368例甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

目的 分析甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的手术治疗和病理特征.方法 回顾性分析1974年10月至2009年1月间368例在北京协和医院接受手术治疗的甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的临床资料.结果 368例患者接受手术治疗,女性249例(67.7%),男性119例(32.3%).原位甲状旁腺318例(86.4%),异位甲状旁腺50例(13.6%).病理诊断为腺瘤264例(71.7%),增生91例(24.7%),腺癌11例(3.0%),囊肿2例(0.6%).冰冻切片与石蜡病理符合率86.5%.257例(68.0%)患者术后有低钙表现,159例患者(66.0%)一周内恢复.结论 绝大多数甲状旁腺功能亢进患者病理诊断为腺瘤.异位甲状旁腺相当常见,应引起手术医师足够重视.     

368例甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

目的 分析甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的手术治疗和病理特征.方法 回顾性分析1974年10月至2009年1月间368例在北京协和医院接受手术治疗的甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的临床资料.结果 368例患者接受手术治疗,女性249例(67.7%),男性119例(32.3%).原位甲状旁腺318例(86.4%),异位甲状旁腺50例(13.6%).病理诊断为腺瘤264例(71.7%),增生91例(24.7%),腺癌11例(3.0%),囊肿2例(0.6%).冰冻切片与石蜡病理符合率86.5%.257例(68.0%)患者术后有低钙表现,159例患者(66.0%)一周内恢复.结论 绝大多数甲状旁腺功能亢进患者病理诊断为腺瘤.异位甲状旁腺相当常见,应引起手术医师足够重视.     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症外科治疗现状

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)是终末期慢性肾脏病(CKD)最为常见的并发症,通常表现为骨关节疼痛、骨骼畸形、四肢麻木乏力等一系列症状,严重影响患者的生存质量。有效的治疗干预对降低SHPT患者的病死率和发病率是非常重要的。多数早期患者应用药物结合充分透析的方式进行控制是非常有效的,但随着病情的进展,SHPT会进入不...     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

目的　总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗经验。方法　回顾性分析 1985～2 0 0 2年在我科行外科手术治疗的 5 5例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。全组病例均行甲状旁腺切除术。结果　 5 5例患者中无症状者 8例 ,骨、关节病变 2 4例 ,泌尿系结石病变 10例 ,骨和泌尿系结石病变 13例 ,病理性骨折 16例。全组血钙均升高 ,在 2 7～ 3 9mmol/L之间 ,平均 (3 1± 0 4 )mmol/L。 5 0例患者术前测定甲状旁腺激素升高在 10 2～ 2 0 0 0pg/ml之间 ,平均 (489 2±6 9 2 ) pg/ml。联合B超、CT、核素扫描术前定位诊断率达 90 9%。术后全组均随访 6个月～ 2年 ,术后临床表现缓解 ,骨质疏松改善 ,骨折愈合 ,有 39例患者出现短期低血钙 ,37例出现面部、手足麻木 ,10例出现手足抽搐。术后有 15例患者血钙正常 ,1例略高于正常值 ,低血钙者经骨化三醇和钙剂治疗 1～ 3周均可改善 ,血钙恢复正常。术后 4 7例患者甲状旁腺激素均在 2个月内恢复到正常 ,3例略高于正常值。结论　甲状旁腺切除术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的有效方法。经术前影像学定位后行小范围、小创伤的甲状旁腺切除术是可行的手术方法。及时将原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者转入内分泌外科治疗可达到早期治疗、减少骨关节和泌     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)是由于各种原因引起机体低血钙或高血磷,长期刺激甲状旁腺分泌过量的甲状旁腺素而导致的一种临床综合征。当药物及一般治疗效果不佳时就进展成为难治性SHPT,此时通过手术或局部介入性治疗可获得良好疗效。笔者从手术治疗和局部介入治疗方面探讨外科治疗SHPT疗效,并讨论分析这些治疗方法的前景。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症20例

我国原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT）发病率较低，而且确诊多为出现严重并发症的晚期病例。故其早期诊断和治疗尚存在一些问题值得探讨。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症44例的诊断与外科治疗

目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断与外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1987年至2007年经手术及病理证实的44例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床资料.结果 生化检查44例均定性为甲状旁腺功能亢进症.44例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的定位诊断,经B超、CT、99mTc-MIBI、MRI检查的阳性准确率分别为88.6%、86.4%、94.1%、87.5%,其中发现异位甲状旁腺腺瘤2例、前纵隔甲状旁腺腺瘤2例、甲状旁腺腺癌3例、甲状旁腺增生2例.特别是应用B超、CT、99mTc-MIBI相结合的诊断准确率最高为95.5%.44例均行外科手术治疗,其中甲状旁腺腺瘤切除35例;异位甲状旁腺腺瘤2例,按部位切除腺瘤;前纵隔甲状旁腺腺瘤2例,按开胸手术切除;甲状旁腺增生2例按经典BNE方法切除病变腺体;甲状旁腺癌3例,行联合整块(En bloc)切除根治术.44例术后效果佳,但手术后均发生不同程度的低钙血症,应用钙剂后症状缓解.结论 定性诊断主要依据血钙和甲状旁腺素的同步升高,术前定位诊断是手术成功的关键,一旦确诊就应积极手术治疗,效果良好.     

手术治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症11例分析

摘要：对我院近10年来收治的11例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。血钙大于2.62mmol/L，伴血PTH同步升高为定性诊断PHPT的主要依据。11例术前均诊断为PHPT。甲状腺旁腺治疗采用单侧小切口探查术，取得良好效果。PHPT诊断应结合临床表现、实验室检查、X线表现综合分析。B超，CT，核素扫描可作为定位有效方法。对于定位准确的单发腺瘤，单侧小切口探查术创伤性小，是很有前途的治疗方法。     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科治疗

目的 探讨甲状旁腺全切除术治疗慢性肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析12例接受甲状旁腺全切除术的临床资料,比较其临床症状及体征、血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、红细胞压积(HCT)、甘油三酯(TG)等指标在手术前后的变化及术后并发症的情况.结果 12例术后临床症状及体征明显改善,血钙、磷、AKP、iPTH、HCT均较术前下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);TG与术前比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);本组术后均有不同程度的低血钙发生,1例术后持续性高iPTH,1例术后复发,无喉返神经的损伤.结论 严重的肾性甲状旁腺功能亢进症经内科治疗无效者,应及时行甲状旁腺全切除术,可明显改善患者生活质量.     

Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism

Summary The leading symptom of primary hyperparathyroidism is renal lithiasis which was present in 64 of 100 cases, whereas bone disease was noted in 11 per cent only. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is generally made on the basis of raised serum levels of calcium and of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH). With antibodies detecting primarily COOH-terminal fragments of intact PTH-(1-84) there was an almost total discrimination of serum levels of PTH in normal subjects and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Serum PTH was in the upper normal range in only 5 per cent of 128 patients with surgically verified hyperparathyroidism, whereas PTH was normal or undetectable in 35 hypercalcaemic patients with tumours unrelated to the parathyroid glands. A comparable discrimination of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from normal subjects can be achieved with the measurement of the urinary cyclic adenosine 3, 5-monophosphate excretion, provided it is related to the glomerular filtration rate. With the measurement of the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate, on the other hand, there is a large overlap in control subjects and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.The surgical removal of parathyroid tumours is the treatment of choice of primary hyperparathyroidism. In the routine preoperative evaluation, we do not recommend PTH measurements in the venous effluent of parathyroid tumours, since all parathyroid glands have to be surgically localized. In previously explored patients the interpretation of selective PTH measurements is difficult because of distorsion of the venous drainage from the parathyroid glands.     

Parathyroid adenoma in third pharyngeal pouch cyst as a rare case of primary hyperparathyroidism

The primitive thymus and inferior parathyroid derive from the third branchial cleft. During embryonic development, these structures descend, reaching their final localisation. Third branchial cleft anomalies present usually as a fistula, abscess or cyst. However, there are no reports on parathyroid adenomas in the literature other than as a morphological possibility.We describe the case of a 47-year-old man, who had been diagnosed with arterial hypertension and who presented with a cervical mass at the edge of the lower third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. On ultrasonography, the mass had a cystic walled appearance. Laboratory analysis only revealed an intact parathyroid hormone level of 140.5pg/ml. Sestamibi imaging showed a probable parathyroid adenoma in the anterior mediastinum. During surgery, a tract running from beyond the superior thyroid pedicle to the superior mediastinum was dissected and removed. In the inferior end of the tract, a brown mass was visible. Pathological examination revealed a thymus cyst surrounding a parathyroid adenoma. The primal alteration was the lack of division between the thymus and inferior parathyroid gland, and the prompt prevention of their development. In the case of our patient, a parathyroid adenoma had grown by chance.     

Total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft in the treatment of uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of total parathyroidectomy (PTX) with forearm autograft in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Methods One hundred and eighteen cases undergoing PTX with forearm autograft in our hospital from 2001-2010 were included in this study. Their preoperative and postoperative serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), biochemistry tests (total calcium,inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphate) were collected and postoperative symptom relief, complications and recurrence were investigated. Results Of all the 118 cases, 32 underwent endoscopic surgery and 86 open surgery. The surgery was performed successfully in 110 cases (93.2%) and one case died in perioperative period. Thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed during surgery in 2 cases and radical operation was performed at the same time. Temporary injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve was found in nine cases (7.6%). Postoperative hypocalcemia was frequently seen in 108 cases (91.5%) and it was effectively controlled by postoperative calcium administration. After operation, bone pain and itching were alleviated, and weakness, anemia and malnutrition status were improved in all the cases who received successful surgery. The postoperative levels of serum iPTH (P＜0.01), calcium (P＜0.01), phosphorus (P＜0.01) and calcium×phosphorus (P＜0.01) were decreased significantly than those in preoperative period. A long-term follow-up of over 3 years was carried out in 21 cases. Six cases recurred, among them, 4 cases relieved after removal of autografted parethroid tissue, and another two cases received the second operation. The longest follow-up period lasted for 9 years in two cases without recurrence. Conclusions PTX with forearm autograft is safe and effective in the treatment for uremic patients with SHPT. No severe complication is found during the long-term follow-up period.     

甲状旁腺切除术用于难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的安全性及近远疗效

背景与目的:甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)是治疗药物不能控制的难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的重要手段,但PTX术后仍有可能发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,无动力性骨病或难治性骨软化症,且国内尚缺乏对PTX术后远期的疗效观察的研究。本研究进一步评价PTX治疗难治性肾性SHPT的安全性与近远期疗效。方法:纳入2011年1月—2014年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行PTX治疗的139例伴有难治性肾性SHPT的维持性透析患者。收集患者术前及术后3 d、6个月及1、2、3年的临床资料、血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷、血红蛋白(Hb)及红细胞压积(Hct)等,观察并记录术后症状缓解情况、术后并发症和随访情况。结果:139例患者的PTX手术成功率为95.7%(133/139),术中共计切除甲状旁腺腺体537枚,平均切除3.86枚/例。12例(8.6%)术后发生一过性喉返神经损伤,其中声音嘶哑9例(6.5%),饮水呛咳3例(2.2%),未予处理术后3个月内均自行好转。术后低钙血症或缺乏维生素D者120例(86.3%),给予西那卡塞、补钙及补充活性维生素D治疗后得到有效控制。全组未发生切口感染、出血、窒息及甲状腺功能减退等外科并发症。患者的贫血状况均有不同程度地改善,Hb和Hct术后6个月明显升高并在随访期间保持稳定;术后iPTH明显降低,术后3 d的血钙、磷、钙磷乘积水平最低,随访3年仍低于手术前,所有变化与术前均有统计学差异(均P0.05)。随访期间无死亡病例。患者术前的骨痛、顽固性皮肤瘙痒、失眠、异位钙化、肌无力伴萎缩症状在术后1 d即明显缓解;身高缩短、骨骼畸形患者随访期间无进行性加重;纳差、全身营养状况及自理能力术后3个月内不同程度地改善。11例(7.9%)持续性SHPT,包括4例(2.9%)术中未完全切除甲状旁腺腺体,1例(0.7%)术中1枚腺体较小而未切除完全,6例(4.3%)术后检查存在纵隔异位甲状旁腺。随访期间,5例(3.5%)腺体未切除完全者的iPTH均800 pg/mL,肌无力及顽固性皮肤瘙痒临床症状明显,再次行PTX;6例(4.3%)存在异位甲状旁腺腺体者,因手术风险较大患者拒绝再次手术,予以药物治疗;8例(5.8%)术后复发,其中6例(4.3%)系前臂移植物复发所致,均在局麻下行前臂皮下移植物切除;2例(1.4%)系颈部原位残留腺体过度增生,予以二次手术,术后症状缓解。所有进行二次手术的患者在随访结束时无明显的临床症状,均未复发。结论:PTX可改善难治性肾性SHPT患者临床症状、贫血及钙磷代谢,且近远期疗效均较好,是治疗难治性SHPT的安全有效方法。     

甲状旁腺功能亢进症术前和术中定位病变甲状旁腺的研究进展

甲状旁腺是人体颈部的一个结节状内分泌腺体,位于甲状腺后方,其主要功能是分泌调节血钙的甲状旁腺激素（PTH）。甲状旁腺功能亢进症（HPT）是指甲状旁腺分泌过多PTH,从而引起血生化改变,导致相关系统功能的损害,严重影响患者的生活质量,甚至导致死亡。目前最主要的治疗方式是手术切除病变甲状旁腺,而准确定位对微创甲状旁腺切除术至关重要。因为它能提高手术成功率,最大限度地减少误伤甲状旁腺的发生率以及损伤相关的并发症。近几年来,随着技术设备的创新和普及,不同的定位方式有了更好的敏感度和准确率。随着临床研究的不断深入和更新,对于不同类型HPT的定位方式有了更好的指导意义。目前甲状旁腺微创外科技术已经取代了传统的广泛探查,在保证手术成功率的同时带来更少的损伤和并发症,这也是对甲状旁腺定位方式更高的要求。因此,笔者就目前HPT病变甲状旁腺定位方式的研究进展进行综述,旨在为临床HPT的手术治疗提供更优的定位选择以及一些新的思路和方向。     

Contemporary surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism without intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement

Introduction

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is usually the result of a single adenoma that can often be accurately located preoperatively and excised by a focused operation. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) measurement is used occasionally to detect additional abnormal glands. However, it remains controversial as to whether IOPTH monitoring is necessary. This study presents the results of a large series of focused parathyroidectomy without IOPTH measurement.

Methods

Data from 2003 to 2014 were collected on 180 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for pHPT by a single surgeon. Preoperative ultrasonography and sestamibi imaging was performed routinely, with computed tomography (CT) and/or selective venous sampling in selected cases. The preferred procedure for single gland disease was a focused lateral approach guided by on-table surgeon performed ultrasonography. Frozen section was used selectively and surgical cure was defined as normocalcaemia at the six-month follow-up appointment.

Results

Focused surgery was undertaken in 146 patients (81%) and 97% of these cases had concordant results with two imaging modalities. In all cases, an abnormal gland was discovered at the predetermined site. Of the 146 patients, 132 underwent a focused lateral approach (11 of which were converted to a collar incision), 10 required a collar incision and 4 underwent a mini-sternotomy. At 6 months following surgery, 142 patients were normocalcaemic (97% primary cure rate). Three of the four treatment failures had subsequent surgery and are now biochemically cured. There were no complications or cases of persistent hypocalcaemia.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence that in the presence of concordant preoperative imaging, IOPTH measurement can be safely omitted when performing focused parathyroidectomy for most cases of pHPT.