电视胸腔镜与小切口开胸手术治疗食管良性疾病的比较

目的比较电视胸腔镜手术与小切口开胸手术治疗食管良性疾病的临床效果和适应证。方法1995年1月至2007年1月我院胸外科应用微创手术治疗食管良性疾病患者52例。其中贲门失弛缓17例,食管平滑肌瘤24例,食管憩室7例,食管脂肪瘤1例,食管囊肿1例,贲门失弛缓合并食管憩室1例,贲门失弛缓球囊扩张食管破裂1例。根据手术方式分为电视胸腔镜手术组25例,小切口开胸手术组27例。结果两组患者手术治疗效果均良好,无术后并发症,无手术死亡。电视胸腔镜手术组有2例因胸腔内广泛粘连和食管黏膜损伤中转开胸。两组患者手术时间、术后胸腔闭式引流时间、胃肠减压时间以及术后住院时间均无明显差异。结论电视胸腔镜手术和小切口开胸手术治疗食管良性疾病安全有效,术后恢复快。电视胸腔镜手术切口符合美观要求,可作为治疗食管良性疾病的常规术式。小切口开胸手术更适合于病情较复杂的患者。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病76例

目的总结电视胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病的经验，推广其治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995年3月～2004年12月我院76例食管良性疾病患者被施行胸腔镜手术的临床资料，其中贲门失弛缓症42例，食管平滑肌瘤28例，食管囊肿2例，食管憩室3例，食管肉芽肿1例；75例经胸腔镜完成手术，1例巨大食管平滑肌瘤转开胸手术。结果术中发生食管黏膜破裂5例，1例食管憩室术后胸膜腔感染；本组无手术死亡患者。手术时间40～135min，平均72.4min；带胸腔引流管时间0～14d，平均3.4d；术后住院时间6～15d，平均9.4d。2003年12月以前贲门失弛缓症手术38例，随访36例，随访时间4～92个月，平均35.4个月；2例失访。36例中33例进食无哽噎，3例轻度间歇吞咽困难，2例伴有不同程度反酸或烧心。结论采用胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病技术操作是可行的，达到了与传统开胸手术相似的结果，可作为某些食管良性疾病手术的首选方法。     

电子纤维食管镜在食管良性疾病电视胸腔镜手术中的作用

目的：探讨电子纤维食管镜在电视胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病操作中的作用。方法：对38例食管良性疾病患者行电视胸腔镜手术,术中使用电子纤维食管镜协助,进行病变定位、肿物剥离、病变切除及保护食管粘膜等操作。结果：36例患者手术经过顺利,术后恢复平稳,无食管胸膜瘘等严重手术并发及手术死亡病例;2例患者因病情需要中转开胸。结论：在采用电视胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病过程中,合理应用电子纤维食管镜可使手术操作更加准确、安全、可靠、便捷。     

胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病18例报告

目的探讨胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病的疗效。方法2002年6月-2008年3月对18例食管良性疾病（食管平滑肌瘤6例,贲门失弛缓症9例,食管囊肿2例,食管憩室1例）施行胸腔镜手术,食管平滑肌瘤切开肌层,剥离肿瘤,确认黏膜无损伤后缝合肌层;贲门失弛缓症切开食管肌层近端至肺下静脉,远端切开胃壁肌层0.5-1 cm。结果14例在胸腔镜下完成手术,4例辅助小切口。手术时间55-180 min,平均78 min。术中出血15-100 ml,平均40 ml。术后住院时间5-9 d,平均7 d。全组无死亡病例。18例术后随访1-70个月,平均26个月,9例贲门失弛缓症中8例吞咽梗阻症状完全消失,1例仍有轻微吞咽梗阻,1例有反流现象,其余11例术前症状均缓解。结论胸腔镜手术治疗食管良性疾病创伤小,术后恢复快,治疗效果满意。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗食管平滑肌瘤

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术治疗食管平滑肌瘤的安全性和可行性。方法1996年9月～2009年2月共施行电视胸腔镜食管平滑肌瘤摘除术49例。手术通过3～4个胸壁小切口完成,镜下剥离摘除食管平滑肌瘤操作与开胸手术基本相同。结果42例在胸腔镜下顺利完成手术,7例中转开胸（2例因胸膜腔致密粘连,3例因肿瘤〈1.0cm,胸腔镜下无法定位,2例因肿瘤较大并与食管黏膜粘连紧密）。手术时间平均90min（50～210min）,肿瘤长径平均3.7cm（0.5～10.0cm）,无严重并发症及手术死亡。43例随访1～73个月,平均27.1月,无复发。结论电视胸腔镜食管平滑肌瘤摘除术安全可靠,可替代大部分常规开胸手术。     

食管平滑肌瘤的微创手术治疗

目的探讨微创手术在食管平滑肌瘤治疗中的临床应用价值. 方法回顾性分析1996年9月～2002年10月26例食管平滑肌瘤采用微创手术治疗的临床资料. 结果电视胸腔镜食管平滑肌瘤摘除术23例,其中3例(2例胸膜腔紧密粘连,1例肿瘤无法定位)中转开胸(胸腔镜辅助小切口);经颈部食管平滑肌瘤摘除术2例;经食管镜食管平滑肌瘤切除1例.26例手术顺利,术后恢复平稳,无手术死亡及严重并发症,术后病理诊断均为平滑肌瘤.随访2～73个月,平均32.3个月,无复发. 结论电视胸腔镜肌瘤摘除术可作为食管固有肌层平滑肌瘤的首选治疗方法,对于食管粘膜肌层的平滑肌瘤,可考虑经食管镜切除.     

电视胸腔镜食管切除术在食管癌外科治疗中的应用

目的分析电视胸腔镜食管切除术对于食管癌患者的手术安全性和有效性。方法2004年6月至2007年10月。共有36例食管癌患者行胸腔镜食管切除术。食管上段癌5例，食管中段癌25例，食管下段癌6例。其中2例患者既往有胃大部切除手术史，1例患者行术前化疗。手术采用胸腔镜游离胸段食管并清扫纵隔淋巴结，开腹游离胃行食管胃颈部吻合。结果平均手术时间250（190-330）min。其中胸部手术时间平均为70（50-150）min，术中出血量165（100～350）ml，术后胸腔引流管放置时间平均2．9d，平均住院时间8．7d。平均清扫淋巴结14．3枚，其中胸部淋巴结8．2枚。无围手术期死亡，共有11例（30．6％）患者出现术后并发症。结论电视胸腔镜食管切除术治疗食管癌在技术上是安全可行的，有望减少手术创伤，降低肺部并发症的发生。     

食管良性疾病的腔镜微创治疗应用体会

目的：总结我院近年来开展微创治疗食管良性疾病的手术经验及治疗效果。方法回顾研究自2007-2013年以来,我院应用胸腔镜及腹腔镜微创手段治疗食管良性疾病,包括食管平滑肌瘤、贲门失弛缓、胃-食管返流性疾病等33例的临床资料。结果本组33例患者手术全部腔镜下完成,手术过程顺利,无死亡病例,无中转开胸或开腹病例,无消化道黏膜破损,总体效果良好。手术时间40~150 min,平均96.6 min。手术出血量15~70 ml,平均26.42 ml。结论食管良性疾病的微创治疗效果良好、创伤小、恢复快,具有较好的应用价值及发展前景。     

电视胸腔镜手术的临床应用

目的探讨和总结电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)诊断及治疗各种胸部疾病的可行性。方法总结269例电视胸腔镜手术，包括肺大疱切除、肺叶或肺楔形切除、肺癌根治、肺减容术、纵隔肿瘤切除、食管切除、动脉导管结扎、胸水处理和其他手术。结果全组除3例因胸膜广泛粘连和1例肺裂发育不全中转开胸手术外，其余均手术成功。VATS手术平均时间为53．6min，胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口手术平均时间为136min，术后平均住院时间lO．4d。发生围术期并发症11例，占4、1％，死亡2例，其余均治愈。随访1～65个月，良性病变术后康复良好，无术后复发。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲa期肺癌术后其3年生存率为91．9％、48．0％和33、3％。结论随着内镜器械及手术技术的成熟和发展，VATS治疗部分胸部疾病是安全可行的，它比传统开胸手术有更多的优势，已成为现代胸外科的重要技术。     

胸腔镜微创外科治疗食管疾病

目的　探讨胸腔镜治疗食管疾病的可行性 ,并介绍手术具体操作方法。方法　 1995年 3月以来 ,经胸腔镜施行食管疾病手术 5 5例 ,包括食管平滑肌瘤切除术 13例 ,贲门失弛缓症肌层切开术2 2例 ,胸段食管癌切除 18例 ,食管憩室切除 2例。结果　除 4例因胸腔粘连和肿瘤外侵周围组织严重转开胸手术外 ,其余病例顺利完成手术。术后发生并发症 5例 ,无手术死亡。结论　胸腔镜治疗某些食管疾病就技术而言是可行的 ,对食管恶性肿瘤应当严格掌握适应证 ,注意肿瘤根治程度     

Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for benign and malignant disease: lessons learned from 46 consecutive procedures

BACKGROUND: Transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectomy are common approaches for esophageal resection. The literature is limited regarding the combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approach to esophagectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for the treatment of benign and malignant esophageal disease. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective chart review of 46 consecutive minimally invasive esophagectomies performed between August 1998 and September 2002. Indications for esophagectomy were carcinoma (n = 38), Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia (n = 3), and recalcitrant stricture (n = 5). Of 38 patients with carcinoma 23 (61%) had neoadjuvant therapy. The main outcome measures were operative time, blood loss, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, conversion rate, morbidity, mortality, pathology, disease recurrence, and survival. RESULTS: Approaches to esophagectomy were thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy (n = 41), thoracoscopic and laparoscopic Ivor Lewis resection (n = 3), abdominal only laparoscopic esophagogastrectomy (n = 1), and hand-assisted laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy (n = 1). Minimally invasive esophagectomy was successfully completed in 45 (97.8%) of 46 patients. The mean operative time was 350 +/- 75 minutes and the mean blood loss was 279 +/- 184 mL. The median length of intensive care unit stay was 2 days and median length of stay was 8 days. Major complications occurred in 17.4% of patients and minor complications occurred in 10.8%. Late complications were seen in 26.1% of patients. The overall mortality was 4.3%. Among the 38 patients who underwent esophagectomy for cancer the 3-year survival was 57%. In a mean followup of 26 months there was no trocar site or neck wound recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: A thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approach to esophagectomy is technically feasible and safe for the treatment of benign and malignant esophageal disease. With a mean followup of 26 months thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy appears to be an oncologically acceptable surgical approach for the treatment of esophageal cancer.     

Minimally invasive esophageal resection

Esophagus resection is the adequate treatment for some benign esophageal diseases, especially caustic and peptic stenosis and end-stage motility dysfunction. However, the most frequent indications for esophageal resection are the high-grade dysplasia of Barrett esophagus and nonmetastasized esophageal cancer. Different procedures have been developed to perform esophageal resection given the 5-year survival rate among operated patients of only 18%. The disadvantage of the conventional approach is the high morbidity rate, especially with pulmonary complications. Minimally invasive esophageal resections, which were first performed in 1991, may reduce this important morbidity and preserve the oncologic outcome. The first reports of morbidity and respiratory complications with this approach were discouraging and it seemed likely that the procedure would have to be abandoned. However, in the last 5 years, an important impetus for these techniques was given by Japanese groups and the group of Luketich in Pittsburgh. The outcomes of these new series are different than those of the beginning period, leading to an enormous expansion worldwide. Important factors for this change are the standardization of the operative technique, the experience of many surgeons with more advanced laparoscopic procedures, important improvements in instruments for dissection and division of tissues, a better anesthesia technique, and a better selection of patients for operation. Two minimally invasive techniques are being perfected: the three-stage operation by right thoracoscopy and laparoscopy, and the transhiatal laparoscopic approach. It seems that the first approach may be applied successfully for any tumor in the esophagus, whereas the transhiatal seems ideal for distal esophageal and esophagogastric junction tumors. This review paper discusses all these aspects, with special attention for indications and operative technique.     

胸、腹腔镜联合食管癌手术的临床分析

目的:探讨胸腹腔镜联合手术治疗食管癌的可行性和疗效,并总结相关临床经验。方法:2010年3月至2010年8月采用胸腔镜联合腹腔镜施行7例食管癌切除术,肿瘤均位于食管中上段,行胃体游离并经食管床上提胃体(管状胃)行食管胃颈部吻合术。结果:所有患者均顺利完成腔镜手术,无中转开胸病例,手术时间平均260min,术中平均出血200ml。平均清扫淋巴结12.8枚。术后下床活动时间平均3d,术后平均住院12d。术后1例发生吻合口漏,无其他并发症发生。患者均康复出院,术后随访2～8个月,均恢复良好。结论:胸、腹腔镜联合食管切除术较常规食管癌手术患者创伤小,术后康复快,且淋巴结清扫彻底,值得临床推广。     

胸、腹腔镜联合微创治疗食管癌的应用体会

目的:总结胸、腹腔镜联合微创治疗食管癌的临床经验.方法:回顾分析2007年8月至2010年4月为91例患者行胸、腹腔镜微创食管癌切除术的临床资料,其中食管上段癌16例,中段47例,下段28例.结果:本组手术均获成功.手术时间180~330min,平均260.4min,胸腔镜时间50~125min,腹腔镜时间38~90m...     

Minimally invasive surgical enucleation or esophagogastrectomy for benign tumor of the esophagus

Experience in surgical resection of benign tumor of the esophagus is limited. Authors performed a chart review of 5 patients who underwent minimally invasive surgical resection of benign esophageal tumor. Main outcome measures included operative approaches, tumor's location and size, and outcomes. Tumor location were middle esophagus (n = 1), distal esophagus (n = 2), and gastroesophageal junction (n = 2). There were 4 females with a mean age of 55 years. Surgical approaches included thoracoscopic enucleation (n = 1), laparoscopic enucleation (n = 1), and laparoscopic and thoracoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy (n = 3). There were no open conversions. Mean operative time for enucleation was 127 minutes and 240 minutes for Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Mean hospital stay was 5.8 days. There were no major or minor complications. Three patients developed stomal stenosis. The 30-day mortality was zero. Surgical pathology showed leiomyoma in 3 patients and gastrointestinal stromal tumor in 2 patients. Tumor size ranged from 1.1 to 10.5 cm. There has been no tumor recurrence at a mean follow-up of 14 months. Minimally invasive surgical enucleation or esophagogastrectomy for benign esophageal tumor is feasible and safe. The optimal approaches should be tailored based on the location and size of the tumor.     

The technique of laparoscopic-thoracoscopic esophageal resection for esophageal cancer--first experiences

Esophageal resection for carcinoma is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. Minimally invasive techniques are regarded to reduce operative trauma. However, to date only few studies on minimally invasive esophageal resection have been published. We describe in detail the technique of combined laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophageal resection with gastric-pull-up and conventional open cervical anastomosis for esophageal squamous carcinoma. Prone positioning of the patient with bilateral lung ventilation was used during the thoracoscopic part of the operation. Our first experiences in 5 patients confirm the feasibility of the technique. We did not observe any surgical related adverse incidences and found the typically advantages of minimally invasive surgery, such as early mobility, less pain and a comfortable cosmetic result in our patients. Although the number of procedures is to low to decide the value of minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer, we think it could be a promising technology to reduce mortality and morbidity for esophageal resection.     

Surgical Treatment of Cancer of the Thoracic Esophagus in Association With a Major Pulmonary Operation

Background: Pulmonary complications have been a major cause of mortality after operations for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Although the risk involved in esophagectomy associated with a major pulmonary operation is expected to be high, it has seldom been evaluated on the basis of clinical experience.

Study Design: Of 408 patients who underwent esophagectomy, 8 had previously undergone major pulmonary operation (7 for tuberculosis and 1 for pulmonary cancer) and 10 underwent concurrent major pulmonary resection (7 for pulmonary invasion of esophageal cancer, 2 for synchronous pulmonary cancer, 1 for extensive bronchiectasia). All patients underwent systematic lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer, except one patient with mucosal cancer. To prevent postoperative complications, the operative approach and dissection procedures for esophageal cancer were modified according to the associated pulmonary operation and the extent of cancer invasion. All thoracotomies for esophagectomy were performed on the same side as the major pulmonary operation. Additional median sternotomy was performed when necessary. In the most recent 8 patients who underwent major pulmonary resection concurrent with esophagectomy, the bronchial stump was covered with a pedicle flap.

Results: Of the 18 patients who underwent pulmonary operation, postoperative complications developed in 13 of the 18 object patients, but none was fatal. The 3-year survival rate was 45%. All deaths were caused by esophageal cancer or another cancer.

Conclusions: Aggressive esophagectomy associated with major pulmonary operation is not contraindicated in patients with fair risk conditions. The operative procedures for esophagectomy should be appropriately modified to minimize the effect of the associated pulmonary operation. Special care should be taken with respect to the approach for mediastinal dissection and closure of the bronchial stump.     

Video-assisted surgical management of achalasia of the esophagus.

PURPOSE: Video-assisted surgical approaches to esophageal achalasia continue to be explored by many surgeons involved in the management of this motor disorder. We report our experience with thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagomyotomy to more clearly define the efficacy and safety of these approaches. PATIENTS: Over 73 months, 58 patients with achalasia underwent thoracoscopic myotomy (n = 19) alone or laparoscopic myotomy (n = 39) with partial fundoplication (anterior = 15; posterior = 24). Mean age was 47.2 years and average length of symptoms was 60 months. Primary symptoms were as follows: dysphagia, 100%; pulmonary abnormalities, 22%; weight loss; 47%, and pain, 45%. Mean esophageal diameter was 6 cm and tortuosity was present in 16% (9/58) of patients. Prior management consisted of dilation (n = 47), botulinum toxin injection (n = 8), and prior myotomy (n = 1). METHODS: In the operating room all patients underwent endoscopic examination and evacuation of retained esophageal contents. The esophagomyotomy was extended 4 cm superiorly and inferiorly to 1 cm beyond the lower esophageal sphincter. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic procedures were completed in all patients without conversion to an open operation. Mean operative time was 183 minutes (+/-58.1) and hospital stay averaged 2.3 days (+/-0.8). There was no operative mortality. The 1 operative complication was a perforation that was identified during the operation and repaired thoracoscopically. RESULTS: Symptoms improved in 97% of patients. Mean dysphagia scores (range 0-10) decreased from 9.8 +/- 1.6 before the operation to 2.0 +/- 1.5 after the operation (P <.001) at a mean follow-up of 6 months. Postoperative reflux symptoms developed in 5% (1/19) of the thoracoscopy group and 8% (4/39) of the laparoscopy group. Nine patients have persistent or recurrent dysphagia (16%). Seven patients have successfully undergone Savary dilation, and 2 required esophagectomy to manage recalcitrant dysphagia. CONCLUSION: At this intermediate term analysis, video-assisted approaches for management of achalasia are a reasonable alternative to extended medical therapy or open operations.