肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的多学科联合治疗

目的 探讨肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓多学科联合治疗的临床意义.方法 经B超和CT检查诊断为右肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的患者2例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级各1例.全麻下取腹部人字形切口.泌尿外科行右肾切除;肝胆外科游离腔静脉至第二肝门,于癌栓上下阻断腔静脉和周围分支静脉;血管外科切开腔静脉完整取出癌栓,缝合腔静脉.例2患者腔静脉癌栓距右心房2-3cm,肿瘤侵及腔静脉血管壁及血管内膜,术中建立左股静脉-右心房转流,心肺转流241 min,阻断主动脉18 min,行自体血液回输、腔静脉置换及第二肝门肝静脉-人工血管吻合.分析手术适应证、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等.结果 2例均成功行根治性右肾切除术,完整取出癌栓.2例分别于术后15、27 d出院.分别随访1、16个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移.结论 对于没有淋巴结侵犯和远处转移的肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,应积极行根治性肾切除术及癌栓取出术,多学科联合协作可缩短手术时间、降低手术风险、减少肿瘤复发、提高患者生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and the clinical significance of multidisciplinary treatment. Methods Two cases of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography and CT were included in this retrospective analysis. The tumor thrombus was in level Ⅱ in one case and in level Ⅳ in the other. Coagulation test and complete blood count were done again before surgery. Human albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin complex, plasma, platelet, UW and irrigating solution were prepared before the operation.Under general anesthesia, surgery was performed using abdomen inverted Y shaped incision. Right radical nephrectomy was finished by the urological surgeon; the vena cava was completely dissected from the renal vein level to the secondary porta of the liver by the hepatobiliary surgeon, the vena cava and the surrounding branch vein were blocked in the upper and lower vena cava tumor thrombus; tumor thrombus was removed completely by the vascular surgeon. In one case (patient with level Ⅳ thrombus ) where the tumour thrombus invaded the wall of the vena cava, the thrombus was found to be extending to the cavo-atrial junction but not into the right atrium. The left femoral venous-right atrial bypass was established, the cardiopulmonary bypass lasted for 241 mia, and the aorta was blocked for 18 min. Salvage autotransfusion was used during surgery, and the hepatic vein of the secondary liver porta was anastomosed to artificial vascular graft.The data for surgical indication, operation time, operative blood loss and postoperative hospital stay were analyzed. Results Right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy were performed successfully, and the two patients were discharged on the 15th and 27th day after surgery, respectively. The two patients were followed up for 1 and 16 months after surgery, respectively, and both survived without local recurrence and distant metastasis. Conclusion Radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy is the preferred method for patients without metastasis, and multidisciplinary cooperation could shorten the operation time, reduce the tumor recurrence and increase the survival rate of patients.     

复杂下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的外科处理

目的 探讨手术治疗复杂重症下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果.方法 2004年12月至2008年7月对8例下腔静脉肿瘤行手术治疗,其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或(和)延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤局部复发行下腔静脉置换术.术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移.结果 1例患者于术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其他7例术后症状均缓解并顺利出院.7例患者随访5～45个月,平均(15±4)个月.其中3例术后随访14～24个月,效果良好,无复发;3例术后4、5及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后11个月第3次复发死于心衰;另2例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解.1例45个月后失访.结论对于复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其他部位转移可采取积极手术治疗,如此可明显改善患者近期生存质量.     

复杂下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的外科处理

目的 探讨手术治疗复杂重症下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果.方法 2004年12月至2008年7月对8例下腔静脉肿瘤行手术治疗,其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或(和)延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤局部复发行下腔静脉置换术.术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移.结果 1例患者于术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其他7例术后症状均缓解并顺利出院.7例患者随访5～45个月,平均(15±4)个月.其中3例术后随访14～24个月,效果良好,无复发;3例术后4、5及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后11个月第3次复发死于心衰;另2例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解.1例45个月后失访.结论对于复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其他部位转移可采取积极手术治疗,如此可明显改善患者近期生存质量.     

复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗复杂重症腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析2004年12月至2008年7月收治的9例次腔静脉恶性肿瘤手术患者的临床资料。其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或/和延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤术后局部复发行下腔静脉人工血管置换术;1例上腔静脉肿瘤延及左右无名静脉行上腔静脉重建。人工血管置换3例,下腔静脉补片2例。术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移。结果除1例术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其余8例患者术后症状均缓解并顺利出院,平均随访时间为18(5～45)个月,其中3例术后随访14～24个月,无复发;1例术后5个月死于肝衰竭;4例术后分别于4、5、11及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后2个月再次复发死于心衰。另3例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解;1例上腔静脉肿瘤患者11个月后发现脑转移,15个月后死亡;1例45个月后失访。结论充分的术前准备及多学科的合作,复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其它部位转移积极手术治疗,仍可明显改善患者近期生存质量。     

经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路肿瘤的初步经验

目的 评价经皮肾镜技术在上尿路肿瘤中的应用效果.方法 2006年6月至2010年6月经皮肾镜治疗上尿路肿瘤患者8例(10侧).男6例(7侧),女2例(3侧).年龄52～72岁,平均61岁.孤立肾4例,慢性肾功能不全2例,双侧肾盂肿瘤2例.高级别肿瘤4侧,低级别肿瘤6侧.肿瘤直径0.5～3.5 cm,平均2.6 cm.患者均接受经皮肾镜激光或电刀肿瘤切除术,术中留置输尿管支架管,术后经肾造瘘管灌注化疗药物.结果 8例手术均获成功,手术时间45～95 min,平均73 min;术中出血量20～300 ml,平均50 ml,术后SCr水平较术前下降或无明显变化.随访10～36个月,采用CT、MRI及输尿管镜检观察肿瘤复发情况.1例死于肿瘤转移,2例肿瘤局部复发.余5例未见肿瘤复发.结论 经皮肾镜技术治疗上尿路肿瘤安全可行,手术效果良好,对不宜行肾输尿管切除术的上尿路肿瘤患者来说是一种良好的选择.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application of percutaneous nephroscopy in the treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma, particularly renal pelvic carcinoma. Methods From June 2006 to June 2010, eight cases (with 10 sides) of renal pelvic carcinoma received percutaneous nephroscopy tumor resection. There were six males (with 7 sides) and two females (with 3 sides) in the study group. There were six cases with solitary kidney and two cases with bilateral renal pelvic tumors. There were four cases with high-grade tumors and six cases with low-grade tumors. The age of patients ranged from 52 to 72 yrs (average 61.2 yrs). Tumor sizes ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm (average 2.6 cm). Patients were treated with laser or electrocautery through percutaneous nephroscopy. A ureteral stent was placed in the patients after the procedure. Chemotherapy was administered postoperatively through the nephrostomy tube. Results All the operations were successfully completed uneventfully. The operative time was 45-95 min (average 73 min), estimated blood loss was 20-300 ml (average 50 ml). No remarkable differences were found in serum creatinine levels before and after operation. After 10 to 36 mon. follow-up by CT, MRI, and ureteroscopy, one patient died of tumor metastasis and two patients had local tumor recurrence. The remaining patients had no local recurrence. Conclusions Percutaneous nephroscopy in treating renal pelvic tumor is safe and feasible. This is a better choice for the renal pelvic carcinoma patients who are unsuitable for ureteronephrectomy.     

原位微波灭活术治疗骨盆恶性骨肿瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨原位微波灭活术治疗骨盆原发恶性肿瘤及转移瘤的疗效.方法 2000年2月至2009年4月对18例骨盆原发恶性肿瘤及转移瘤患者采用原位微波灭活及肿瘤全部或部分切除,男11例,女7例;年龄16～72岁,平均45岁.原发恶性骨肿瘤12例,转移瘤6例.肿瘤累及Ⅰ区6例、Ⅱ区10例、Ⅲ区2例.根据肿瘤所在区域采用传统髂腹股沟切口或髂腹股沟"T"形切口进行显露,以铜网保护周围软组织,用2450 MHz微波将肿瘤局部加热至50℃,持续20 min,全部或部分剥离坏死肿瘤组织,保留骨盆环的解剖连续性.结果 手术时间60～180min,平均110min;术中失血量400～800ml,平均480 ml.无严重的术中及术后并发症.随访0.5～7年,平均3.5年.1例软骨肉瘤患者术后8个月复发,随访6个月带瘤生存.1例恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者术后24个月出现肺、脑和全身多发转移死亡.1例骨肉瘤患者术后18个月出现肺转移死亡.6例骨盆转移瘤患者中5例分别于术后6～19个月出现其他部位转移而死亡.术后3个月18例患者患侧髋关节屈曲80°～130°,后伸0°～10°,外展25°～35°,内收18°～23°.结论 原位微波灭活术具有操作简便、疗效可靠、创伤小的特点,可用于或辅助用于骨盆恶性骨肿瘤的治疗,能保持骨盆环的完整性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical outcomes of microwave heliotherapy in situ on the primary or metastatic malignant tumors of the pelvis.Methods From February 2000 to April 2009,18 patients with primary or metastatic malignant tumors of the pelvis were treated with microwave heliotherapy in situ,and followed a total or partial tumor resection.There were 11 males and 7 females with an average age of 45 years(range,16-72).Twelve cases were diagnosed as primary malignant tumor and 6 as metastases.Locations of tumors involved:the Ⅰ region 6 cases.the Ⅱ region 10 cases.and the Ⅲ region 2 cases.The exposures of all tumors were via a"T"type or ilioinguinal approach.The lesions were heated at 50℃ for 20 min by 2450 MHz microwave,with surrounding soft tissue protected by copper.mesh.The necrotic tumor tissues were total or partial excised after treatment,with preservation of the anatomical continuity of the pelvic ring.Results The duration of surgery was 60-180 min (110 min on average).The blood loss was 400-800ml(480 ml on average).All patients were followed-up for 0.5-7 years(3.5 years on average).Tumor local recurred in 1 case with chondrosarcoma,and was survival in tumor-bearing after 6 months follow up.One case with malignant fibrous histiocytoma died due to brain,pulmonary,and all body metastases.One case with osteosarcoma died due to pulmonary metastases.Five cases with the metastases died due to non-pelvis metastases.Functions of hip joint in 18 patients were as follows:flexion 80°-130°,extension 0°-10°,abduction 25°-35°,and adduction 18°-23°.Conclusion The clinical result demonstrated that the advantages of microwave heliotherapy in situ were quick increase of temperature,sensitive responses,easy control of temperature,and effective inactivation of tumor cells in the malignant bone tumors of pelvis.     

CT finding is an index in assessment of outcome in patients with diffuse traumatic brain swelling

Objective:To assess the relationship between the prognosis of the patients with diffuse traumatic brain swelling (DTBS) and the changes of the ventricles and the cisterns in CT scans.Methods:The outcome of the patients with DTBS and the changes of the vertricles and the cisterns in CT scans were studied and analyzed in a group of 268 cases.We focused on the changes of the third ventricle and the basal cistern,age and Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS).Results:Of 268 cases,there were changes of the third ventricle and/or the basal cistern in 124,65 died.In 18 cases,the third ventricle and the basal cistern were both absent and 16 died(88.9%).The third ventricle changed significantly in 59 cases,33 died(55.9%),while the basal cistern changed in 47 cases and 16 died (34%).Of the 124 patients with changes of the third ventricle and/or the basal cistern,26 were children,8 died;98 adults,57 died.Conclusions:For patients with DTBS,the outcome was in direct correlation with the change of the third ventricle and/or the basal cistern,the change of the third ventricle was much more important in assessment of the outcome than that of basal cisterns.There is no significant difference in,the incidence of DTBS between children and adults while the outcome of children is much better than that of adults.The patients with the changes of the third vertricle and the basal cistern accompanied with lower GCS scores have poor outcome.     

保留上肢的肩胛带切除术治疗肩胛带恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨累及肩关节的肩部恶性肿瘤保肢术式的临床疗效.方法 2001年7月至2008年7月采用保留上肢的肩胛带切除术治疗肩胛带恶性肿瘤16例,男11例,女5例;年龄17～67岁,平均38.4岁.8例起源于肩胛骨,软骨肉瘤4例、Ewing肉瘤1例、转移癌3例;5例起源于肩部软组织,滑膜肉瘤2例、纤维肉瘤1例、血管外皮瘤1例、高分化脂肪肉瘤1例;3例起源于肱骨近端,骨肉瘤1例、转移癌2例.经典Tikhoff-Linberg手术12例,改良Tikhoff-Linberg手术4例.结果 手术时间2.5～4.0 h,平均3 h.术中出血1000～3000 ml,平均1600 ml.全部病例随访6～74个月,中位随访时间40个月.2例术前放疗者伤口延迟愈合,1例尺神经损伤.1例肱骨近端骨肉瘤患者出现局部复发及肺转移,行肩胛带离断术后18个月死亡.1例纤维肉瘤患者出现肺转移,23个月后死亡.1例滑膜肉瘤患者术后3个月出现肺转移,随访9个月带瘤生存.5例转移癌患者中4例于术后11～23个月死亡.至随访期末死亡6例,带瘤生存1例,无瘤生存9例.五年总体生存率34.6%.术后3个月接受经典术式者1993年美国骨肿瘤学会功能评分平均14.7分,接受改良术式者为19.5分.结论 对累及肩关节的肩部恶性肿瘤采用Tikhoff-Linberg手术可达到肿瘤广泛切除,保留上肢肢体及部分功能.经典术式术后肩部功能较差.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the functional outcomes of different limb salvage procedures in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas of the shoulder girdle.Methods From July 2001 to July 2008,16 patients with limb salvage for sarcomas of shoulder girdle were respectively analyzed,including 11 males and 5 females with an average age of 38.4 years (range,17-67).Localizations of the tumors were 8 in the scapula(including 4 chondrosarcomas,1 Ewing sarcoma,and 3 metastases),5 soft tissues of the shoulder girdie(including 2 synoviosarcomas,1 fibrosarcoma,1 hemangioperieytoma,and 1 well-differentiated liposarcoma),and 3 proximal humerus (including 1 osteosarcoma and 2 metastases).Twelve patients were treated with classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures,and 4 with improved procedures.Results The mean surgical time duration was 3 hours.The mean blood loss was 1600 ml.The mean follow-up time was 40 months.Major complications included 2 cases of delayed wound healing,and 1 ulnar nerve injury.One patient had local recurrence and died of pulmonary metastases 18 months after second operation of interscapulothoracal amputation.The patient with fibrosarcoma also died of pulmonary metastases 23 months later.One patient with synoviosarcoma was alive with pulmonary metastases in 9 months.Four of 5 patients with carcinoma metastases died during 11 to 23 months later.The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 34.6%.Functions were preserved in the whole hand and elbow.The MSTS functional score of the patients receiving classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures was 14.7,while improved Tikhoff-Linberg procedures was 19.5.Conclusion The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure not only provides a wide resection of tumors in the shoulder girdle but also preserve the whole hand and elbow functions.The shoulder function was poor in patients receiving classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures.     

嗜铬细胞瘤诊疗:单中心142例报告

目的 提高嗜铬细胞瘤的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2002年8月至2010年2月手术治疗的142例患者145例次病理确诊嗜铬细胞瘤临床资料,并对术后近期高血压恢复情况及远期肿瘤复发情况进行随访.肿瘤直径1.3～18.0 cm,平均5.9 cm,位于肾上腺内的单发肿瘤117例,双侧肿瘤10例,异位肿瘤10例,肾上腺及肾上腺外同时存在肿瘤5例.有典型儿茶酚胺症状者98例(69.0%),隐匿型嗜铬细胞瘤44例(31.0%).术前给予酚苄明或甲磺酸多沙唑嗪准备l周以上.142例患者行手术145例次,开放手术91例次,腹腔镜54例次. 结果 142例术后病理均为嗜铬细胞瘤,其中良性83例、恶性23例、可疑恶性36例.术中血压骤增与术前血儿茶酚胺水平相关,与术前血压、术前应用a受体阻滞剂时间长短及肿瘤大小无关.术后高血压症状缓解87例,11例仍需药物控制血压.围手术期死亡1例.术后91例随访3～96个月,中位时间46个月,复发转移10例,其中5年内死于肿瘤复发转移6例. 结论嗜铬细胞瘤确诊主要依据临床表现、生化定性检查及影像学定位检查,手术切除肿瘤是嗜铬细胞瘤的根治方法,对于术前血儿茶酚胺水平明显升高的患者更应警惕术中血压变化,术前应给予更充分的准备.

Abstract：

Objective To review the experience in diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma in a single center. Methods A total number of 142/145 pheochromocytoma cases treated surgically in our institute from August 2002 to February 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean diameter of tumor was 5.9 cm (1.3- 18. 0 cm). The majority of the tumors (92.9%) were adrenal pheochromocytomas. Ninety-eight patients (69.0 % ) presented initially with hypertension, whereas 44 patients (31%)presented with adrenal incidentaloma. A specific anti-hypertensive pre-surgery preparation with phenoxybenzamine or doxazosine mesylate was started over 1 week before the operation.Of the 142 patients, 91 accepted open surgery, 54 accepted laparoscopic surgery, of which, 5 converted from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery. Results Histopathological results showed that all the cases were pheochromocytoma, while 83 cases were benign, 23 cases were malignant and 37 cases were suspected malignant. Sudden rising of blood pressure during operation was related to the preoperative serum level of catecholamine. Eighty-seven of 98 patients with preoperative hypertension had normal postoperative blood pressure; the remaining 11 patients reduced the dosage of anti-hypertension medication postoperatively. During the follow-up of 3-96 months (median 46 months), 10 of 91patients had a recurrence or metastasis. Six patients died of recurrences or metastasis within 5 years.Conclusions The procedures of qualitative and locative diagnosis of phechromocytoma include clinical manifestations, biochemical tests and imaging investigation. Surgical excision is the fundamental treatment for cure. Patients with high serum level of catecholamine tend to have a sudden rising of blood pressure during operation. Preoperative management is extremely important for the safety of the patient. Intensive follow up is necessary.     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的总结7例肝癌合并下腔静脉（inferior vena cava,IVC）癌栓患者的手术方法及治疗经验。方法自2003年7月至2005年5月,我们为7例肝癌合并IVC癌栓的患者实施了肝癌切除及右心房和（或）IVC切开取栓手术。所有患者均采用全肝血流阻断来控制IVC血流。根据癌栓上极位置的不同,分别采用5种不同术式：（1）静脉转流,心脏停搏,右心房及下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（2）静脉转流,心脏不停搏,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,右心房和（或）下腔静脉切开取栓2例;（3）经腹部切口切开膈肌,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（4）经腹部切口,经膈肌腔静脉裂孔小切口,心包外高位阻断肝上下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（5）经腹部切口,肝上阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓2例。结果所有手术均获成功,术后并发症包括胸腔积液2例,右膈下积液1例,切口感染1例。7例患者的生存时间为2周～26个月,平均9．8个月。已死亡的6例患者术后生存时间分别为13、9、11、2、17个月和2周,尚生存的1例患者已无瘤生存26个月。结论对合适病例实施肝癌切除和IVC切开取栓手术是安全可行的。手术治疗可以避免右心流人道阻塞和肺动脉栓塞造成的猝死,并有可能获得相对提高的生存时间和生活质量。     

Tumor-related obstruction of the inferior vena cava extending into the right heart — a plea for surgery in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

This study reviews eight patients, 39–63 years old, with tumor-related obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) extending into the right atrium (n=5) and ventricle (n=3). Five patients suffered from renal cell carcinoma, 3 from sarcomatous disease. The general approach was a median sternotomy and laparotomy with hypothermic circulatory arrest (17.0–20.5°C; 23–46 min) in six patients, while in two patients, the IVC was clamped sequentially under moderate hypothermia and extracorporeal circulation. Four patients had tumor infiltration of the IVC necessitating partial caval resection. In three, the IVC was reconstructed by fabric patches or tubular prothesis. In one patient, the continuity of the IVC was interrupted permanently. Three patients underwent nephrectomy during the same procedure, two before and one after IVC disobliteration. In one patient each, pulmonary embolectomy and intrahepatic IVC stenting were performed. Two patients died early, one due to uncontrollable hemorrhage the other due to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Six patients were discharged in good physical condition and are still alive at a mean follow-up of 24 months. Five patients have since remained free of recurrence, one patient underwent three further surgical interventions for bone metastases. We feel that IVC desobliteration is feasible in selected cases with extended tumor-related obstruction with an acceptable early risk and late outcome.     

Adrenocortical carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava: presentation of a 15-patient series and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a controversial risk factor for surgical treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). This study aims to assess the outcome of an aggressive surgical policy for ACC extending into the IVC and discuss treatment strategies based on a review of the literature. METHODS: Over a 25-year period, 15 patients were treated for ACC extending into the IVC. The upper limit of the extension was the infrahepatic IVC in 2 patients, retrohepatic IVC in 6, and suprahepatic IVC in 7, including 4 with extension into the right atrium. Seven patients presented with concurrent metastases. The operative technique was thrombectomy (n = 13), partial resection with direct closure (n = 1), and total resection with replacement of the IVC (n = 1). Venous control was achieved by caval clamping alone (n = 4), hepatic vascular exclusion (n = 5), and the use of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass or hypothermic circulatory arrest (n = 6). RESULTS: Two patients died postoperatively. Ten patients died of metastatic complications at 4 to 31 months. Median survival time was 8 months. Three patients were still alive after 24, 25, and 45 months of follow-up, one of whom was reoperated at 17 months for a local recurrence. No evidence of recurrent intravenous involvement was found during follow-up in any patient in whom complete resection was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that surgical treatment can be effective for management of ACC with extension into the IVC. Long-term prognosis is poor owing to delay in diagnosis, frequent associated metastatic disease and lack of effective adjuvant treatment.     

Liver Transplantation Techniques with Preservation of the Natural Venovenous Bypass: Effect on Surgical Resection of Renal Cell Carcinoma Invading the Inferior Vena Cava

Although renal tumors invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) are unusual, they represent a challenge to the surgical team because their accessibility is difficult. Liver transplantation techniques have been developed that preserve the venous collaterals, enhance the exposure, increase the safety of the resection, and avoid cardiopulmonary bypass. We describe our technique for dealing with renal tumors that have invaded the IVC, a combined experience of two centers, and the safety of the procedure and subsequent low morbidity. Between May 1997 and February 2003, a total of 45 patients (mean age 60.7 years) underwent surgical resection of a renal tumor extending into the IVC by techniques developed from liver transplantation, with the intention to avoid sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass. In 42 patients (93.3%) surgical resection of the tumor and thrombus was successful using the transabdominal approach while preserving the venous collaterals; 3 patients with a level IV tumor thrombus required cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean operating time was 342 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 1442 cc. Postoperative ileus in one patient required laparoscopic lysis of the adhesions, and 2 patients (4.4%) died owing to multiple system organ failure and massive pulmonary embolism. The median follow-up was 36 months, during which time 6 patients developed metastatic disease and 37 were disease-free. We concluded that liver transplantation techniques enhance the surgical management of complicated urologic tumors. Patients with tumor thrombus extending to the IVC can be treated while avoiding thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Surgical resection of adrenal carcinoma extending into the vena cava, right atrium and ventricle: case report and review of the literature

A case of adrenal carcinoma with the tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium and right ventricle is reported. A 46-year-old man was admitted because of abdominal distention and back pain. Angiogram, venacavography, dynamic CT, cardio-echogram and determinations of blood concentration of hormones disclosed a huge non-functional right adrenal tumor and its thrombus having extended into the right atrium and ventricle via the right adrenal vein. Right adrenalectomy and nephrectomy were followed by simultaneous removal of the tumor thrombus. The resected tumor was 14 X 11 X 7 cm in size and 880 g. The thrombus was 90 g. Pathohistological diagnosis of sarcomatoid adrenocortical carcinoma was made. The patient was discharged three weeks after operation and had been remained asymptomatic for 5 months. He died of the recurrence of the tumor on the 206th postoperative day. In the review of English and Japanese literature, 61 cases of malignant tumors extending into the right atrium were analyzed, among which only one case was an adrenal tumor. From this survey, it seems that aggressive resection would provide better survival, and a surgical excision with a use of cardiopulmonary bypass is worth trying for such conditions.     

Resection of the inferior vena cava for hepatic malignancy.

Involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) by hepatic tumors, although uncommon, is considered to be unresectable by standard surgical techniques. Recent advances in hepatic surgery have made combined hepatic and vena caval resection possible. The purpose of this study is to describe the surgical techniques and early results of combined resection of the liver and IVC. From 1997 to 2000, 11 patients underwent resection of the IVC along with four to seven liver segments. Resections were carried out for hepatocellular carcinoma (four); colorectal metastases (four); and hepatoblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor metastases, and squamous cell carcinoma in one patient each. Ex vivo procedures were performed twice, and total vascular isolation was used in the nine other cases. The IVC was reconstructed with ringed Gore-Tex tube graft (five), primarily (five), or with Gore-Tex patches (one). There were two early deaths: one from liver failure at 3 weeks and one from sepsis secondary to a perforated segment of small bowel 4 months postresection. One patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor died at 32 months of recurrent tumor and one patient with hepatocellular carcinoma is alive with recurrent tumor at 16 months. The remaining patients are alive and disease free with follow-up ranging from 3 to 40 months without evidence of IVC occlusion. Combined resection of the liver and IVC is a formidable undertaking with substantial surgical risk. However, this aggressive surgical approach offers a chance for cure in patients with tumors involving the IVC that would otherwise have a dismal prognosis.     

Ex vivo and in situ resection of inferior vena cava with hepatectomy for colorectal metastases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical techniques and early results of inferior vena cava (IVC) resection in patients with advanced liver tumors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Involvement of the IVC by hepatic tumors, although rare, is considered inoperable by standard resection techniques. Concomitant hepatic and IVC resection is required to achieve adequate tumor clearance. METHODS: Between February 1995 and February 1999, 158 patients underwent hepatic resection for colorectal metastases in the authors' unit. Eight patients, aged 42 to 80 years (mean 62 years), with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer underwent concomitant resection of the IVC and four to six hepatic segments. Resections were carried out under total hepatic vascular exclusion in four patients and ex vivo in four patients. Between 30 degrees and 360 degrees of the retrohepatic IVC was resected and replaced with an autogenous vein patch (n = 1), a ringed Gore-Tex tube graft (n = 2), a Dacron tube graft (n = 1), or a patch (n = 3) or was repaired by primary suturing (n = 1). RESULTS: There were two early deaths from multiple organ failure. One patient survived 30 months after ex vivo resection but died of renal cell carcinoma, and another died with recurrent disease at 9 months. The remaining four patients remained alive 5 to 12 months after surgery, with no hepatic failure or venous obstruction; tumor recurrence was present in two. Nonthrombotic occlusion of the neocava occurred in one patient and was stented successfully. CONCLUSIONS: Although concomitant hepatic and IVC resection is associated with a considerable surgical risk, this aggressive surgical approach offers hope for patients with hepatic tumors involving the IVC, who would otherwise have a dismal prognosis. This procedure can be performed under total hepatic vascular exclusion, with or without venovenous bypass, and by ex vivo bench resection.     

Resection of advanced stage malignant retroperitoneal neoplasms with tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium: Report of four cases

Surgery for retroperitoneal neoplasms with a tumor thrombus extension into the right atrium is challenging. This study reviewed four surgical cases of advanced stage malignant neoplasms with the tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium. The malignant neoplasms involved the kidney in two patients, and the liver and adrenal gland in one each. The tumor thrombus was removed through a longitudinal cavotomy and right atriotomy in all cases. The inferior vena cava reconstruction was performed by directly closing it in one patient and by pericardial patch suturing in another. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used for all procedures and a Pringle maneuver was used to reduce bleeding from the liver in three. There was no perioperative or hospital death. Two of the four with renal cell carcinoma were alive 7 and 13 months after the surgery. One with hepatocellular carcinoma died of recurrent malignancy after 4 months, while the patient with an adrenal carcinoma remained disease free after surgery. These cases indicate the safety of the present procedure. Although the long-term results are still unknown, there were favorable early results and a lack of perioperative complications. Surgical challenges in resecting an intracardiac extension of retroperitoneal malignancy require close cooperation among the attending urologist, and both gastrointestinal and cardiovascular surgeons.     

Surgical strategy for treating renal cell carcinoma with thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava

OBJECTIVE: A surgical strategy for treating malignant renal tumors with thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC) was assessed. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records for all patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC; n=30) or Wilms tumor (n=1) with tumor thrombus extending into the IVC who underwent surgical intervention at our institution between January 1980 and December 2001. Tumors were classified preoperatively according to the cephalad extension of thrombus, and intraoperative procedures were selected on the basis of degree of extension. Patients with RCC underwent radical nephrectomy and removal of thrombus with (n=11) or without (n=19) IVC resection. Partial normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass without cardiac arrest was used in 4 patients. The Pringle maneuver was performed in 8 patients. Infrarenal abdominal aortic cross-clamping was used in 8 patients to maintain systemic blood pressure. IVC cross-clamping and the Pringle maneuver were performed in 5 patients with suprahepatic thrombus extension. Temporary placement of a filter in the IVC or plication of the IVC above the hepatic vein was performed before hepatic mobilization, to decrease the risk for pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: One patient died intraoperatively of pulmonary embolism. Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients; all resolved with conservative therapy. The postoperative duration of survival in patients with RCC was 37 +/- 44 months (range, 4-180 months); the 5-year survival rate was 42%. CONCLUSION: Aortic cross-clamping during IVC occlusion prevented hypotension and maintained hemodynamic stability that has required bypass in other series. This surgical treatment with the less extensive approach could result in long-term survival of patients with RCC in whom tumor thrombus extends into the IVC. We recommend that radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy, with or without caval resection, be performed in these patients, with less invasive additional maneuvers.