皮层电极在脑感觉运动区致痫灶定位中的应用

目的：探讨应用皮层电刺激及体感诱发电位（SEP）等技术以提高脑功能区致痼灶定位的准确性的方法。方法：对病灶涉及感觉运动区的11例癫痫患者,经术前评估后在高度怀疑的致痫区埋藏电极,监测癫痫发作间期及发作期的脑皮层电图（ECoG）,同时另行皮层电刺激及SEP的皮层记录,以明确致痫灶起源及感觉功能区定位结果,绘制个体化的脑功能图谱,制定手术切除方案。结果：11例（100％）患者的电刺激与SEP结果相符,其中9例（82％）患者的电生理脑感觉、运动区的定位结果与解剖学定位结果相一致,2例（18％）患者的脑功能定位结果与解剖学定位结果不一致,经MRI结果显示,这2例患者的中央沟附近有异常信号。在皮层电刺激和SEP进行脑感觉运动区定位的基础上进行功能区癫痫病灶的手术切除,术后患者感觉、运动功能完整,并且术后Engel评分均为Ⅰ级。结论：应用颅内电极皮层电刺激术结合SEP对位于脑感觉、运动区的癫痫病灶可准确定位并行切除,提高了癫痫病人的外科治愈率。     

皮层运动诱发电位监测在脑中央区术中的应用

目的:探讨在全凭静脉麻醉下,使用皮层运动诱发电位(MEP)对脑中央区手术进行术中监测的方法。方法:使用皮层电极对12例中央区肿瘤患者进行诱发电位术中监测,在中央后回感觉皮层区相应部位记录皮层体感诱发电位(SEP)的N20-P25波,沿中央后回功能区皮层向前移动电极,直至记录到一个波型相反(位相倒置)、波幅相近的波型P20-N25,将其定为运动中枢刺激点。使用高频串刺激(TS)直接刺激该点,在上肢肌肉记录MEP。结果:12例患者均能成功地记录到MEP。术中注意保护此区,术后患者症状无明显加重,被监测的上肢肌力无明显减退。结论:对于脑中央区手术,在全凭静脉麻醉下找出运动中枢刺激点并作MEP监测(术中注意保护此区)是一种优良的术中监测手段。     

脑磁图在大脑感觉运动功能区占位性病变患者中的应用

目的：探讨脑磁图（MEG）在大脑皮层感觉、运动功能区占位性病变患者中的应用价值.方法：对81例大脑皮层感觉和（或）运动功能区及其附近占位性病变患者,应用151信道全头型MEG系统,通过电流刺激正中神经和胫神经确定上、下肢体感皮层的位置,运动皮层分别通过双手食指按压键盘引起的MEG反应来定位.术前将磁源性影像（MSI）通过神经影像导航进行三维重建,了解相应功能区与病变的解剖关系,设计手术入路.感觉功能区病变患者和运动功能区不能确定的患者术中通过电刺激正中神经（或胫神经内踝）使用皮层电极于拟定的中央沟前后的皮层记录体感诱发电位（CSEP）,依据中央沟前后皮层记录到的CSEP具有极性反转的特征来确定中央沟.其中8例患者通过对指运动行功能磁共振（fMRI）检查,在术中唤醒状态下通过电刺激大脑皮层确定运动功能区.结果：81例患者全部定位出感觉功能区,75例患者定位出运动功能区,6例患者因功能障碍或配合差运动功能区不能定位.术后1例患者病变对侧肢体运动障碍加重,其余80例患者无感觉、运动功能损害.结论：术前行MEG功能区定位有助于医生选择合适的手术入路和避免术中损伤脑功能区皮质,最大限度地保护神经功能,减少手术伤残率,提高手术疗效.     

清华大学玉泉医院第六届癫痫外科术前评估学习班通知

由清华大学玉泉医院癫痈中心举办的第六届癫痈外科术前评估学习班定于2014年4月9—13日在北京清华大学近春园举行。学习班就癫痈外科术前评估进行全面系统的讲解,包括术前评估的流程,致痈灶定位及手术方案的确定,各种癫痈外科手术技巧,头皮视频脑电图监测技术,颅内电极植入（硬膜下电极及立体定向深部电极）方法,颅内脑电图正常及异常脑波分析,颅内脑电图发作起源的特点,皮层电刺激、诱发电位、颅内高频脑电分析等技术定位脑功能区,另外包括大量的典型病例讨论及发作视频症状学分析。     

清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心第3届癫痫外科术前评估学习班暨癫痫中心成立5周年学术研讨会通知

由清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心举办的第3届癫痫外科术前评估学习班定于2011年5月12-14日在北京清华大学近春园举行，同时将举行癫痫中心成立5周年学术研讨会。学习班就癫痫外科术前评估进行全面系统的讲解，包括术前评估的流程，致痼灶定位及手术方案的确定，各种癫痫外科手术技巧，头皮视频脑电图监测技术，颅内电极植入（硬膜下电极及立体定向深部电极）方法，颅内脑电图正常及异常脑波分析，颅内脑电图发作起源的特点，皮层电刺激、诱发电位、颅内高频脑电分析等技术定位脑功能区，另外包括大量的典型病例讨论及发作视频症状学分析。     

脊髓手术中的神经电生理监测

神经外科手术中神经电生理监测自20世纪70年代中期开始至今已有近30年的发展历史,我国这项工作则在稍后时间起步。由于脊髓神经外科在我国的发展中较滞后,因此,脊髓手术的神经电生理监测在神经外科的应用尚需积极发展。脊髓、脊柱手术的神经电生理监测自有其特点,既要监测脊髓又要监测神经根,既要监测运动神经又要监测感觉神经,还要顾及二便功能。监测手段目前主要包括术中肌电图(EMG)和诱发电位,但是随着近年来监测技术的发展,监测方法和应用范围已经有了飞跃的发展。     

电刺激运动诱发电位的研究进展

经颅电刺激运动皮层的运动诱发电位（——evokal叫规M，MEP）是八十年代应用于临床的一项监测中枢运动传导通路的新技术t’1。它具有刺激器轻便、价格便宜，反复刺激后不发热，描记的波形稳定等特点，已经广泛用于实验室和临床工作。本文就其技术的发展、生理学基础、安全性及临床应用等诸方面作一概述。l电刺激技术的发展早在扣年代，就有学者进行过应用经颅重复电刺激兴奋人的运动皮层的研究。但因造成刺激局部剧痛，很难应用于临床。继后还有作者在脑外科手术中用电流直接刺激运动皮层，在手部肌肉记录到诱发的动作电位。八十年代初期…     

体感诱发电位监测在腰椎术中的应用

随着脊柱外科手术技术的不断发展及手术难度的增加,神经电生理监测技术特别是诱发电位监测的应用越来越受到脊柱外科医生的重视,目前临床上常用的体感诱发电位（SEP）监测技术不仅已作为脊柱外科围手术期神经功能状况的重要评价依据和定量指标,而且已逐渐地应用于术中监测。目前,对于腰椎手术术中神经监测尚没有明确的监测方法,现就国内外的相关研究进展作一简述。     

直接皮层电刺激基本运动区定位切除累及中央前回脑胶质瘤

目的探讨侵犯运动区的脑胶质瘤手术治疗方法。方法回顾分析12例侵犯中央前回脑胶质瘤病例资料,手术采用神经导航定位病灶,术中唤醒麻醉,直接皮层电刺激定位肢体运动或语言运动区,病人清醒状态下切除肿瘤。结果11例病人术中成功唤醒切除肿瘤,皮质电刺激下7例获得了肢体运动区2例获得了语言运动区的准确定位。8例(66.7%)达到肿瘤全切除,4例次全切除。8例为低级别胶质瘤,2例为高级别胶质瘤,2例胶质母细胞瘤。术后4例无神经功能缺损,8例出现术后对侧肢体活动障碍或言语障碍,除1例外均在7天至1月内恢复正常。结论导航辅助下的直接皮层电刺激定位功能区和唤醒状态下的肿瘤切除是处理侵犯功能区肿瘤的一种安全有效的方法。     

第七届清华大学玉泉医院癫癎外科术前评估学习班通知

由清华大学玉泉医院癫痫中心举办的第七届癫癎外科术前评估学习班定于2015年4月8日一12日在北京清华大学近春园举行。学习班就癫癎外科术前评估进行全面系统的讲解,包括术前评估的流程,致癎灶定位及手术方案的确定,各种癫癎外科手术技巧,头皮视频脑电图监测技术,颅内电极植入（硬膜下电极及立体定向脑电图）方法,颅内脑电图正常及异常脑波分析,颅内脑电图发作起源的特点,皮层电宕iJ激、诱发电位、颅内高帮脑电分析等技术定位脑功能区,另外包括大量的典型病倒讨论及发作视频症状学分析。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.