纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨纤维乳管内窥镜（简称“纤维乳管镜”）对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：66例单侧单孔血性乳头溢液的患者入院行手术治疗,术前均同时行纤维乳管镜检查及超声检查,回顾性分析其术前检查诊断与病理符合情况。结果：66例血性乳头溢液患者,病理证实乳腺导管内肿瘤59例（其中导管内乳头状瘤47例,导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,导管内肿瘤发生率89．39％（59／66）,导管内肿瘤伴非典型增生（癌前病变）及导管内癌发生率18．18％（12／66）;单纯导管扩张症7例,发生率10．61％（7／66）。59例病理所示导管内肿瘤的患者乳管镜检查阳性57例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,阴性2例,导管内肿瘤诊断率96．61％（57／59）。超声检查阳性30例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生1例,导管内癌3例）,阴性29例,导管内肿瘤诊断率50．85％（30／59）,二者比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：血性乳头溢液患者乳腺导管内肿瘤发生率较高,纤维乳管镜检查显著提高乳腺导管内肿瘤（包括导管内癌）的诊断率,对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

乳管镜在多孔乳头溢液诊断及治疗中的应用价值

目的：探讨乳管镜在双侧多孔乳头溢液诊断和治疗中的应用价值方法：对29例双侧多孔乳头溢液患者进行乳管镜检查。发现乳管内肿瘤者给予手术治疗，对积乳症、乳管扩张症、闭塞性孔管炎患者给予经乳管镜介入治疗。结果：29例（79孔乳管）中，乳管内肿瘤者11例（乳管），占病例总数的（占所检乳管数）37．93％（13．92％），血性溢液11例中乳管内肿瘤9例，非血性溢液18例中乳管内肿瘤2例；切除病灶准确率100％，术后病理诊断符合率88．89％．结论：乳管镜检查有其直观性，术前定位准确，避免了手术的盲目性或切除范围过大：多数患者或乳管，尤其积乳症、闭塞性乳管炎及乳管扩张症的患者或乳管，经过经乳管镜冲洗及介入治疗可达到彻底治愈。     

乳管镜检查在乳腺神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的：乳腺神经内分泌癌是乳腺癌的一种特殊类型,较为罕见,而以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌更为罕见,目前国内外文献报道不多.本研究通过回顾性分析以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的临床资料,探讨乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一表现的乳线神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值.方法：对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院通过乳管镜筛查发现的7例乳腺神经内分泌癌患者的临床表现、乳管镜下特点、病理检查结果以及术前影像学检查进行回顾性分析.结果：7例患者均以乳头单孔血性溢液为首发症状,临床体检肿块不明显,术前超声和乳腺X线检查为阴性,细胞学检查均无恶性证据.7例患者乳管镜下共发现8处病灶（其中1例为双侧）,5处表现单发乳头状新生物,3处表现为多发乳头状新生物.1处新生物周围管壁僵硬,其余7处管壁均光滑.所有病灶均在乳管镜定位下获得明确诊断.结论：乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一临床表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的诊断中有重要应用价值.     

探讨乳管镜在无乳头溢液患者中的诊治价值

1988年，Teboul首先应用导管镜观察乳管管腔病变。1991年，日本Okazaki等成功研制FDS系统（fiberopticductoscopy），此后其就一直用于乳头溢液性疾病的诊断。乳管镜已经成为乳头溢液患者首选的辅助检查，但其对于无乳头溢液患者的临床价值，目前尚不确定。笔者对2009年07月至2011年07月在本院行纤维乳管镜检查的136例无乳头溢液乳腺病患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。     

乳管内窥镜在乳头溢液诊治中的临床应用(附1 000例分析)

背景与目的：乳头溢液是乳腺科门诊常见的症状，而临床上大约有1％的乳腺癌是乳头溢液为首发症状，大量临床摸不到的肿块的乳头溢液患者进行筛检可以早起发现乳腺癌，1997年国内发展新科技一乳腺纤维导管内视镜，用一根外径0．7mm光导镜，自乳头溢液管151插入，用过内视镜成像技术观察并记录乳腺导管内正常及异常病变情况，优势在于不仅诊断敏感性较高（〉90％），而且还行准确定位，用于早期诊断乳腺导管内疾病及早期乳腺癌。本研究评估纤维导管内窥镜在无肿块的乳头溢液诊断及治疗的临床价值。方法：用纤维导管内窥镜对1000例乳腺溢液患者进行检查和治疗。结果：本研究对1000例无肿块乳头溢液患者检查发现早期乳腺癌33例（3．3％），乳头状瘤392例（39．2％），乳头状瘤病20例（2％），导管扩张伴慢性炎症480例（48％），正常导管75例（7．5％），活检吸取肿块8例，3例报告导管内癌，导管慢性炎药物冲洗220例（22％），手术患者453例。经病理证实与导管镜检查符合率90．7％。结论：乳管内窥镜可插入到5级乳腺导管，能早期发现乳腺癌，对部分导管慢性炎症可用药物冲洗治疗，乳管内窥镜定位、定性准确，乳管内窥镜对早期乳腺癌的诊断和治疗具有深远价值。     

纤维乳管镜在乳腺导管炎性疾病中的应用

乳头溢液为乳腺疾病的三大临床表现之一,约有10％的乳腺病患者以乳头溢液为首发症状而就诊[1-2].引起乳头溢液的原因很多,乳腺导管扩张及慢性乳管炎是较常见的原因.我科应用纤维乳管镜对286例乳头溢液的患者进行检查,并对其中109例诊断为乳腺导管扩张及慢性乳管炎的患者进行病变乳管的冲洗治疗,取得了较好的临床效果.     

纤维乳管镜在乳管炎及乳管扩张症中的诊断及治疗价值

乳头溢液在女性中发生率约为10％。以往的主要诊断方法为乳管造影和溢液涂片脱落细胞学检查。以上两种检查方法均存在阳性率低、敏感性差等不足。纤维乳管镜作为一种可直视下观察病变乳管内情况、诊断乳头溢液的新方法，与上述两种方法比较优势明显。乳头溢液中，非占位性病变占相当比例，既往治疗方法只有手术治疗。本院对98例乳头溢液病例行纤维乳管镜检查，并对其中55例非占位性病变行镜下治疗效果良好，现报告如下。     

使用纤维乳管镜对136例乳头溢液病人进行诊断和治疗分析

目的评价纤维乳管镜检查对乳头溢液的诊断、治疗价值。方法对136例乳头溢液病人进行乳管镜检查,将溢液性质、检查所见、冲洗疗效及手术病理结果进行总结分析。结果136例病人中发现6例乳腺癌,并行手术根治;130例为乳管内良性病变,经手术病理证实80例,其中49例为乳管内乳头状瘤或乳管内乳头状瘤病,11例为乳管扩张症,12例为囊性增生,8例为乳腺腺病。非手术治疗50例为单纯乳管扩张及乳管炎,检查术中即予冲洗治疗,取得满意的效果。结论纤维乳管镜应用于乳头溢液的检查和治疗,疗效准确、可靠。     

纤维乳管镜及液基细胞学检查对病理性乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:探讨纤维乳管镜(FDS)及液基细胞学检查(TCT)对病理性乳头溢液良恶性病变的诊断价值.方法:回顾分析434例行FDS及TCT检查的病理性乳头溢液病例资料,并将检查资料与术后病理活检结果进行比较分析.结果:全组434倒病例的FDS检查结果分析,其中溢液性质、末梢乳管出血情况、乳管情况的差异对良恶性病变的诊断差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05.401例乳管内肿瘤占位病例的Logistic回归分析提示,肿瘤的位置(Ⅲ级或以上乳管)和肿瘤形状是评价乳管内肿瘤良恶性性质的主要指标.综合上述FDS图像特征的指标分析,FDS诊断乳头溢液恶性病变的敏感性为74.1％,特异性为75.0％;TCT诊断的敏感性为58.6％,特异性为98.9％;两者联合诊断的敏感性为86.2％,特异性为73.9％;FDS联合TCT检查的ROC曲线下的AUC面积为0.801,优于单独TCT或FDS检查.结论:FDS联合TCT检查有利于进一步提高乳头溢液中恶性病变的检出率,值得在临床推广应用.     

乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:评价乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值.方法:2003年7月至2004年10月对76例乳头溢液患者行脱落细胞学检查,同时在乳管镜下对溢液乳管异常部位搔刮,盐水冲洗,收集导管中洗液行脱落细胞学检查.结果:乳管镜诊断导管扩张或炎症30例,未行手术;乳管隆起性病变46例,行手术活检;病理诊断早期乳腺癌10例,管内乳头状瘤32例,乳腺腺病4例.76例中,导管冲洗液涂片的有效细胞团较乳头溢液明显增加(P＜0.01).10例早期乳腺癌导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查的准确性明显高于乳头溢液细胞学检查(P＜0.05).结论:乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液涂片能获得更多的有效细胞团,使导管冲洗液细胞学检查诊断乳腺恶性病变的准确性明显提高.     

纤维乳管内视镜在354例乳头溢液中的应用经验

目的:利用乳管内视镜对乳腺导管腔进行检查,直接观察乳腺导管内的病变,确定引起乳头溢液的乳腺疾病的性质,提供可以提高诊断准确性的方法.方法:利用纤维乳管镜FVS-3000M系统对354例乳头溢液患者进行检查,观察溢液导管及其分支的管腔和管壁结构,发现并确定病灶位置,记录病变导管的形态特征,必要时用活检针取组织送病检,对资料进行回顾性分析.结果:血性液和浆液血性液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占72.3%,乳腺导管癌占5.2%,22.5%为导管炎、导管扩张等;水样液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占56.0%,乳腺癌占8.0%;5例未发现异常的病例视为正常.结论:乳管内视镜可以明确引起乳头溢液疾病的病因、确定病变部位,从而提高早期乳腺癌的发现率.     

Management of bloody nipple discharge

Opinion statement Bloody nipple discharge causes a high degree of anxiety in women because of fear of breast cancer. Commonly, the absence of palpable or mammographic abnormalities gives a false sense of security, causing delays in diagnosis. Initial evaluation with physical examination and mammography is useful in detecting high-risk cases. Bloody nipple discharge is most frequently benign. It is caused by intraductal papilloma, duct ectasia, and less frequently by breast cancer. Several diagnostic tests have been proposed to establish the cause of bloody nipple discharge. Galactography, ultrasound, and exfoliative cytology are useful only when positive, but have a high rate of false-negative results and do not preclude histologic diagnosis. More recently, ductal lavages in combination with cytology have provided promising results, but experience and long-term follow-up are limited. Traditional treatment is surgical excision of the involved ductal system from which the discharge emanates. Ductal excision has been the only reliable procedure in establishing a certain diagnosis and in controlling the bloody discharge. The early success reported with image-guided excision of papilloma and duct endoscopy promises a significant improvement in our diagnostic accuracy from minimally invasive emerging technology.     

A case of phyllodes tumor with bloody nipple discharge in juvenile patient

We report a rare case of phyllodes tumor of the breast in a juvenile patient with bloody nipple discharge. An 11 -year-old girl had a chief complaint of a palpable 5 cm well-circumscribed tumor with nipple discharge in the left breast. The histopathological diagnosis of the resected specimen was benign phyllodes tumor showing extensive areas of hemorrhagic necrosis. The bloody nipple discharge was caused by spontaneous infarction of the tumor. Preoperative ultrasonography and galactography were helpful in evaluating the mechanism of nipple dicharge from the tumor. Although phyllodes tumor must be differentiated from fibroadenoma, the present case was histopathologically identical to phyllodes tumor.     

1 368例乳管镜治疗乳管内病变的临床应用经验

  目的  总结乳管镜(fiberoptic ductoscopy, FDS)治疗乳管内病变临床应用经验。  方法  回顾性分析中南大学湘雅三医院近10年来使用FDS检查的1 368例乳头溢液病例的临床资料。  结果  不同性状的溢液FDS诊断有着显著的差异, 血性和浆液性溢液组肿瘤性疾病检出率明显高于水样和乳汁样溢液组; 对于非肿瘤性乳头溢液, FDS下灌洗治疗能取得较好的治疗效果; FDS定位下手术组较传统切除手术组, FDS诊断病理符合率更高(χ2=10.56, P=0.001)。  结论  FDS不仅是诊断乳头溢液病因的可靠方法, 而且可以对非肿瘤性乳头溢液进行有效的灌洗治疗; 对于肿瘤性疾病引起的乳头溢液, FDS下定位切除手术能够避免手术盲目性, 为病灶的切除提供可靠的帮助。      

285例乳头溢液临床分析

目的 总结分析乳头溢液的临床意义和病因诊断方法,为临床更合理的治疗提供科学依据。方法 回顾分析1990年1月～2002年8月我科手术治疗的285例乳头溢液病例。结果 285例患者中,乳腺癌55例(19.3％),导管内乳头状瘤130例(45.6％),导管内乳头状瘤病20例(7.0％),导管扩张症36例(12.6％),乳腺增生病33例(11.6％),乳腺导管炎11例(3.9％)。其中乳腺癌、导管内乳头状瘤及导管内乳头状瘤病共205例,占71.9％。结论 乳管内视镜是乳头溢液病因诊断的首选检查。对乳头溢液特别是血性溢液应及时做出病因诊断,以便采取合理的手术治疗。     

Bloody nipple discharge is a predictor of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Nipple discharge is a common complaint of patients with breast disease. The color of nipple discharge is always the first alarming symptom for patients. It is controversial whether the discharge color is an indicator of an underlying malignancy. The electronic database PubMed was searched for relevant articles. A meta-analysis about the association between the color of nipple discharge and breast cancer risk was conducted. Eight studies, including 3,110 patients, were eligible for this meta-analysis. Compared with patients in non-bloody nipple discharge group (179/1,478), patients in bloody nipple discharge group (404/1,632) had a markedly higher breast cancer risk (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.32–3.89, P < 0.001 for heterogeneity). Compared with patients in clear/serous group (71/575), patients in bloody nipple discharge group (326/1,271) also had a higher risk (OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.25–4.93, P = 0.011 for heterogeneity). Furthermore, compared with patients in the colored group (55/448), patients in bloody nipple discharge group (296/1,124) (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 0.74–5.45, P = 0.009 for heterogeneity) had no significant difference. Besides, there was no significant difference between patients in colored group (55/448) and clear/serous group (61/470) (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.83–2.18, P = 0.707 for heterogeneity). Therefore, bloody nipple discharge could be a predictor of breast cancer risk among different colors of discharges. The symptom of bloody nipple discharge is helpful to the stratification of preoperative patients.     

Clinical Application of Breast Fiberoptic Ductoscopy in 354 Cases with Abnormal Nipple Discharge

OBJECTIVE To use the breast duct endoscope for studying thepathological characteristics of breast-duct disease with nipple discharge,and offer methods that can improve diagnostic accuracy.METHODS A total of 354 patients with nipple discharge were examinedusing the fiberoptic duct endoscope (FVS-3000M). Ducts and theirbranches were investigated to define and locate the extent of intraductallesions. Core biopsies were taken of suspicious lesions and the findingswere analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS In cases of bloody and serosanguineous nipple discharge,72.3% were papilloma and papillomatosis, 5.2% duct cancer and 22.5%mammary duct ectasia and galactophoritis. In patients with watery nippledischarge, 56.0% were papilloma and papillomatosis, 8.0% were breastcancer and 5 patients without abnormal findings were regarded asnormal.CONCLUSION Fiberoptic duct endoscopy can accurately locate the siteand pathology of nipple discharge allowing the improvement in diagnosisof early breast cancer.     

Bloody nipple discharge during pregnancy: a rationale for conservative treatment

Five cases of bloody nipple discharge during pregnancy without associated breast masses were seen over the past 3 years by the author. Because of the reported association of breast cancer with bloody nipple discharge, close follow-up of these women at monthly intervals during pregnancy and trimonthly during the postpartum period was carried out. In all instances, the discharge appeared late during the second trimester or during the third trimester of pregnancy. It was unilateral and spontaneous and arose from multiple ducts, and it was associated with an increase in breast size and always with the larger breast of the two. The discharge cytologic study done on all cases was negative for neoplastic cells and the discharges resolved spontaneously within 2 months of onset. Postpartum follow-up ranging from 6 months to 3 years has revealed no evidence of neoplastic changes thus far. Mammograms ordered before these patients were referred were not helpful due to the increase in density of the breast tissue secondary to the pregnancy. Because a few cases of breast cancer during pregnancy have presented solely with a bloody nipple discharge, I recommend extremely close follow-up of these women and no surgical intervention unless a mass is discovered or the nipple discharge cytology is either suspicious or positive at the initial visit or during follow-up.     

The role of galactography in the detection of breast cancer

The authors report on a series of 529 consecutive patients examined on physical examination, mammography, nipple discharge cytology and galactography. The criterion for galactography was essentially bloody nipple discharge (73% of cases). Serous nipple discharge was not considered worthy of routine galactography since it is associated with an extremely low incidence of breast cancer. Surgical excision and histologic examination of the discharging duct was performed in 200 cases. Eighteen cases of breast cancer were detected (10 infiltrating, 8 intraductal) of which 9, 6, 7 or 7 were suspected on physical examination, mammography, cytology or galactography, respectively. All combined tests suspected 13 of 18 breast cancers; 3 intraductal breast cancers were biopsied because of evidence of multiple papillomas on galactography, and 2 infiltrating breast cancers were operated because of persistent bloody nipple discharge in the absence of any other sign. No breast cancer was suspected on galactography alone. Galactography is indicated in the presence of bloody nipple discharge, and a biopsy should be performed when breast cancer or multiple papillomas are suspected. The diagnosis and excision of a single papilloma (breast cancer was never misdiagnosed as a single papilloma on galactography) is not worthwhile since a single papilloma is a benign lesion, and the benefit of its excision is still unclear.     

Diagnostic value of nipple cytology: study of 466 cases

BACKGROUND: Nipple discharge/scraping cytology is a simple, noninvasive method that complements patient assessment. Despite low reported sensitivities for detecting malignancy, the authors predicted that this method would provide important diagnostic information when applied to patients with nonphysiologic nipple discharge or eczematous nipple lesion. METHODS: From 1995-2002, 466 case specimens from 395 patients were evaluated by nipple discharge or scraping cytology. Of the 98 patients with abnormal cytologic findings, histologic follow-up was available for 45 cases (39 patients). After review, each case was categorized as negative or positive for malignancy. Cytologic findings were compared with the findings of subsequent biopsy or excision of the affected duct or nipple lesion. RESULTS: Of the 13 cases of in situ or invasive carcinoma diagnosed by histology, 11 had positive cytology (sensitivity, 85%). Two malignant cases were not represented by preceding cytology and one case with positive cytology failed to demonstrate malignancy after a subsequent biopsy was performed (specificity, 97%). Clinically, all but one case of malignancy was associated with a serosanguinous discharge or eczematous nipple lesion. The cytology of all malignant cases showed dyshesive epithelial cell groups and single cells with prominent nucleoli in a bloody background. The positive predictive value for cytology was 92% and the negative predictive value was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: Cytologic examination of nipple discharge and nipple lesion scrapings is highly specific and sensitive in the detection of carcinoma when applied to patients with unilateral serosanguinous nipple discharge or an eczematous nipple lesion.