respectively, and the increase rate of blood flow diameter was （2.29±1.09）%,（2.27±0.95）%,（1.97±1.05）% and（2.36±0.46）%, respectively. The increase rate of mean blood flow velocity and that of blood flow volume of MCA in the DM complicated by hypertension group were significantly lower than those in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CVR is markedly lowered and cerebrovascular reserve capacity is damaged in diabetic patients with hypertension.     

颈动脉支架置入术后颅内血管反应性动态观察

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)后脑血管反应性(CVR)的变化规律及影响CVR的相关因素.方法 选择自2008年7月至2009年9月南京军区南京总医院神经内科行CAS并完成随访的37例患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)结合屏气试验检测术前、术后1～2d和随访3～10月时双侧大脑中动脉的屏气指数(BHI).采用重复测量设计的方差分析检测支架置入术前后BHI的变化规律,并采用多元回归法分析影响最终BHI的相关因素.结果 37例患者术后手术侧BHI均较术前明显提高(P＜0.05).随访时的BHI与术后BHI呈正相关(β=1.030,P=0.000),串联狭窄与随访时的BHI呈负相关(β=-0.016,P=0.002).结论 CAS能立即改善术侧CVR使之逐渐接近正常,串联狭窄是影响最终CVR的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the changes and influencing factors of cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) in patients after carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). Methods Thirty-seven patients performed CAS, admitted to our hospital from July 2008 to September 2009, were finished the follow-up and chosen in our study; the breath-holding index (BHI) of the bilateral middle cerebral artery was measured using transcranial Doppler combined with breath holding test before thc operation, and 1 d and 3-10 months after the operation. Repeated measures design analysis of variance was employed to detect the BHI changes before and after the stenting; multiple regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of BHI. Results BHI values after stenting were significantly higher than those before stenting on the stenotic side (P＜0.05). The follow-up BHI values were negatively correlated with those of tandem stenoses (β=-0.016, P=0.002) and positively correlated with the postoperative BHI values (β=1.030, P=0.000). Conclusion CAS can immediately improve CVR on the ipsilateral side and make it close to normalization gradually. Tandem stenoses are the independent risk factors of CVR.     

大脑中动脉支架置入术对脑血管反应性的影响

目的 探讨大脑中动脉支架置入术对脑血管反应性(CVR)的影响及心肌梗死溶栓分级(TIMI)与CVR之间的关系.方法 选择行大脑中动脉支架置人术的卒中患者39例作为手术组,选择同期非卒中患者48例作为对照组.经颅多普勒(TCD)结合CO2吸人试验检测手术前后CVR的变化,DSA造影明确卒中血管TIMI分级,并对相关数据进行统计学分析.结果 手术组患者术前CVR明显低于对照组,术后CVR较术前明显提高,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术前CVR与TIMI分级呈正相关(R=0.594,P<0.05),TIMI分级1级和2级之间术前CVR比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),2级和3级之间术前CVR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后CVR改善幅度与术前CVR呈负相关(R=-0.760,P<0.05),与TIMI等级亦呈负相关(R=-0.620,P<0.05).结论 大脑中动脉支架置入术能有效改善患者CVR.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) changes before and after middle cerebral artery stenting (MCAS) and the relationship between thrombolysis in yocardial infarction(TIMI)flow grade and CVR. Methods Thirty-nine patients with middle artery stenosis received MCAS treatment were selected as operated group and 48 non-stroke hospitalized patients at the same period as control group. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) combined with CO2 inhalation test was performed to assess the changes of CVR before and after MCAS. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was employed to assess the TIMI flow grade. These data were statistically analyzed. Results As compared with that of the control group, preoperative CVR of the operated group was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the postoperative CVR significantly increased as compared with the preoperative one in the operated group (P<0.05); preoperative CVR was positively correlated with the TIMI grade (R=0.594, P<0.05). Preoperative CVR had a significant difference between TIMI grade 1 and TIMI grade 2 (P<0.05), but not between TIMI grade 2 and TIMI grade 3 (P>0.05). The degree of CVR improvement was negatively correlated with the TIMI grade (R=-0.620, P<0.05) and preoperative CVR (R=-0.760,P<0.05). Conclusion MCAS can effectively improve the CVR.     

症状性大脑中动脉狭窄率与组织灌注的相关性

目的 应用单一症状性M1段狭窄模型定量分析症状性大脑中动脉狭窄率与组织灌注的相关性.方法 从连续203例症状性颅内动脉狭窄选择性支架成形术患者中严格筛选所有单一M1段狭窄患者.所有患者均进行头颅CT、CT灌注(CTP)和DSA检查.根据CTP检查结果,测量两侧从前往后包括额叶、前分水岭、岛盖、颞叶、后分水岭和枕叶的各脑区CTP各参数.CTP参数包括平均通过时间(MTT)、脑血流量(CBF)和脑血容量(CBV).以健侧作为正常对照,计算患侧各脑区CTP参数相对值和判定患侧各脑区CTP各参数变化.根据DSA造影结果,肓法手工测量M1段狭窄率和判断侧支代偿动脉来源及侧支血流分级.对M1段狭窄率与患侧各脑区CTP各参数绝对值、相对值进行相关性分析.结果 20例患者入组,患侧M1段狭窄率平均为70.5%±10.6%(53%～91%).以对侧为对照,患侧额叶MTT正常,CBF正常,CBV升高;前分水岭MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV升高;岛盖MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV升高;颞叶MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV正常;后分水岭MTT延长,CBF下降,CBV正常;枕叶MTT正常,CBF正常,CBV正常.狭窄M1段供血相关脑区,从前往后各脑区血流灌注逐渐减低;而后分水岭是惟一处于血流失代偿期的脑区.所有患者DSA显示侧支代偿均主要来自大脑前动脉软脑膜支.M1段狭窄率与后分水岭区相对CBV正相关(r=0.66,P=0.002);与其余各脑区各CTP灌注参数均没有相关性.结论 症状性大脑中动脉狭窄患侧各脑区组织灌注水平受侧支代偿动脉的影响有明显空间分布效应;M1段狭窄率与血流失代偿期脑区相对CBV呈正相关,与血流代偿期脑区组织灌注没有相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To quantitatively analyze the correlation between stenosis ratio and cerebral perfusion in patients with solely symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery.Methods All the patients with solely symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery were selected to this study from consecutive 203 patients with elective stenting of symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis.Brain CT, CT perfusion (CTP) and DSA examinations were performed in all cases.The CTP parameters of mean transit time (MTT), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) including bilateral frontal lobe, anterior watershed, opercula of the insula (including parsopercluaris and part of insula), temporal lobe, posterior watershed and occipital lobe.Compared with the unaffected side as control, the change of CTP and their relative CTP parameters in these ROIs at affected side were analyzed.Based on DSA data, the ratio of M1 stenosis was measured manually and blindly, the source of collateral branch of compensative artery was estimated and the blood flow was graded.Correlation between the ratio of M1 stenosis and the CTP parameters including the absolute and the relative values was investigated.Results Twenty patients were selected into this study; their average M1 stenosis ration of the affected side was 70.5% ± 10.6% (53% to 91%).Compared with the unaffected side, MTT and CBF were no significant change but CBV increased in the affected frontal lobe; MTT prolonged, CBF was normal and CBV increased in the affected anterior watershed and opercula of the insula; MTT prolonged, CBF and CBV had no significant difference in the affected temporal lobe; MTT prolonged, CBF decreased and CBV had no significant difference in the affected posterior watershed; MTT, CBF and CBV were normal in occipital lobe.Tissue perfusion gradually decreased from the front to the backward in all the M1 stenosis affected cerebral regions and the posterior watershed area was the only region at hemodynamic failure stage.Leptomeningeal vessels of the anterior cerebral artery were the major sources of compensative arteries shown in the DSA in all cases.The ratio of M1 stenosis was positively correlated (r =0.66, P =0.002) with the rCBV in posterior watershed and there is no significant correlation between the ratio and any other CTP parameters in any regions.Conclusions Associated with distribution of collateral compensative artery,tissue perfusion showed obvious spatial distribution at different level in different cerebral region.M1 stenosis ratio is positively correlated with rCBV in hemodynamic failure regions, and there is no correlation with tissue perfusion in hemodynamic compromise regions.     

大脑中动脉狭窄患者脑血管储备能力与缺血性卒中事件的随访研究

目的观察大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄患者脑血管储备能力(CVR)与缺血性卒中发生的关系及其危险因素的随访研究。方法连续纳入2014年2月~2016年9月在广州医科大学附属第三医院荔湾医院神经内科门诊或住院就诊行经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查者中发现MCA狭窄患者的临床资料及脑血管储备能力(CVR),并进行为期1 y的随访,观察患者发生缺血性卒中的情况。结果 (1)共纳入212例患者,其中31例(14.6%)在随访期间发生缺血性卒中(卒中组);(2)卒中组患者CVR为(12.6±4.8)%,明显低于非卒中组(19.3±4.5)%,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(3)卒中组中MCA轻度、中度、重度狭窄者分别为6例(19.4%)、11例(35.5%)、14例(45.2%),与非卒中组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)经Logistic回归分析显示CVR是缺血性卒中事件的独立危险因素。结论在MCA狭窄的患者中CVR高、狭窄程度低的缺血性卒中事件发生风险低,且CVR是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素。     

脑梗死患者颅内大动脉支架置入术前后vWF水平变化与血管狭窄程度的关系研究

Objective To understand the correlation between plasma von Wilebrand factor (vWF) changes after stenting and the degree of preoperative intracranial major artery stenosis in patients with acute atherosclerotie cerebral infarction. Methods This study involved 38 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction due to intracranial major artery atherosclerosis, who were admitted between February and October 2008 and underwent stent placement in the stenotic arteries. Thirty healthy volunteers were also recruited to serve as the control group. The patients were divided into severe stenosis group (with stenosis of the intracranial major artery≥70%) and non-severe stenosis groups. Venous blood samples were obtained from the subjects on the morning of the first and 7th days after admission to measure the plasma levels of vWF using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The plasma levels of vWF were significantly higher in patients with acute cerebral infarction than in the control group(P=0.000). Compared with those with non-severe stenosis, the patients with severe stenosis exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of vWF (P=0.015) and greater vWF variation after stent placement (P=0.000). Conclusions In patients with acute atherosclerotic cerebral infarction due to severe intracranial major artery stenosis, the plasma levels of vWF and its postoperative variation are positively correlated to the degree of senosis of the culprit arteries, and severer stenosis is associated with greater postoperative damage of the vascular endothelium.     

脑梗死患者颅内大动脉支架置入术前后vWF水平变化与血管狭窄程度的关系研究

Objective To understand the correlation between plasma von Wilebrand factor (vWF) changes after stenting and the degree of preoperative intracranial major artery stenosis in patients with acute atherosclerotie cerebral infarction. Methods This study involved 38 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction due to intracranial major artery atherosclerosis, who were admitted between February and October 2008 and underwent stent placement in the stenotic arteries. Thirty healthy volunteers were also recruited to serve as the control group. The patients were divided into severe stenosis group (with stenosis of the intracranial major artery≥70%) and non-severe stenosis groups. Venous blood samples were obtained from the subjects on the morning of the first and 7th days after admission to measure the plasma levels of vWF using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The plasma levels of vWF were significantly higher in patients with acute cerebral infarction than in the control group(P=0.000). Compared with those with non-severe stenosis, the patients with severe stenosis exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of vWF (P=0.015) and greater vWF variation after stent placement (P=0.000). Conclusions In patients with acute atherosclerotic cerebral infarction due to severe intracranial major artery stenosis, the plasma levels of vWF and its postoperative variation are positively correlated to the degree of senosis of the culprit arteries, and severer stenosis is associated with greater postoperative damage of the vascular endothelium.     

脑梗死患者颅内大动脉支架置入术前后vWF水平变化与血管狭窄程度的关系研究

Objective To understand the correlation between plasma von Wilebrand factor (vWF) changes after stenting and the degree of preoperative intracranial major artery stenosis in patients with acute atherosclerotie cerebral infarction. Methods This study involved 38 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction due to intracranial major artery atherosclerosis, who were admitted between February and October 2008 and underwent stent placement in the stenotic arteries. Thirty healthy volunteers were also recruited to serve as the control group. The patients were divided into severe stenosis group (with stenosis of the intracranial major artery≥70%) and non-severe stenosis groups. Venous blood samples were obtained from the subjects on the morning of the first and 7th days after admission to measure the plasma levels of vWF using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The plasma levels of vWF were significantly higher in patients with acute cerebral infarction than in the control group(P=0.000). Compared with those with non-severe stenosis, the patients with severe stenosis exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of vWF (P=0.015) and greater vWF variation after stent placement (P=0.000). Conclusions In patients with acute atherosclerotic cerebral infarction due to severe intracranial major artery stenosis, the plasma levels of vWF and its postoperative variation are positively correlated to the degree of senosis of the culprit arteries, and severer stenosis is associated with greater postoperative damage of the vascular endothelium.     

脑梗死患者颅内大动脉支架置入术前后vWF水平变化与血管狭窄程度的关系研究

Objective To understand the correlation between plasma von Wilebrand factor (vWF) changes after stenting and the degree of preoperative intracranial major artery stenosis in patients with acute atherosclerotie cerebral infarction. Methods This study involved 38 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction due to intracranial major artery atherosclerosis, who were admitted between February and October 2008 and underwent stent placement in the stenotic arteries. Thirty healthy volunteers were also recruited to serve as the control group. The patients were divided into severe stenosis group (with stenosis of the intracranial major artery≥70%) and non-severe stenosis groups. Venous blood samples were obtained from the subjects on the morning of the first and 7th days after admission to measure the plasma levels of vWF using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The plasma levels of vWF were significantly higher in patients with acute cerebral infarction than in the control group(P=0.000). Compared with those with non-severe stenosis, the patients with severe stenosis exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of vWF (P=0.015) and greater vWF variation after stent placement (P=0.000). Conclusions In patients with acute atherosclerotic cerebral infarction due to severe intracranial major artery stenosis, the plasma levels of vWF and its postoperative variation are positively correlated to the degree of senosis of the culprit arteries, and severer stenosis is associated with greater postoperative damage of the vascular endothelium.     

经颅多普勒彩超对大脑中动脉狭窄患者脑血管储备功能的临床评估

目的 用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)CO_2试验的方法,评估大脑中动脉狭窄的患者脑血管储备能力,探讨其相关的危险因素。方法 连续选取在我院住院或门诊进行TCD检查发现有大脑中动脉狭窄的患者81例,用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)CO_2试验的方法评估患者脑血管储备能力。结果 (1)81例患者中CRV(%)平均值为21.22±9.29,CRV受损患者48例(59.26%);(2)在合并缺血性卒中的症状性MCAS患者CRV低于无症状组(17.17±9.31 vs 23.61±7.85),合并糖尿病的MCAS患者CRV低于无糖尿病组(19.01±8.07 vs 23.09±9.91),合并吸烟的MCAS患者CRV低于不吸烟组(17.61±8.63 vs 22.65±9.21),差别有统计学差异(P0.05);(3)不同狭窄程度MCAS患者方差分析显示三组脑血管储备能力有统计学差异,中重度狭窄组的CRV值低于轻度狭窄组,而中度及重度狭窄组CRV比较差值无统计学差异,Spearman等级相关分析大脑中动脉狭窄患者CRV与狭窄程度存在负相关,相关系数为-0.466,P=0.001。结论 TCDCO_2试验能够用于评估大脑中动脉狭窄患者的脑血管储备,大脑中动脉狭窄程度越重CRV的受损越明显,临床上应该加强对有缺血性卒中史、糖尿病及吸烟史的MCAS患者CRV评估,以更好进行缺血性卒中的预防。     

Optimal Values of Flow Velocity on Transcranial Doppler in Grading Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis in Comparison With Magnetic Resonance Angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate the optimal values of flow velocity on transcranial Doppler (TCD) in grading the severity of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis in comparison with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). METHODS: Both TCD and MRA examinations were performed on 148 asymptomatic patients. The peak flow velocities of each MCA were recorded. Severity of MCA stenosis on MRA was classified as normal-mild (< 50% lumen diameter reduction), moderate (50%-75%), and severe-void (> 75% and void of flow signal). RESULTS: Among 296 MCAs evaluated, normal-mild stenosis was found in 75 (25%), moderate stenosis in 112 (38%), and severe stenosis in 109 (37%). The mean of systolic velocity (Vs) of MCA differed significantly among these three groups: mean Vs = 121.83 +/- 22.52 cm/s in the normal-mild group; 155.96 +/- 21.62 cm/s for the moderate group; and 199.39 +/- 43.86 cm/s for the severe group (P < .001). The optimal cutoff velocity for detection of MCA (> 50%) stenosis was found at Vs > 140 cm/s on TCD (area under the ROC curve is 0.87, P < 0.001). The best cutoff points for grading severity of on TCD were 140 cm/s and 180 cm/s. CONCLUSION: TCD enables grading of the severity of MCA stenosis according to the flow velocity. This method provides a noninvasive and reliable method for grading MCA stenosis and allows longitudinal monitoring of the relationship between clinical outcome and hemodynamic change.     

Cerebral vasomotor reactivity of bilateral severe carotid stenosis: is stroke unavoidable?

We evaluated the cerebral hemodynamic features of severe bilateral carotid stenosis by assessing and comparing cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) in the middle cerebral (MCA) and vertebral arteries (VA) by transcranial Doppler and the Diamox (1 g acetazolamide i.v.) test. VMR was evaluated by recording the percentage differences in peak systolic blood flow velocity in each MCA and VA at baseline and by the Diamox test. Twenty-eight symptomatic (SCAS) and 31 asymptomatic (ACAS) patients with bilateral severe (>70%) internal carotid artery stenosis were studied. The mean MCA VMR% was 29 +/- 26.9% in SCAS and 43.2 +/- 26.8% in ACAS patients (P < 0.01). Their respective mean VA VMR% was 30.2 +/- 36.5% and 39.6 +/- 24.4% (P = NS). VMR% of the symptomatic MCA side in SCAS patients was significantly lower than the opposite side (20.5 +/- 31.1% and 39.2 +/- 37.9% respectively; P < 0.03). In contrast, the VA VMR% of both sides in SCAS patients remained similar (28.1 +/- 39.3% and 34.6 +/- 47.9% respectively; P = NS). VMR% of the MCA and VA in ACAS patients was also similar for both sides of bilateral carotid stenosis. The cerebral hemodynamic features differ between SCAS and ACAS patients with bilateral carotid occlusive disease in the anterior part of the circle of Willis. An independent cerebral vascular reserve capacity of the posterior circulation is proposed.     

经颅多普勒超声研究我国南方社区人群椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的状况

目的 研究我国南方社区健康人群椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的患病情况和危险因素.方法 以居委会为单位随机整群抽取社区成年居民.测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压,记录病史资料.空腹静脉采血检测血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇等.经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测双侧椎动脉颅内段(VA)和基底动脉(BA)狭窄情况.用SPSS 11.0软件包进行数据统计分析.结果 1035名有效研究对象中,58例(5.6%)存在椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄.其中左、右侧VA狭窄分别为17例和23例,BA狭窄30例.单因素分析提示,糖尿病患者中椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的患病率(10.3%)显著高于非糖尿病患者(3.2%,χ2=6.221,P=0.013);狭窄组人群平均收缩压水平[(131.1±25.5)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa]显著高于非狭窄组[(124.1±21.6)mm Hg,t=2.228,P=0.026].Logistic回归分析证实糖尿病史和收缩压是椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的独立危险因素(糖尿病史:OR=3.305,P=0.023;收缩压升高1 mm Hg,OR=1.012,P=0.047).结论 椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄在我国成年人群中均有较高的发生率.收缩压的升高和糖尿病是椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的重要危险因素.     

The Role of Transcranial Doppler in Symptomatic Striatocapsular Small Deep Infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The transcranial Doppler (TCD) findings in symptomatic small deep infarction are not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of TCD in striatocapsular small deep infarctions (SSDIs). METHODS: The cerebral angiography and TCD findings were analyzed on 100 patients with symptomatic cerebral infarcts on the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TCD in detecting the MCA lesions were compared between lacunar group (the patients with lacunar syndrome and SSDIs on magnetic resonance image) and nonlacunar group. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were classified as the lacunar group, whereas 62 patients as the nonlacunar group. On angiography, occlusive lesion of MCA was found in 18 of the lacunar group and 24 patients of the nonlacunar group. The degree of MCA stenosis was higher in the nonlacunar group (80.8% +/- 21.2%) than the lacunar group (60.4% +/- 21.6%). The accuracy of TCD for the detection of MCA stenosis was not different between the groups. However, the sensitivity of TCD in the lacunar group was lower (72%) than in the nonlacunar group (88%), and it might have been due to the difference in the degree of MCA stenosis among the groups. CONCLUSION: Occlusive lesions of the MCA should be considered as a potential cause of SSDIs. In this respect, TCD may be used for screening candidates for conventional angiography in those patients. High rate of mild-degree stenosis of MCA in patients with SSDIs, however, caused a risk for missing such stenosis on TCD.     

Cerebral vasomotor reactivity of the posterior circulation in patients with carotid occlusive disease

We evaluated the hemodynamic features of the posterior circulation in patients with severe carotid stenosis by assessing and comparing cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) in the middle cerebral (MCA) and vertebral arteries (VA) by transcranial Doppler and the Diamox (1 g acetazolamide i.v.) test. Sixty symptomatic and 111 asymptomatic patients with unilateral severe (>70%) internal carotid artery stenosis were studied. The VMR was 19.2 +/- 18.9% for the MCA ipsilateral to the stenosis and 27.3 +/- 17.4% on the contralateral side (P < 0.0001) for all patients. It was 18.2 +/- 23.2% for the VA ipsilateral to the stenosis and 19.7 +/- 21% on the contralateral side (P = NS). The symptomatic patients' VMR of the MCA on the side of stenosis and the opposite side were 19.2 +/- 17.6 and 29 +/- 17.2%, respectively (P < 0.03). The VMR of the VA remained similar (15.1 +/- 21 and 21.6 +/- 6%, respectively, P = NS). The asymptomatic patients' VMR of the MCA on the side of the stenosis was also lower (19.2 +/- 19.7 vs. 26.5 +/- 17.5% on the opposite side, P < 0.001). In contrast, the VMR in the VA was similar (19.8 +/- 21.4 and 18.7 +/- 19.5%, respectively, P < 0.6, NS). Thus, the VMR of the posterior circulation remained similar regardless of carotid stenosis and a symptomatic/asymptomatic course of carotid occlusive disease, suggesting an independent cerebral vascular reserve capacity of the posterior circulation.     

3.0T高分辨磁共振研究大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄重构模式

目的 应用3.0T高分辨磁共振成像（high resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HRMRI）探讨症状性大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）粥样硬化性狭窄的重构模式。 方法 2009年11月～2011年5月连续入组经数字减影血管造影证实的症状性MCA M1段动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（50%～99%）患者87例,使用3.0T磁共振扫描仪对狭窄段进行HRMRI检查,测量并计算重构指数（remodeling index,RI）（最窄处血管面积/参考血管面积）。RI≤0.95为阴性重构,RI≥1.05为阳性重构,RI在0.95～1.05之间为无重构。比较阴性重构和阳性重构病变的管壁特点。 结果 本研究70例患者纳入最终分析,其中阴性重构29例,无重构6例,阳性重构35例。阴性重构病变的管壁面积（11.5±3.0）mm2及斑块负荷（9.5±17.3）%均小于阳性重构病变的管壁面积（16.6±4.5）mm2及斑块负荷（42.3±11.0）%,差异具有显著性（P均﹤0.001）。 结论 HRMRI有助于评估病变的RI,在MCA动脉粥样硬化性狭窄病变中,阴性重构同样常见,且与阳性重构病变相比,其管壁面积及斑块负荷更小。     

海德克胶囊治疗偏头痛的疗效判定和TCD研究

我们用经颅彩色多普勒(TCD)检测正常人40例,偏头痛患者185例,其中典型偏头痛30例,普通型偏头痛155例。研究发现典型偏头痛在发作期和间歇期头痛侧TCD示MCA、PCA的Vp、Vm、Vd与对用组比明显加快(P<0.05),健侧无明显变化。普通型偏头痛发作期和间歇期TCD示双侧MCA、ICA的Vp、Vm、Vd较正常对照组明显加快(P<0.05),而PCA之血流速度正常(P>0.05)。海德克治疗组其脑血流速度恢复正常(P<0.05),且明显减少头痛发作次数、降低头痛程度、疼痛持续时间,与苯噻啶和氟桂嗪治疗组比(P<0.05),海德克对偏头痛的缓解率(63.49％)、总有效率(95.2％)远高于两个治疗对照组(P<0.05)。本研究证实了TCD对典型偏头痛与非典型偏头痛的诊断价值和海德克胶囊治疗偏头痛的临床效果。     

大脑中动脉狭窄与其深穿支供血区单发脑梗死的关系

目的 分析大脑中动脉(MCA)深穿支供血区单发脑梗死的形态学表现,进一步探讨其与MCA狭窄的关系.方法 连续入选2005年1月至2006年12月于北京协和医院神经科住院治疗急性脑梗死,并经头颅DWI检查明确急性梗死灶为单发,且位于MCA深穿支供血区域的55例患者;所有患者均行TCD和MRA检查,颅外颈内动脉狭窄>50%以及有可疑心源性栓子来源的患者从研究中排除.根据是否存在病灶同侧MCA狭窄将入选患者分为两组:MCA狭窄组(14例)与MCA正常组(41例).测量DWI上急性梗死灶的直径、面积和体积,并将直径≤2 cm归为经典腔隙性梗死,直径>2 cm归为纹状体内囊梗死.DWI上的梗死灶区分为基底节区、侧脑室体旁和同时累及上述2个部位,并判断MRI T2>像上皮质下多发陈旧性小梗死灶或白质疏松是否存在.结果 55例患者中,病灶侧MCA狭窄患者14例(25.5%),MCA正常患者41例(74.5%).MCA狭窄组中经典腔隙性梗死占71.4%,MCA正常组中经典腔隙性梗死占67.3%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.147,P=0.701).MCA狭窄组与正常组患者MCA深穿支梗死病灶的大小(包括直径、面积及体积)差异均无统计学意义.MCA正常组和MCA狭窄组病灶在基底节区、侧脑室体旁及基底节区+侧脑室体旁分布的比例依次为:正常组31.7%、17.1%和51.2%;狭窄组35.7%、28.6%和35.7%,两组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.272,P=0.529).同时存在皮质下多发陈旧性小梗死灶或白质疏松的患者在MCA正常组有23例(56.1%),在MCA狭窄组有3例(21.4%),二者差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.033,P=0.025).结论 MCA深穿支供血区梗死具有不同的发病机制,MCA狭窄和穿支动脉本身病变均可造成深穿支供血区单发脑梗死.梗死灶的大小、体积及梗死发生的部位与是否存在同侧大脑中动脉狭窄无明显相关性,而同时存在皮质下多发陈旧性小梗死灶或白质疏松对穿支动脉病变有提示作用.