农村地区空气污染人群暴露评价研究

目的了解我国农村欠发达地区空气污染的状况及农村人群对空气污染的实际暴露水平。方法选择安庆市所属两个县18个乡镇的189个家庭,对其室内、外空气污染水平进行环境监测 ,同时对上述家庭中年龄在15～65岁之间的488名调查对象进行入户问卷调查。结果被调查地区存在严重的室内外空气污染 ,污染物以可吸入颗粒物PM10 为主 ,厨房、卧室、庭院、田间分别为(518±27)μg/m3,(340±9)μg/m3,(287±9)μg/m3,(270±10)μg/m3,室内污染水平显著高于室外 (P<0.01) ;SO2 和CO的污染水平较低 (P>0.05)。结合个体暴露时间和环境暴露浓度对个体的综合空气污染暴露进行综合评价的结果显示 ,该地区农村居民冬季对PM10 的实际暴露水平明显高于国家卫生标准 ,而其室内外空气污染主要来源是由于做饭和取暖的燃料燃烧引起。结论该地区农村室内空气污染严重 ,污染物以PM10 为主     

室外空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统健康影响的研究

[目的]探讨沈阳市室外空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统健康的影响,筛选敏感效应指标。[方法]根据该市环保局大气污染监测资料,采取整群抽样的方法在轻、重污染区选取1、6年级学龄儿童各3000名,男女各半,进行呼吸系统健康问卷调查。并在此基上在轻、重污染区各抽取150名学龄儿童,男女各半,进行血清IgE测定。[结果]重污染区儿童咳嗽、咳痰、持续咳嗽、咳嗽咳痰、持续性咳嗽咳痰的阳性率均高于轻污染区儿童,差异有统计学意义﹙P﹤0.01﹚;重污染区肺炎和哮喘的发病率与轻污染区比较差异有统计学意义﹙P﹤0.05﹚,经非条件Logistic回归分析,居住在重污染区的学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病的危险度明显高于轻污染区的儿童,OR值﹥1。在控制其他因素后,学龄儿童呼吸系统健康与父母亲呼吸系统疾病史也呈正相关;血清IgE浓度比较,重污染区明显高于轻污染区﹙P﹤0.01﹚,且一年级血清IgE浓度更高,与空气污染程度一致。[结论]室外空气污染能引起学龄儿童呼吸系统健康的损害,父母亲呼吸系统疾病史也是危险因素之一。血清IgE可作为引起过敏反应的早期敏感效应指标。     

空气污染对交通警察呼吸系统影响

目的了解沈阳市空气污染暴露对交通警察呼吸系统影响, 为职业健康保护提供科学依据。方法通过问卷调查132名男性交通警察(外勤组79名, 内勤组53名)基本情况、呼吸道症状及肺功能相关指标, 比较2组呼吸系统健康状况。结果外勤组咳嗽、咳痰、气短、连续打喷嚏、鼻干燥、咽喉不适等呼吸系统不适症状发生率分别为64.56%、50.63%、35.44%、25.32%、48.10%和69.62%, 均高于内勤组的22.64%、28.30%、16.98%、9.43%、26.42%和32.08%(P<0.05);外勤组的肺功能指标肺活量(VC)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1.0)、呼气峰值流速(PEF)及实测值/预计值分别为(82.27±14.57)%、(84.63±15.97)%、(88.70±11.34)%、(72.62±21.20)%, 均低于内勤组的(94.25±12.28)%、(93.51±14.25)%、(96.64±12.33)%、(82.94±20.61)%(P<0.05);外勤组阻塞性和限制性通气功能障碍发生率分别为1.89%和7.55%, 明显高于内勤组的15.19%和20.25%(P<0.05)。结论空气污染暴露严重危害交通警察呼吸系统健康。     

不同微环境PM_(2.5)个体暴露量的初步研究

目的调查PM_(2.5)个体暴露水平,评估不同微环境的PM_(2.5)暴露量。方法于2014年10—11月在北京市招募时间-活动模式较为规律的7名办公室职员为调查对象,采用PM_(2.5)个体暴露追踪监测结合日志记录时间-活动模式的方式开展为期12 d的研究。结果调查对象在家、办公室和交通微环境(步行、公交车、地铁、私家车、出租车、自行车)的日均暴露时间分别为13.1、6.0、2.7 h;24 h的PM_(2.5)个体暴露日均浓度为119μg/m~3,家、办公室和交通微环境的PM_(2.5)暴露日均浓度分别为105、127、152μg/m~3;24 h PM_(2.5)个体暴露量为119μg/(m~3·d),家、办公室和交通的PM_(2.5)暴露量分别为61、32、13μg/(m~3·d),三种微环境的PM_(2.5)暴露量之和占总暴露量的67.6%~100%。结论调查人群的PM_(2.5)个体暴露水平较高,应予以高度重视;家、办公室和交通是主要的PM_(2.5)暴露环境,应对PM_(2.5)污染应优先考虑采取干预措施。     

太原市空气污染对小学生呼吸系统症状的急性影响

目的 了解太原市重工业造成的空气污染对儿童呼吸系统症状的急性影响,探讨儿童呼吸系统症状与空气污染的相关性.方法 于2008年7月1日-2009年6月30日以定群研究方法选择479名6～11岁儿童,通过填写小学生健康日志来记录每日呼吸系统症状.同时收集距学校1.5 km处空气监测点PM10、SO2、NO2、CO日均浓度.应用广义估计方程(GEE)建立空气污染与小学生呼吸系统症状的剂量反应关系,估计污染物危险度.结果 调整了个体水平的危险因素之后,SO2影响的估计值稳定.在滞后效应中,lag1～lag 3和lag 5危险度相对较高,SO2浓度每升高1个四分位数间距(63 μg/m3),儿童呼吸系统症状增加8％～17％.在累积效应中,危险度随累积天数的增加而上升,SO2浓度每升高1个四分位数间距,儿童呼吸系统症状增加25％～74％.累积效应大于滞后效应.调整了其他污染物的影响之后,SO2的危险度略有升高,分析结果仍有统计学意义.结论 大气SO2污染可能导致本次调查的小学生呼吸系统症状发生率上升.     

污染区人群砷累积暴露量及与砷中毒的关系砷污染区人群砷累积暴露量的估计

利用人群流行病学调查资料 ,通过估计人群累积呼吸量和大米食用量的方法 ,估算了污染区人群经呼吸和饮食的累积砷暴露量。并对如何评价人群环境污染物暴露水平的方法进行了探讨。不考虑非污染期经呼吸道的砷暴露时 ,所估计的污染区人群最大累积砷暴露量 ,经呼吸道途径 ,女性为 5 91 4mg ,男性为6 12 9mg。消化道途径为 34 88 74mg,合计女性为 40 80 14mg ,男性为 410 1 6 6mg。按污染时间折算成每日暴露量 :女性为 34 9 1μg (天·人 ) ,男性为 35 0 9μg (天·人 ) ,约为调查时所计算日均暴露量的 80 %左右     

污染区人群砷累积暴露量及与砷中毒的关系——人群砷累积暴露量与砷中毒的关系

报道了砷污染区人群患砷吸收和砷中毒情况的流行病学调查结果。在估计人群对砷累积暴露量的基础上 ,探讨了砷累积暴露量与人群砷中毒患病率的关系。结果发现 :在 795人的被调查人群中 ,有 674人出现砷吸收症状 ,其中 60 98%出现在 30岁及以下年龄组人群。有 83人被诊断为砷中毒 ,其中 97 59%分布在 30岁及以上年龄组人群。另外 ,在 1 5岁年龄组中出现 1例砷中毒患者 ,该组人群的累积砷暴露量为1 846 47mg。人群砷中毒的患病率在 30岁年龄组开始出现明显上升 ,其对应的累积砷暴露量为 3833 42mg。以累积砷暴露量对年龄组人群砷中毒患病率进行曲线拟合 ,得到人群砷中毒患病率与累积砷暴露量之间的曲线方程式 :Y =X1 843 e1 2 694- 2 866 ,r2 =0 945。     

地理信息系统在空气污染暴露评估中的应用

近年来地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)与相关空间分析技术的不断进步,使其成为空气污染暴露评估颇有潜力的研究工具。各种基于GIS平台的暴露评估模型使得在较广的地理范围内实现较高精度的暴露评估成为可能。本文从邻近性模型、插值模型、土地利用回归模型、扩散模型以及混合模型等5种主流的空气污染暴露模型角度,分别就GIS在空气污染暴露评估中的应用进行了阐述。同时结合各种模型的优缺点,提出未来研究应充分发挥GIS技术的优势,推广应用符合研究地区实际情况的混合模型。     

室外空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响

目的 探讨空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的危害，根据本溪市历年空气质量监测结果，对不同污染区的儿童健康状况进行调查。方法 采取整群抽样方法，在本溪市轻、中、重污染区随机抽取小学和幼儿园各一所，全部幼童为调查对象。结果 本溪市儿童持续咳嗽、咯痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣及喘鸣样症状的发生率分别为11．89％，5．44％，1．15％，0．62％，6．98％，5．83％。幼儿呼吸系统各病症发生率均高于学龄儿童的发生率；除幼儿男性持续咳嗽发生率低于女性的发生率外(OR=0．69，95％CI=0．49～0．98)，性别间差异无统计学意义。重、中污染区儿童的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率，其中重污染区儿童喘鸣样症状的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率(OR=1．50，95％CI=1．01～2．25)。沿街居住可使儿童呼吸系统疾病及症状的发生率增高，随着住房与交通干线距离的接近，儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生率也呈现增高趋势。易感因素与室外空气污染的联合作用较强，呼吸系统各种疾病的发生率均以受其他因素影响的易感儿童为高，无其他因素影响的非易感儿童发生率为低。结论 室外空气污染是儿童呼吸系统健康的影响因素。     

手术室空气污染对手术暴露野感染的影响

目前 ,医院感染越来越受到人们的重视。对于外科病人 ,在手术时减少或杜绝感染是控制医院感染的重要环节。手术室的消毒、隔离措施与外科手术病人的术后感染有直接关系。以心直视术这一无菌手术为例 ,在非净化的无菌手术间 ,对 80例心直视术术前、术后 (关胸骨时 )和根据手术时间长短对手术间空气进行分类检测 ,同时 ,也对该手术关胸骨前的纵隔冲洗液和术后纵隔引流液进行检测 ,摸索出纵隔冲洗的方法及次数 ,以尽可能减少手术暴露野的细菌污染 ,现将结果报告如下。材料与方法1　材料　取非净化的无菌手术间一间 ,面积为 32ｍ2 (体积为 10 5…     

自贡市沿滩区不同人群的艾滋病知识及态度分析

目的对辖区内的暗娼、中学生和大众人群的艾滋病知识、态度和行为进行调查分析,为有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法采用分层抽样的方法获取暗娼人群、在校中学生,大众人群用健康问卷调查表进行面对面的访谈式调查,所有数据用Epidata录入,应用SPSS13．0软件处理数据,采用χ^2检验、多元线性回归和logistic回归等方法进行统计分析。结果共调查暗娼200名,中学生500名和大众人群500名,对艾滋病相关知识综合知晓率分别为70．38％、66．10％和59．35％,暗娼的艾滋病相关知识情况最好,其次是中学生,大众人群最低;3组人群所有知识点的知晓率都存在统计学差异;年龄、性伴和文化程度是暗娼人群艾滋病知识知晓情况的影响因素,性别、学校类型和年龄是中学生艾滋病知识知晓情况的影响因素,社区类别、年龄、性伴、文化程度是大众人群艾滋病知识知晓情况的影响因素;大众人群和中学生对待艾滋病家人的正性态度持有率为47．5％,其中大众人群为42．3％,中学生为54．8％;大众人群和中学生对待艾滋病同学的正性态度持有率为55．2％,其中大众人群为39．2％,中学生为71．2％。结论沿滩区艾滋病相关知识知晓率较低,尤其是中学生和大众人群更低,今后沿滩区艾滋病健康教育工作,在继续搞好暗娼行为干预的基础上,要加强大众人群宣传和学生健康教育。     

Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Blood Pressure in the Sister Study

Background

Exposure to air pollution has been consistently associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but mechanisms remain uncertain. Associations with blood pressure (BP) may help to explain the cardiovascular effects of air pollution.

Objective

We examined the cross-sectional relationship between long-term (annual average) residential air pollution exposure and BP in the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ Sister Study, a large U.S. cohort study investigating risk factors for breast cancer and other outcomes.

Methods

This analysis included 43,629 women 35–76 years of age, enrolled 2003–2009, who had a sister with breast cancer. Geographic information systems contributed to satellite-based nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM_2.5) predictions at participant residences at study entry. Generalized additive models were used to examine the relationship between pollutants and measured BP at study entry, adjusting for cardiovascular disease risk factors and including thin plate splines for potential spatial confounding.

Results

A 10-μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 was associated with 1.4-mmHg higher systolic BP (95% CI: 0.6, 2.3; p < 0.001), 1.0-mmHg higher pulse pressure (95% CI: 0.4, 1.7; p = 0.001), 0.8-mmHg higher mean arterial pressure (95% CI: 0.2, 1.4; p = 0.01), and no significant association with diastolic BP. A 10-ppb increase in NO₂ was associated with a 0.4-mmHg (95% CI: 0.2, 0.6; p < 0.001) higher pulse pressure.

Conclusions

Long-term PM_2.5 and NO₂ exposures were associated with higher blood pressure. On a population scale, such air pollution–related increases in blood pressure could, in part, account for the increases in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality seen in prior studies.

Citation

Chan SH, Van Hee VC, Bergen S, Szpiro AA, DeRoo LA, London SJ, Marshall JD, Kaufman JD, Sandler DP. 2015. Long-term air pollution exposure and blood pressure in the Sister Study. Environ Health Perspect 123:951–958; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408125     

Physical Activity- and Alcohol-dependent Association Between Air Pollution Exposure and Elevated Liver Enzyme Levels: An Elderly Panel Study

Objectives:

The deleterious effects of air pollution on various health outcomes have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels.

Methods:

Blood samples were drawn up to three times between 2008 and 2010 from 545 elderly individuals who regularly visited a community welfare center in Seoul, Korea. Data regarding ambient air pollutants (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm [PM_2.5], nitrogen dioxide [NO₂], ozone [O₃], carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide) from monitoring stations were used to estimate air pollution exposure. The effects of the air pollutants on the concentrations of three liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase [γ-GTP)]) were evaluated using generalized additive and linear mixed models.

Results:

Interquartile range increases in the concentrations of the pollutants showed significant associations of PM_2.5 with AST (3.0% increase, p=0.0052), ALT (3.2% increase, p=0.0313), and γ-GTP (5.0% increase, p=0.0051) levels; NO₂ with AST (3.5% increase, p=0.0060) and ALT (3.8% increase, p=0.0179) levels; and O₃ with γ-GTP (5.3% increase, p=0.0324) levels. Significant modification of these effects by exercise and alcohol consumption was found (p for interaction <0.05). The effects of air pollutants were greater in non-exercisers and heavy drinkers.

Conclusions:

Short-term exposure to air pollutants such as PM_2.5, NO₂, and O₃ is associated with increased liver enzyme levels in the elderly. These adverse effects can be reduced by exercising regularly and abstinence from alcohol.     

Importance of the Indoor Environment in Air Pollution Exposure

A portable personal air pollution sampler was used to measure the exposure of twenty children to respirable particulates, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide over a 24-hour period. Particulate exposures were significantly higher among children who lived with one or more smokers, and exceeded the primary air quality standard in nineteen of the twenty subjects. To a large extent, an individual’s respirable particulate load appears to be determined by exposure to indoor rather than outdoor pollutants.     

宣威室内空气污染物的鉴定及个体接触浓度

宣威县是农村肺癌高发区。流行病学调查、毒理学实验、环境污染物的监测等研究已表明肺癌高发的原因与燃煤造成的空气污染有关。为进一步证实这一病因学说,我们对肺癌死亡率高的乡选代表性住户对不同性别的居民进行了个体接触污染物浓度的监测。同时选死亡率低的乡进行对照。监测的项目有:一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氧化氮、甲醛、挥发性有机物、气相及固相多环芳烃及多种无机元素;同时也观察了颗粒物的粒度分布及粒子的外形。结果表明,多环芳烃仍为癌症的主要原因。     

Air Pollution Exposure and Markers of Placental Growth and Function: The Generation R Study

Background: Air pollution exposure during pregnancy might affect placental growth and function, perhaps leading to pregnancy complications.Objective: We prospectively evaluated the associations of maternal air pollution exposure with markers of placental growth and function among 7,801 pregnant women in the Netherlands.Methods: We estimated levels of particulate matter ≤ 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) at the home address for different periods during pregnancy using dispersion modeling techniques. Pro- and anti-angiogenic factors [placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), respectively] were measured in first- and second-trimester maternal blood and in fetal cord blood samples at delivery. Pulsatility index of the uterine and umbilical arteries was measured by Doppler ultrasound in second and third trimester, and notching was assessed in third trimester. Placenta weight and birth weight were obtained from medical records.Results: Higher PM₁₀ and NO₂ exposure levels were associated with lower second-trimester maternal sFlt-1 and PlGF levels. PM₁₀ and NO₂ exposures averaged over total pregnancy were associated with higher sFlt-1 and lower PlGF levels in fetal cord blood, consistent with an anti-angiogenic state. PM₁₀ and NO₂ exposures were not consistently associated with second- or third-trimester placental resistance indices. NO₂ exposure was associated with third-trimester notching (odds ratio 1.33; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.78 per 10-µg/m³ increase in the prior 2 months). PM₁₀ and NO₂ exposures were associated with lower placenta weight (–11.8 g; 95% CI: –20.9, –2.7, and –10.7 g; 95% CI: –19.0, –2.4, respectively, per 10-µg/m³ increase in the prior 2 months), but not with placenta to birth weight ratio.Conclusions: Our results suggest that maternal air pollution exposure may influence markers of placental growth and function. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore the maternal and fetal consequences.