血液透析患者感染丙型病毒性肝炎因素的Logistic回归分析

目的 分析影响维持性血液透析患者感染丙型肝炎的危险因素。方法 收集120例血透患者的临床资料。采用第二代ELISA法检测血抗-HCV;临床资料包括;年龄、性别、血透时间,每周透析时间,输血和血制品史和量,合并HBV感染,肾脏移植史、CAPD史,ALT异常史,肝炎史、结核史以及医院感染史等。结果 单因素分析表明HCV感染与透析时间,每周透析时间,输血、血制品史和量、肾移植史、医院感染史,ALT增高中显著性相关,Logistic逐步回归分析证实HCV感染的原因为输血和医源性传播。结论 结果提示订采取严格的预防措施,减少输血和隔离抗-HCV阳性患者,对控制HCV感染意义重大。     

血液透析患者肝炎病毒医院感染原因及预防

目的研究血液透析（HD）患者肝炎病毒感染的危险因素，探讨其预防措施。方法将170例透析前无肝炎病史的患者随机分为实验组和对照组，实验组使用一次性管道透析器及分机透析，对照组使用重复透析器及共用透析机进行治疗，并调查透析次数与感染肝炎病毒的关系。结果实验组乙、丙肝感染率为13．8％，对照组感染率为61．9％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），且随着透析次数的增加，感染率也明显上升。结论重复使用透析器、共用透析机及透析次数多等是透析患者感染病毒性肝炎的重要因素，严格消毒隔离措施，使用一次性透析器、分区隔离及专机透析等是降低HD患者肝炎病毒感染率的有效措施。     

维持性血液透析及肾移植患者乙型及丙型肝炎病毒感染调查

目的 了解维持性血液透析及肾移植患者乙型及丙型肝炎病毒感染状况。方法 采用ELISA及PCR法测定HBVm、抗—HCV、HCVRNA，型特异性HCV亚基因探针杂交分型。结果长期血透者HCV阳性率为37．24％，肾移植术后再透析者达47．57％，且与透析时间、输血次数、受血量正相关；HCV基因型以混合型为主，占63．64％。结论 本组患者HBV、HCV感染率与输血次数、输血量及透析时间密切相关。     

影响维持性血液透析患者感染HCV的因素分析

目的: 分析影响维持性血液透析患者 (血透) 感染HCV 的因素。方法: 收集120 例血透患者的临床资料并进行统计学分析。结果: 血透患者HCV感染与血透时间、每周透析时间、输血、血制品史和量、肾移植史、院内感染史、ALT增高史显著相关。结论: 输血为血透患者感染HCV的主要途径, 但也存在医源性传播的可能     

血液透析患者HCV感染的基因分型及其危险因素

为了解血透患者HCV感染水平及其危险因素,我们调查了安徽省七所医院中104例血透患者。主要检测指标:抗-HCV选用EIA法,HCVRNA选用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）法,HCV基因分型选用限制性片段长度多态性分析（RFLP）法。结果表明本组血透患者抗-HCV阳性率为5769％,HCVRNA阳性率为24．04％,HCV基因型有Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、／Ⅲ混合型,检出率分别为32％、20％、36％。提示血透患者HCV感染以Ⅱ／Ⅲ混合型为主。血透患者感染HCV与透析次数多少及输血次数多少有关,血液透析的危险性高于输血,两者有交互作用。     

维持性血液透析患者庚型肝炎病毒感染的研究

目的 了解血液透析患者庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)感染情况，探讨其危险因素。方法 采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)和逆转录—套式PCR法分别检测44例血透患者的抗—HGV抗体和HGVRNA。结果 血透患者HGV感染率为13．6％，HGV阳性组与阴性组相比输血次数较多、透析时间较长，但差异无显著性；而单独HGV阳性组与全阴性组相比透析时间明显延长，HGV感染与年龄、HBV感染、HCV感染及肝功能损害无显著相关。结论 血透患者HGV感染率明显高于普通人群，严格消毒措施、预防交叉感染、减少输血、血源中HGV筛查，对减少透析中庚型肝炎病毒感染至关重要。     

持续性血液透析乙型及丙型肝炎感染相关因素分析及预防措施探讨

目的探讨持续性血液透析乙型及丙型肝炎感染相关因素,并提出预防措施。方法选择468例患者,透析前后采血送检,检测乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)及丙肝抗体(抗-HCV),对所有患者透析前后HBV及HCV情况进行详细的记录,并根据患者性别、年龄、透析时间、输血次数结合病毒感染情况进行分析。结果透析后患者乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)及丙肝抗体(抗-HCV)阳性率均显著高于透析前(P0.05),输血次数多及透析时间长者发生透析后HBsAg阳性和抗-HCV阳性率高于输血次数少及透析时间短者(P0.05)。结论持续性血液透析患者随着透析时间和输血次数的增加,其感染乙型与丙型肝炎的比率升高。     

维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒感染调查分析

目的 观察维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染情况,并探讨其相关的危险因素,降低丙型肝炎感染率.方法 选择医院2010年1月-2011年12月行维持性血液透析的患者100例,采用ELISA法检测抗HCV、巢式PCR检测HCV-RNA,分析HCV感染与输血、透析时间、透析次数及透析医院数的关系.结果 100例患者中HCV感染4例,感染率为4.0％,且感染率随着输血次数、透析次数、透析医院数的增加及透析时间的延长,HCV感染率相应增高(P＜0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者容易感染HCV,反复输血、透析次数多、透析时间长以及接受多所医院透析是其感染的危险因素.     

血液透析患者肝炎病毒感染的预防与控制

[目的]研究血液透析患者经血传播肝炎病毒感染的预防与控制。[方法]通过随机抽样,将119例病人分为实验组和对照组,将实验组的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和/或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)标志阳性者进行分区隔离,专人透析,专用透析机;对照组阳性者不分区隔离,不固定人员透析,但透析器和透析管路均一次性使用。[结果]实验组60例,乙、丙肝感染率5%,对照组感染率23.7%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.49,P﹤0.05)。[结论]通过对血透患者进行严格的管理,能有效地减少血透患者的经血传播肝炎病毒感染。     

血液透析患者乙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学调查

目的了解血液透析患者乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染情况及其影响因素,为制定预防HBV感染措施提供科学依据。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,对江苏省某些血液透析中心529名透析患者进行调查,同时抽取空腹静脉血进行相关检测。结果血透患者中HBsAg阳性率为7．18％,HBV感染率为46．50％,HBV对不同特征血液透析人群普遍易感,透析年限、透析器重复使用史和牙科手术史与透析患者感染HBV有关。多因素分析显示,透析年限和牙科手术史为感染HBV的独立影响因素。结论在血液透析患者HBV的感染中,医源性因素起着主要作用,应采取严格的消毒措施,降低HBV感染率。     

血透患者中丙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学研究

目的了解血透患者中丙型肝炎病毒的感染情况,并探讨相关的危险因素。方法对150例维持性血透患者应用逆转录聚合酶链反应及酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中HCV-RNA及抗HCV-IgG的水平。结果HCV-RNA的阳性率为26.7%(40/150例);抗HCV-IgG的阳性率为24%(36/150例);HCV感染率(总阳性率)为35.3%(52/150例)。结论提示血透患者中HCV感染率明显高于普通人群。输血及血制品是其第一位的危险因素,而透析器及管路的交叉使用也是不容忽视的危险因素之一。     

尿毒症血液透析患者医源性交叉感染状况调查

目的调查某医院血液净化中心维持性血液透析患者HBV、HCV、HIV、TP交叉感染情况,为临床防控提供科学依据。方法采用前瞻性设计,对近8年内133例血液透析患者进行不同层次分组透析,使用两种方法连续检测比对,数据采用t检验和χ2检验处理分析。结果 (1)133例维持性血液透析患者感染HBV 17例(12.78%)、HCV 22例(16.54%)、HBV和HCV混合感染2例(1.50%)、TP 2例,无HIV感染者。(2)HBV和HCV感染主要集中在移植性肾病、慢性肾炎、糖尿病肾病等患者中,二者感染率与在感染区透析关系密切,其中HCV感染率与移植性肾病相关、与输血史相关(P0.05);而HBV感染与输血史未见明显关联(P0.05),但透析后明显高于透析前(P0.05)。(3)连续对应检测近3年127例透析患者,仅有1例HBs Ag指标转为阳性,未发生HCV、HIV、TP新的交叉感染。结论 HCV感染与移植性肾病、输血史、移植次数高度有关,HBV感染存在透析后交叉感染的风险。血液净化中心严格按照《血液净化标准操作规程》认真操作,维持性血液透析患者的医源性交叉感染将明显减少。     

A large nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis C virus infections at a hemodialysis center.

OBJECTIVE: To identify modes of HCV transmission during an outbreak of HCV infection in a hemodialysis unit. DESIGN: An epidemiologic study, virologic analysis, assessment of infection control practices and procedures, and technical examination of products and dialysis machines. SETTING: A private hemodialysis unit treating approximately 70 patients. PATIENTS: Detection of HCV RNA by PCR was performed among patients receiving dialysis in 2001. Case-patients were patients who had a first positive result for HCV RNA between January 2001 and January 2002 and either acute hepatitis, a seroconversion for HCV antibodies, or a previous negative result. Three control-patients were randomly selected per case-patient. RESULTS: Of the 61 patients treated in the unit in 2001 and not infected with HCV, 22 (36.1%) became case-patients with onset from May 2001 to January 2002 for an incidence density rate of 70 per 100 patient-years. Phylogenic analysis identified four distinct HCV groups and an index case-patient for each with a similar virus among patients already known to be infected. No multidose medication vials or material was shared between patients. Connection to a dialysis machine by a nurse who had connected an HCV-infected patient "just before" or "one patient before" increased the risk of HCV infection, whereas using the same dialysis machine after a patient infected with HCV did not. Understaffing, lack of training, and breaches in infection control were documented. Direct observation of practices revealed frequent flooding of blood into the double filter on the arterial pressure tubing set. CONCLUSIONS: During this outbreak, HCV transmission was mainly patient to patient via healthcare workers' hands. However, transmission via dialysis machines because of possible contamination of internal components could not be excluded.     

维持性血透患者丙型肝炎病毒感染的调查及危险因素探讨

目的对本院４８例维持性血透（ＨＤ）患者丙型肝炎病毒感染状况进行调查,并对其危险因素进行分析。方法采用第二代抗体检测试剂检测４８例ＨＤ患者ＨＣＶ抗体,另外采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法检测患者血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。同时测定肝酶ＡＬＴ。结果ＨＣＶ抗体阳性率为３５％,所有ＨＣＶ抗体阳性患者的血清中均检出ＨＣＶＲＮＡ,而ＨＣＶ抗体阴性患者的血清中有７例检出ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。血清ＡＬＴ水平的升高与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的存在并不总是相关,１７例ＨＣＶ抗体阳性且ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性的患者中仅１０例血清ＡＬＴ水平轻度升高。具有输血史的患者在ＨＣＶ抗体阳性组中所占的比例明显大于在ＨＣＶ阴性组中所占的比例。结论输血仍是引起ＨＤ患者ＨＣＶ感染的重要原因,ＨＣＶ抗体阳性率与ＨＤ患者透析时间有关,提示血液透析单位可能存在ＨＣＶ的医院感染     

血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒高变区核苷酸序列分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析（血透）患者感染丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的传播途径。方法应用核苷酸序列分析技术检测１５例血透患者感染的ＨＣＶ高变区（ＨＶＲ）核苷酸序列,并进行同源性比较。结果比较１５例血透患者ＨＣＶＨＶＲ核苷酸序列发现,分离株８、１２和１４间核苷酸序列同源性高达９７．００％,株４、５和１０间同源性高达９５．００％,株１、３～８、１０～１４相互间同源性均在８０．００％以上,这些患者均在同一房间透析或有共用透析机史;株２与其他各株间同源性为６１．２５％～６６．２５％,株９与其他各株间同源性５７．５０％～６７．５０％,两者均有大量输血史。结论血透患者感染ＨＣＶ的主要原因为输血,同时在血透环境中亦可能存在ＨＣＶ感染的医源性传播途径。     

Hepatitis C in Puerto Rico: a time for public health action

Studies investigating the seroprevalence of HCV infection have been carried out in diverse populations, showing an estimated worldwide prevalence of 3%. A seroprevalence survey conducted among randomly selected non-institutionalized adults aged 21-64 years in San Juan, Puerto Rico in 2001-2002 revealed that 6.3% were positive for HCV antibodies. These data suggest that Puerto Ricans are burdened with a significantly greater prevalence of HCV infection compared to the general United States population aged 20-69 years (0.9%-4.3%). This article illustrates data from different sources that taken together establish the need to start addressing HCV infection in Puerto Rico with prompt and decisive public health actions. Some of these include (1) establish hepatitis C prevention as a priority for state and municipal public health authorities, (2) raise awareness and educate target populations about HCV transmission and prevention, (3) increase clinician awareness of the HCV reporting system and the epidemiology and management of hepatitis C, (4) increase availability of diagnosis and treatment facilities, (5) increase access to effective drug treatment services, and (6) develop appropriate control measures to help reduce continued transmission in correctional settings.     

Nosocomial risk factors of hepatitis C infection. A multicenter study in a hospital-based population

PURPOSE: Drug abuse and blood transfusion are well known risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the route of transmission remains undetermined for 30% of HCV infections. The potential for nosocomial transmission of HCV in health care settings has been suggested but remains poorly estimated. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and to identify risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hospitalized patients frequently exposed to invasive procedures. METHOD: A multi-center sero-prevalence study was conducted in hospitalized patients who underwent invasive procedures in interventional radiology wards in 6 University hospitals in Paris between 1998 and 1999. Each patient presenting in the ward was consecutively interviewed by a medical investigator. Data were collected on a standardized questionnaire including items on socio-demographic characteristics, past exposure to intravenous drug use, blood transfusions, underlying diseases and type and number of previous invasive procedures. Before procedure, HCV antibody testing (ELISA) was performed in all patients after informed consent. In all HCV-positive patients, HCV viremia was detected using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overall, 91 of 944 (9.7%) patients were HCV-positive, of whom 90% had positive viremia and 10 were identified HCV positive by the screening. HCV prevalence decreased with age and ranged from 4.5% to 22% according to center. Logistic regression analysis showed that intravenous drug use, history of blood transfusions and endoscopy were found as independent risk factors for HCV infection (odds ratio [CI95%]: 77.3 [23.3-256.3], 4.7 [2.7-8.2] et 1.20 [1.01-1.44]). No other risk factor for nosocomial or iatrogenic transmission was identified. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, except for blood transfusions, other healthcare-related procedures may partly explain HCV transmission. This emphasizes the need to reinforce compliance with standard precautions of hygiene.