中青年与老年脑梗死临床特点和危险因素的比较

目的探讨中青年和老年脑梗死的临床特点及危险因素的差异,以提高防治效果。方法1998-03/2004-03安阳钢铁集团公司职工总医院神经内科将156例脑梗死患者按年龄分为中青年组32例(≤45岁)和老年组124例(≥60岁),比较分析两组间发病的危险因素及性别,梗死范围,并发症的特点。结果临床特点,中青年组女性仅占9%(3/32),老年组女性占44%(55/124)。中青年组发病以单灶梗死最多,老年组以多发梗死和/或腔隙性梗死为多见。老年组并发症明显高于中青年组。危险因素:饮酒和吸烟者中青年组分别为88%(28/32),81%(26/32),老年组分别为41%(52/124),34%(43/124),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);高血压、糖尿病患者中青年组分别为34%(11/32),6%(2/32);老年组分别为66%(82/124),15%(19/124),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。血脂水平两组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),但两组均>55%。结论饮酒、吸烟、男性是中青年人脑梗死的主要危险因素。     

60例老年急性心肌梗塞临床特征分析

回顾性分析60例老年急性心肌梗塞患者与同期确诊治疗的中青年患者60例(≤60岁)心电图、并发症和死亡率。老年组临床症状不典型,老年组多部位、正后壁及广泛前壁梗死较中青年组高,老年组高血压、糖尿病及高胆固醇血症明显高于青年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组临床症状不具统计学意义。老年AMI临床特点和危险因素不同于青年人,应针对老年人临床特征加以特殊治疗。     

青年急性心肌梗死患者临床特点及冠状动脉造影结果分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死青年患者的临床特点及冠状动脉造影结果,与老年患者进行比较,为青年冠心病一级和二级预防提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年12月我院治疗的青年心肌梗死患者66例(<45岁)和老年患者117例(60~80岁)的临床特点及冠状动脉造影结果。结果青年组高血压、冠心病家族史与老年组有统计学差异(P<0.01),吸烟、糖尿病无统计学差异(P>0.05);梗死部位两组间有统计学差异(P<0.01),青年组以前壁心肌梗死为主,老年组以下壁心肌梗死为主;老年组心功能较青年组差(P<0.05);青年组梗死相关血管以前降支为主,老年组以前降支、右冠为主;青年组以单支病变为主,老年组以多支病变为主(P<0.01);老年组心脏不良事件总发生率高于青年组,有统计学差异(P<0.01),心源性休克发生率最高,其次是恶性心律失常。结论青年急性心肌梗死特点及相关情况与老年人有较大差异,梗死部位、心功能、不良事件发生率都不同,预后好于老年患者,应针对不同人群采取不同的冠心病预防措施。     

中青年与老年脑梗死临床特点和危险因素的比较

目的探讨中青年和老年脑梗死的临床特点及危险因素的差异，以提高防治效果。方法1998—03／2004—03安阳钢铁集团公司职工总医院神经内科将1．56例脑梗死患者按年龄分为中青年组32例(≤45岁)和老年组124例(≥60岁)，比较分析两组间发病的危险因素及性别，梗死范围，并发症的特点。结果临床特点，中青年组女性仅占9％(3／32)，老年组女性占44％(55／124)。中青年组发病以单灶梗死最多，老年组以多发梗死和／或腔隙性梗死为多见。老年组并发症明显高于中青年组。危险因素：饮酒和吸烟者中青年组分别为88％(28／32)，81％(26／32)，老年组分别为41％(52／124)，34％(43／124)，两组比较差异有统计学意义(P&;lt;0．01)；高血压、糖尿病患者中青年组分别为34％(11／32)，6％(2／32)；老年组分别为66％(82／124)，15％(19／124)，两组比较差异有显著性意义(P&;lt;0．01)。血脂水平两组比较差异无显著性意义(P&;gt;0．05)，但两组均&;gt;55％。结论饮酒、吸烟、男性是中青年人脑梗死的主要危险因素。     

中青年冠心病的特点及其危险因素的分析

目的探讨中青年冠心病的临床和冠状动脉造影的特点,并且对其危险因素进行分析,以便更好地预防和治疗冠心病。方法对126例中青年组（≤50岁）和120例老年组（〉50岁）冠心病患者的临床资料（包括冠状动脉造影）进行回顾性分析和比较。结果中青年组以突然发病者居多,高血压、酗酒、家族史、高胆固醇、高LDL及低HDL者均高于老年组,但差异无统计学意义;老年组糖尿病和高尿酸者高于中青年组,但差异无统计学意义;中青年组抽烟、高甘油三酯多于老年组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组冠状动脉造影结果差异无统计学意义。结论中青年人与老年人在冠心病发病特点、危险因素、冠状动脉造影大致相似,但也存在一定的差异,其中吸烟、高甘油三酯血症是青年冠心病患者突出的危险因素,可促使其提早发生冠心病。     

青年急性心肌梗死临床特点与冠状动脉造影分析

目的探讨青年(≤45岁)急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床与冠状动脉造影特点。方法选择天津医科大学第二医院心脏科青年AMI(≤45岁)患者102例(青年组),老年AMI(60~75岁)患者100例(老年组),从危险因素、诱发因素、临床表现、生化指标、冠状动脉造影结果、并发症及预后方面进行比较。结果男性、吸烟史、饮酒史、早发冠心病家族史、高甘油三酯(TG)、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)以及高尿酸(UA)为青年组危险因素;老年组多存在高血压史和糖尿病史,空腹血糖水平高。青年组有明确诱因比例明显高于老年组52.0%(53/102)vs 28.0%(28/100)(P0.01);青年组发生典型心绞痛与老年组比较差异无统计学意义85.3%(87/102)vs 78.0%(78/100);青年组出现胸闷明显高于老年组31.4%(32/102)vs 16.0%(16/100)(P0.05);冠状动脉造影显示两组罪犯血管分布和血栓负荷差异无统计学意义,但青年组AMI多发生于前降支55.9%(57/102);青年组AMI单支病变、局限狭窄多见(P0.01);Gensini病变积分低(P0.05);与老年组比较,青年组并发症少,尤其是心律失常,心力衰竭发生率低,1周内病死率低(P0.01)。结论青年AMI的主要危险因素为男性、吸烟、饮酒、早发冠心病家族史、高TG、高UA及HDL-C降低,劳累和饮酒为主要诱发因素,单支、局限病变多见,Gensini评分低,并发症少,病死率低。     

中青年脑梗死危险因素分析

目的 研究中青年脑梗死患者危险因素,以有效控制中青年人脑梗死发病率.方法 对48例中青年脑梗死患者危险因素进行回顾性分析,并与同期住院的66例老年脑梗死患者高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、肥胖、吸烟、家族史等因素发生率进行对比分析.结果 中青年脑梗死患者吸烟、酗酒、超重、血尿酸、血脂异常发生率明显高于老年组(P<0.05),糖尿病患病率青年组明显低于老年组(P<0.05),两组高血压、家族史阳性发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 中青年人应特别注意避免抽烟、酗酒,应限制饮食,控制体重,降血脂,以减少脑梗死的发病率.     

中青年急性心肌梗死的临床特点

目的:探讨中青年(年龄≤50岁)急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床特点。方法:将45例年龄≤50岁的中青年AMI与45例同期收治的年龄>60岁的AMI进行回顾性对比分析,探讨其性别、危险因素、梗死部位、临床症状、并发症及预后方面的特点。结果:中青年急性心肌梗死男性患者占82.2％,有心血管疾病家族史者达26.7％,前壁、前间壁梗死发生率为53.3％,以典型胸痛起病者占68.9％,均高于老年组(P<0.05);但并发休克、心力衰竭及肺部感染者仅占2.2％、4.4％、24.4％,死亡率为6.7％,均低于老年组(P<0.05)。结论:中青年急性心肌梗死男性发病率高,多有冠心病或高血压家族史,以前壁、前间壁部位为主,胸痛典型,并发症少,预后好。     

中青年和老年急性心肌梗塞的临床对照研究

目的：探讨老年、中青年急性心肌梗（acute myocaldial infaration AMI）的心电图（electrocardlogram ECG）和冠状动脉病变的特点，以利于临床防治？方法：收集AMI病人76例？老年组43例（年龄〉60岁）？中青年组33例（年龄〈45岁）？比较两组间ECG和冠状动脉病变支数及部位。结果：中青年组AMI病人以单支病变为主，其中以左前降支多见。梗死部位以前（间）壁为主。老年组AMI以冠脉多支病变多见，梗死部位以广泛前壁多见。结论：中青年组和老年组AMI病人在冠脉病变和心肌梗死部位方面具有不同的特征     

青年人冠心病危险因素分析及护理对策

目的探讨青年人冠心病患者危险因素,为早期防治干预提供依据。方法对69例经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的患者分为两组。青年组(≤40岁)43例,老年组(≥60岁)126例,分析两组患者的冠心病危险因素,并对危险因素进行多元回归分析。结果青年组吸烟、高脂血症、肥胖、冠心病家族史明显高于老年组(P<0.01),老年组高血压、糖尿病较多。青年冠心病患者主要危险因素是男性、吸烟、冠心病家族史和高脂血症。结论青年冠心病患者的发病有其特殊性,对其进行相应的健康教育,提高自我保健水平,对于降低青年人冠心病的发病率是十分必要的。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.