小腿胫后动脉及其穿支皮瓣在下肢难治性创面修复中的应用

目的探讨以胫后动脉及其穿支为血管蒂的小腿内侧皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法切取小腿内侧皮瓣,其中带血管蒂转移32例,交腿转移2例,游离移植2例和穿支皮瓣带蒂转移6例,修复下肢软组织缺损创面。结果临床应用小腿内侧皮瓣共42例,其中完全成活39例,经6个月～2年的随访,皮瓣成活良好。皮瓣部分坏死2例,经换药和植皮,创面愈合,完全坏死1例,需另行修复。结论小腿内侧皮瓣具有供血丰富、抗感染能力强、血管蒂长的优点,特别适合用于修复小腿下段和足部的难治性创面,疗效满意;其穿支皮瓣用于修复踝部和足跟,可避免损伤主要动脉。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的真性吻合连接及修复前足创面的疗效

目的　报道并分析腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足创面的临床疗效。 方法　选取5例肿瘤患者高位截肢的下肢标本,冲洗和灌注后,剥离体被组织摄X线片,观察腓肠神经营养动脉链内、腓动脉穿支间及这些穿支与动脉链间的真性吻合连接。临床行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足创面52例。 结果　标本观察发现,腓肠神经营养动脉链内从踝间线至腘窝横纹、腓动脉远端2~3个穿支间及这些穿支与动脉链间均通过真性吻合连接。临床研究中皮瓣成活42例;部分坏死10例,予以1例Ⅱ期缝合、8例植皮、1例局部皮瓣转位后残留创面愈合。 结论　腓肠神经营养动脉链内、腓动脉远端2~3个穿支间及这些穿支与动脉链间的真性吻合连接,是腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣存活长度较长的血管解剖学基础,该皮瓣是修复前足创面的一种较好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍的原因探讨及对策

探讨临床应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍的原因及预防方法。方法分析直接运用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损术进行治疗后发生静脉回流障碍的原因,并总结术前应用多谱勒血流探测皮瓣蒂部的动脉穿支、下肢静脉造影,了解下肢深浅静脉交通支情况后运用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损术,出现皮瓣静脉回流障碍的情况。结果 2003年至2007年直接运用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣术的20例患者,术后出现皮瓣静脉回流障碍10例。2008年至2010年术前常规应用多谱勒血流探测皮瓣蒂部的动脉穿支、下肢静脉造影了解下肢深浅静脉交通支,再施行腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣术的11例患者,造影发现深浅静脉均通畅9例,其中2例术中皮瓣解剖成功后,将小隐静脉与浅静脉吻合,皮瓣均一期成活。1例患者旋转点以下未见明显深浅静脉交通支,1例患者于胫后多谱勒血流探测仪未探测到明显的动脉穿支改行其它皮瓣修复创面。结论回流障碍的患者踝周多经过严重的暴力损伤,并且经过一次或多次骨折切开复位内固定术后,损伤了外踝处的动脉穿支、静脉网及深浅静脉交通支损伤,影响了皮瓣的静脉回流。术前应常规对拟应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢创面的患者进行必要的评估,术中必要时小隐静脉与浅静脉吻合,可有效减少腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍。     

携带穿支血管推进皮瓣在肢体软组织缺损创面修复中的应用

目的 探讨应用创面邻近知名血管穿支推进皮瓣修复软组织缺损的临床应用。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2015年7月-2017年12月解放军东部战区总医院秦淮医疗区骨科应用创面邻近知名血管穿支推进皮瓣修复软组织缺损26例,其中男19例、女7例,年龄7~68岁。腕部缺损3例、手背皮瓣供区缺损4例、指端缺损9例、踝部缺损5例、小腿缺损5例;腕部创面大小为2.0 cm×2.5 cm~2.5 cm×4.0 cm,手背创面大小为1.2 cm×1.6 cm~1.4 cm×2.0 cm,指端创面大小为0.8 cm×1.2 cm~1.0 cm×1.3 cm,小腿及踝部创面大小为2.5 cm×3.0 cm~3.5 cm×5 cm。术前应用多普勒探测穿支血管,以穿支血管为中心设计推进皮瓣。术中分别以桡动脉、掌背动脉、指动脉、胫后动脉、胫前动脉、腓动脉等知名血管穿支为皮瓣之血管蒂,于一侧切开皮瓣,找出穿支血管,然后找出主干血管,应用会师法切取皮瓣,游离后将皮瓣向前推移覆盖创面。25例患者皮瓣供区直接缝合;1例踝部缺损患者供区创面约2 cm×2 cm,行皮片移植修复。结果 26例皮瓣均存活,其中25例皮瓣于术后第14天拆线,创口一级愈合;另1例小腿推进皮瓣远端边角约0.5 cm×1 cm术后出现坏死,经换药后痂下愈合。术后随访1~3年,皮瓣无臃肿,外观满意,质地良好,与周围皮肤质地相近,周围关节活动无受限,手部皮瓣两点辨别觉6~8 mm,腕部及下肢皮瓣感觉恢复S₃~S₅,供区远端皮肤感觉S₄~S₅。结论 采用创面邻近知名血管穿支推进皮瓣修复肢体小面积软组织缺损,具有手术操作简便、皮瓣存活率高、外观良好、与周围皮肤质地相近,感觉功能恢复良好等优点,建议临床推广应用。     

膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复肢体创面的临床应用

目的　报道应用膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复肢体创面的临床效果。 方法　根据膝降动脉的走行、分支与吻合的解剖学特点,在膝关节内侧上部设计膝降动脉穿支皮瓣,带血管蒂移位修复小腿上1/3前内侧、膝关节前内侧皮肤软组织缺损5例;游离膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部创面4例。 结果　临床应用共9例,皮瓣均成活,创面一期愈合。经1~24个月随访,皮瓣质地优良、色泽接近正常,外形美观,肢体功能恢复良好。 结论　膝降动脉穿支皮瓣解剖位置恒定、血液供应良好、手术方法简单,是修复肢体创面的可选方法之一。     

应用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部创面

目的　探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿及足踝创面的临床疗效。 方法 2017年1月至2019年1月,应用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗小腿和足踝创面患者15例,其中男性患者11例,女性患者4例,年龄14~65岁,平均年龄39岁。小腿创面6例,足踝创面9例。创面大小9 cm×4 cm~26 cm×5 cm,采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复。皮瓣供区直接缝合,如缝合张力过大则采取植皮修复供区创面。术后予以制动、抗炎、抗血栓形成、抗血管痉挛、消肿、保暖等治疗,术后随访皮瓣成活情况、创面修复效果。 结果　切取皮瓣大小10 cm×5 cm~27 cm×7 cm,术后随访6~22个月,平均13个月。14例皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣术后出现静脉回流障碍,皮瓣远端部分坏死,后期清创后植皮修复创面愈合良好;9例足踝创面患者踝关节屈、伸功能轻度受限;2例胫骨开放性骨折经外固定治疗出现骨折不愈合,经改钢板螺钉内固定治疗后愈合;2例患者皮瓣臃肿,影响穿鞋,二期行皮瓣修整后改善。 结论　腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝创面的良好选择。     

腓动脉穿支皮瓣移植设计的研究进展

<正>随着显微外科技术的发展,以腓动脉穿支为中心设计的特殊形式皮瓣日趋多样化。根据受区复杂的创面缺损,选择适宜形式的穿支皮瓣修复,能最大限度的修复各种组织创面、重建受区功能。腓动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖与临床应用研究较广泛,其穿支血管解剖较恒定、临床应用形式多样化、修复效果满意,值得临床推广应用。现对近年来腓动脉穿支皮瓣移植设计的研究进展予以综述。1腓动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖穿动脉是指穿过深筋膜进入皮肤的动脉,可分为     

胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面

目的　报道胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床效果。 方法　对13例足踝部创面的患者,采用胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣转位修复术,其中足背创面5例,足跟部创面3例,踝部创面5例。4例急诊外伤创面伴有骨、肌腱外露者急诊修复。5例急诊创面采用VSD负压吸引后亚急诊行皮瓣修复, 4例为术后皮肤坏死,二期行皮瓣修复。皮肤缺损面积为1.5 cm×2.0 cm~7.0 cm×14.0 cm,切取皮瓣面积为2.5 cm×3.5 cm~8.0 cm×15.0 cm。 结果 本组13例皮瓣全部成活,供区植皮均成活。术后随访时间6~18个月,平均10个月。皮瓣质地接近周围皮肤,外观无臃肿。供区皮肤直接缝合者,术后瘢痕较小;供区植皮者,无明显瘢痕增生。踝关节活动良好,患肢均可负重行走。 结论　采用胫后动脉踝上穿支皮瓣转位修复足踝部创面,具有手术操作简单、安全的特点,是一种较好的术式。     

伴指固有动脉缺损的手指损伤修复进展

目的 总结伴指固有动脉缺损的手指创面修复现状及其治疗进展,为临床上此类损伤的修复提供参考。方法 以“指动脉缺损” “皮肤软组织缺损”和“digital artery defect”“soft tissue defect”为中英文关键词,在中国知网、万方数据、EMbase和PubMed数据库检索2000年1月-2018年12月关于伴有指动脉缺损的手指创面修复的文献。共检索到文献632篇,排除无法获得全文、内容不符、重复性及低质量文献,最终纳入51篇文献,进行分析总结。结果 随着显微外科技术的不断发展、穿支皮瓣的广泛应用、医患对修复的结果要求提高及修复理念的不断改进,伴有指固有动脉缺损的手指创面修复方式逐渐由创伤较大的血管移植联合皮瓣转移覆盖、邻指指动脉岛状皮瓣转移修复等方式,向创伤小、疗效好的flow-through皮瓣方式发展,达到了在较小医源性损伤的情况下,同时解决主干血管损伤重建和创面覆盖的目的。结论 flow-through穿支皮瓣兼具穿支皮瓣和桥接指固有动脉的优点,通过一次手术即可有效解决主干血管损伤重建和创面覆盖,符合当前修复重建的理念,具有最大的经济性,是修复伴有指固有动脉缺损的手指损伤创面的最佳方式。     

MSCTA辅助穿支皮瓣移植的初步报告

目的　探讨MSCTA在穿支皮瓣移植中应用的可行性。 方法　自2009年5月~2010年9月,我们对6例小腿、足踝软组织缺损病人拟行穿支皮瓣移植修复术,术前行MSCTA 检查,下肢血管三维成像,术中根据穿支皮瓣的穿支血管的位置、直径、分布情况,设计穿支皮瓣的血管蒂,皮瓣轴心线,以及皮瓣的大小,行穿支皮瓣移植手术。 结果　MSCTA图像显示：2例膝上外侧动脉穿支、4例胫后动脉穿支图像清晰,而且与皮瓣移植手术中解剖穿支血管情况完全一致。2例穿支皮瓣行吻合血管游离移植,4例穿支皮瓣带蒂转移,手术顺利完成。5例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣边缘坏死,1个月后皮瓣整形后愈合良好。 结论　MSCTA图像在穿支皮瓣移植手术中提供有价值的解剖路径,对穿支血管显影有良好的敏感性,缩短了手术时间,明显提高手术的准确性。因此,MSCTA在穿支皮瓣移植中的应用具有良好的可行性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.