阿尔茨海默病患者脑神经递质变化及分布特点研究

目的:研究阿尔茨海默病患者(Alzheimer’s Disease,AD)脑内神经递质变化特点,并探讨其与痴呆严重程度的关系。方法:选取齐齐哈尔和哈尔滨城区经简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)评定,并临床确诊的AD患者30例为病例组,一般情况相匹配的非AD健康者30例为对照组,应用脑电超慢涨落分析技术(encephal of lutuograph technology,ET),对病例组和对照组脑内神经水平进行检测,分析AD患者脑神经递质变化的特点及其与MMSE评分之间的相关性。结果:病例组脑内γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸(Glu)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)四种神经递质较对照组降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);相关性分析表明:GABA、5-HT和Ach的神经递质水平与MMSE评分呈正相关,GABA与MMSE评分的相关系数为r=0.422,P0.05;5-HT与MMSE评分的相关系数为r=0.417,P0.05;Ach与MMSE评分的相关系数为r=0.450,P0.05。结论:AD患者脑内神经递质存在GABA、Glu、5-HT、Ach降低的变化,GABA、5-HT和Ach的神经递质水平与痴呆严重程度呈正相关。     

精神分裂症患者大脑局部神经递质功率的研究

目的利用脑涨落图仪（EFG）检测精神分裂症患者脑内各区神经递质的变化特点,探讨其对精神分裂症患者的临床意义。方法39例精神分裂症患者,49例对照组,采用脑涨落图仪检测两组脑内各区脑电功率信号,分析精神分裂症患者脑内各区神经递质变化的特点。结果患者组在左右额区、左右中央区、左右前颞等脑区的兴奋递质3、5-HT、Ach、兴奋递质6、NE、DA、抑制递质13的功率明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）;左右枕区的Glu相对功率显著高于对照组,右枕区GABA相对功率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论精神分裂症患者的大脑功能异常涉及额叶、颞叶、中央区等多个脑区。     

脑涨落图仪在抑郁症失眠患者中的临床应用

目的 探讨脑涨落图仪检测抑郁症失眠患者脑内神经递质活动变化的特点.方法 选择45例抑郁症失眠患者,45例健康体检者作为对照.治疗前给予两组HAMD、PSQI和SCL-90量表评定.治疗前及常规治疗1个月后,运用脑涨落图仪分析技术检测脑内6种神经递质的值.结果 治疗前患者组HAMD、PSQI和SCL-90量表评定均值显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),脑内神经递质Ach、NE、DA和GABA值均低于对照组(P＜0.05);Glu值高于对照组(P ＜0.05);5-HT值无显著变化(P＞0.05).治疗1个月后,失眠症组患者脑内神经递质Ach、NE、DA和GABA值较治疗前增加(P＜0.05),Glu值较治疗前降低(P＜0.05),5-HT值无显著变化(P＞0.05).结论 抑郁症失眠与脑内神经递质失调有重要关系,脑涨落图仪对抑郁症失眠的诊断、疗效判断以及治疗有指导意义.     

脑电超慢涨落图技术对睡眠障碍患者神经递质相关因素的分析

目的 利用脑电超慢涨落图技术（ET）研究门诊睡眠障碍各年龄段患者脑内神经递质的差异. 方法 采用脑电超慢涨落分析仪,对门诊各年龄段睡眠障碍共100例患者检测,分析睡眠障碍患者脑内神经递质γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）、谷氨酸（Glu）、乙酰胆碱受体（AchR）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、乙酰胆碱（Ach）、强兴奋递质（Exc）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、多巴胺（DA）、深抑制递质（INH）与正常值的差异及其受年龄、性别的影响. 结果 0-29岁患者实测值与ET正常值进行比较,Ach显著高于正常值（P＜0.05）,DA显著低于正常值（P＜0.05）.＞29-39岁,Ach、Exc显著高于正常值（P＜0.05）,GABA显著低于正常值（P＜0.05）.＞39-49岁,AchR、5-HT显著高于正常值（P＜0.05）,GABA、Glu显著低于正常值（P＜0.05）.＞69岁患者5-HT显著低于正常值（P＜0.05）.各年龄段神经递质实测值之间进行单因素方差分析,发现各年龄段Glu存在统计学差异.不同性别患者的神经递质进行比较未发现统计学差异. 结论 不同年龄段的睡眠障碍患者的大脑抑制和兴奋功能是不同的,可能与不同年龄段社会压力有关.     

脑电超慢涨落图检查对预测癫痫药物控制敏感性的价值

目的:探讨脑电超慢涨落图检查对预测癫痫药物控制敏感性的临床价值.方法:选择患者80例,根据治疗效果分为两组,各40例,对所有患者均进行脑电超慢涨落图检查,比较两组5-羟色胺(5-HT)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸(Glu)水平.并了解脑功能指数中的运动指数、兴奋抑制指数、血管舒缩指数变化情况.结果:敏感组运动指数、兴奋抑制指数及血管舒缩指数均显著低于不敏感组(P＜0.05),敏感组兴奋性神经递质中的5-HT、Glu和Ach水平均显著低于不敏感组(P＜0.05),抑制性神经递质NE及GABA显著高于不敏感组(P＜0.05).结论:采用脑电超慢涨落图分析,如果测定到中枢神经系统中兴奋性递质水平升高而抑制性神经递质水平降低,则预示患者对该药物治疗不敏感,而治疗后,兴奋性递质水平降低而抑制性神经递质水平升高,则提示患者对该治疗方案敏感,可以考虑继续应用.     

老年性痴呆患者脑功能和脑内神经递质变化的脑电超慢波涨落图分析

目的:探讨老年性痴呆患者(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)脑功能和脑内神经递质变化特点及意义。方法:在齐齐哈尔城区选取经过临床确诊的老年痴呆患者(AD)19例作为病例组,按同社区、同性别、同年龄段(±3岁)、同文化程度作为匹配条件,选择健康对照19例,利用脑电超慢涨落图(Encephal of Lutuograph Technology,ET)技术检测病例组和对照组脑功能和脑内神经递质水平并进行比较,分析AD患者脑功能和脑内神经递质变化的特点。结果:与对照组相比,病例组的脑功能优势涨落平均功率空间的前后功率梯度逆转数明显高于对照组(P0.01);病例组脑内γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸(Glu)和乙酰胆碱(Ach)3种神经递质显著降低(P0.05);5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)3种神经递质与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:AD患者脑功率的逆转率高于对照组,AD患者脑内神经递质存在GABA、Glu、Ach降低的变化。脑电超慢涨落图(ET)可检测脑功能和脑内神经递质水平,为AD的诊断提供参考。     

脑电超慢涨落图在抑郁症治疗中的临床应用

目的 研究抑郁症患者治疗前后脑内多种神经递质和脑功能状态的变化特点.方法 采用ML-2001型脑电超慢涨落分析仪,检测抑郁症患者用药前及用药后2,4,6周各检测一次脑电超慢涨落图,共4次,经配对t检验,分析抑郁症患者治疗前后神经递质及脑功能动态变化情况.结果 (1)抑郁症患者治疗前脑内神经递质测值与正常值对照比较,其sl(r-氨基丁酸,GABA)、s2(谷氨酸,GLu)、s3(乙酰胆碱受体,AchR)、s4(5-羟色胺,5-HT)、s5(乙酰胆碱,Ach)、s13(深抑制递质,INH)测值均高于正常值,其中Glu差异有显著性(P＜0.05).而s6(强兴奋递质,EXC)、s7(去甲肾上腺素,NE)、s11(多巴胺,DA)测值均低于正常值,其中NE、DA差异有显著性(P＜0.05).(2)治疗前与治疗后2,4,6周各次测值比较,其中GABA治疗前测值(9.18±4.03)与治疗后2,4,6周每次测值(5.89±4.09)(5.91±3.88)(6.19±3.74),Glu治疗前测值(7.59±4.71)与治疗后2,4,6周每次测值(4.19±4.11)(3.71±3.59)(3.65±3.27)比较均降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).而5-HT、Ach、NE、DA经治疗后均明显升高,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).EXC亦升高(P＜0.05).AchR、INH差异无显著性(P＞0.05).(3)HAMD、SDS量表评分比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01).(4)脑功能状态治疗前后对照比较,也有明显好转.结论 抑郁发作可能与脑内神经递质GABA、Glu、5-HT、Ach、NE、DA、EXC物质和功能失调有关.     

颅脑损伤后神经递质水平变化与失眠的研究

目的 探讨颅脑损伤后神经递质水平变化与失眠的相关性. 方法 选择原发性失眠患者(原发组)、颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)后失眠患者(损伤组)及正常对照组各40例,采用高效液相色谱检测血浆中DA、5-HT、Ach、NE、Glu、GABA水平. 结果 原发性失眠组及TBI后失眠组患者血浆中DA、5-HT、Ach、NE、Glu、GABA水平显著低于正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与原发性失眠组患者相比,颅脑损伤(TBI)后失眠组患者血浆中DA、5-HT、Ach、NE、Glu、GABA水平明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 颅脑损伤后患者的血浆中各项神经递质水平降低,可能与颅脑损伤后失眠有关.     

美沙酮维持治疗者中枢神经递质功能的变化

目的 检测美沙酮维持治疗（methadone maintenance treatment,MMT）患者脑神经递质功能及脑功能指数,了解其大脑功能的变化特点.方法 应用脑涨落图仪（EFG）采集58例MMT患者及44例健康成年人的脑电功率信号,分析MMT患者脑神经递质变化的特点及各神经递质与脑功能状态的相关性.结果 （1）与对照组相比,MMT组的神经递质实测功率普遍降低,其中γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）[（17.73±3.54）μV2 vs.（121.48±44.64） μV2,P＜0.01）、谷氨酸（Glu）[（42.18±12.84） μV2 vs.（105.31±34.95） μV2,P＜0.05]均差异有统计学意义.（2） MMT组的GABA[（17.10±51.72）μV2 vs.（78.67±10.93） μV2,P＜0.001]、Glu[（30.48±21.61） μV2 vs.（69.23±42.26） μV2,P＜0.001]相对功率降低,差异有统计学意义;而五羟色胺（5-HT）[（297.18±31.54）μV2 vs.（280.18±31.54） μV2,P＜0.01]、乙酰胆碱（Ach）[（235.08±37.72） μV2 vs.（217.23±40.60） μV2,P＜0.05]、去甲肾上腺素（NE）[（164.11±33.05） μV2 vs （146.39±30.80） μV2,P＜0.01]、多巴胺（DA）[（98.87±22.48） μV2 vs.（91.49±21.04） μV2,P＜0.05]则升高,均差异有统计学意义;（3） MMT组的全脑总功率低于对照组[（1012.01±195.09） μV2 vs.（1775.94±458.99） μV2,P＜0.01],差异有统计学意义;兴奋抑制指数（2.19±1.46 vs.0.99±0.47,P＜0.001）及相对熵[（89.45±9.71）％ vs.（75.48±9.97）％,P＜0.01]高于对照组,均差异有统计学意义;（4）MMT组各种神经递质功率与全脑总功率均具有正相关,均差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）,Glu与兴奋抑制指数（r=0.264,P＜0.05）、NE与血管舒缩指数则有正相关,均差异有统计学意义（r=0.269,P＜0.05）,5-HT（r=-0.276,P＜0.05）和DA（r=-0.375,P＜0.01）分别与相对熵存在负相关,均差异有统计学意义.结论 MMT患者的大脑功能显著降低,神经递质的兴奋性和抑制性明显失衡.     

广泛性焦虑障碍患者的脑电超慢波信息分析

目的利用脑电超慢波信息仪分析广泛性焦虑障碍患者脑电超慢波信息各种成份的变化规律及其相应神经递质功能的相关性,探讨其对广泛性焦虑障碍的临床评估的意义。方法选择35例广泛性焦虑障碍患者作为研究组(在治疗前和治疗4周末)和35例健康志愿者作为对照组行脑电超慢波信息仪检测,同时用症状自评量表(SCL-90)评估其临床症状。结果 (1)与对照组对比,研究组治疗前SCL-90总分及各因子分显著高于对照组(P0.01),脑电超慢波1 mHz(GABA)绝对功率值显著下降(P0.01),4 mHz(5-HT)、7 mHz(NE)绝对功率显著上升(P0.01);1 mHz(GABA)、2 mHz(Glu)相对功率显著降低(P0.01),3 mHz(兴奋递质3)、4 mHz(5-HT)、5 mHz(Ach)、11 mHz(DA)相对功率显著升高(P0.05);(2)与治疗前对比,研究组治疗后SCL-90除强迫分外各因子及总分显著下降(P0.05),1 mHz(GABA)绝对功率显著上升(P0.01),4 mHz(5-HT)、7 mHz(NE)绝对功率显著下降(P0.05);1 mHz(GABA)相对功率显著上升(P0.05),4 mHz(5-HT)相对功率显著下降(P0.05);(3)对研究组治疗前评定的SCL-90的9个因子进行主成分分析,抽取出两个主成分(z1,z2),解释总变异量为64.40%。z1与z2分别与脑电超慢波测定结果进行相关分析:z1与3 mHz(兴奋递质3)、7 mHz(NE)、11 mHz(DA)绝对功率显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),与7 mHz(NE)相对功率呈显著相关(P0.05)。结论脑电超慢波信息仪对广泛性焦虑障碍的临床诊断、疗效评估有一定的指导作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.