甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺显露及功能保护的临床研究

目的 探讨甲状腺术中直视下甲状旁腺的显露与定位、术中保护甲状旁腺及其血供的方法 .方法 对我院甲状腺手术患者行术中直视下显露并原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供,并观察术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生情况.结果 259例甲状腺手术中有12例未找到明确的甲状旁腺.术中见上甲状旁腺共242枚,其中221枚(91.32%)位置恒定于甲状腺背面甲状软骨下缘水平;确切显露61枚上甲状旁腺的血管,其中42枚(68.85%)由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血.下甲状旁腺共426枚,位置变异较大,212枚(49.77%)位于甲状腺背面下1/3部分,106枚(24.88%)位于甲状腺侧叶最下端近甲状腺下动脉入腺体处;确切显露128枚下甲状旁腺的血管,其中103枚(80.47%)的血供来自甲状腺下动脉或最下动脉的分支.术后发生低钙血症者27例,其中一侧叶全切除者1例(二次手术患者),一侧叶全切加对侧叶次全切除者3例,甲状腺全切除者4例,甲状腺全切加中央组颈淋巴结清扫者7例,甲状腺全切加一侧颈淋巴结清扫者11例,甲状腺全切加双侧颈淋巴结清扫者1例.无一例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论 甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置有密切关系.甲状腺术中完全可以直视下显露和保护甲状旁腺.预防术后甲状旁腺功能减退的关键是术中精细解剖,尽量原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供或行必要的甲状旁腺自体移植.     

甲状腺手术中预防甲状旁腺损伤的体会

目的探讨甲状腺手术中预防甲状旁腺损伤的方法。方法回顾性分析我院从2009年1月至2011年5月期间收治的82例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料。结果 82例中行双叶甲状腺全切除术57例,一侧腺叶切除+对侧腺叶次全切除术25例。术后甲状旁腺损伤的发生率为0.24%(2/82),无永久性甲状旁腺功能低下病例发生。结论在甲状腺手术中,保留甲状腺下动脉至关重要。保留甲状腺下动脉可保证甲状旁腺的充足血供,可很好的预防甲状旁腺的损伤。     

甲状腺全切除术中保护甲状旁腺功能研究分析

目的总结甲状腺全切除术中甲状旁腺功能的保护方法。方法回顾性分析2009年10月至2014年6月收治的42例行甲状腺全切除术患者的临床资料,比较手术前后血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、血钙水平变化。结果术后PTH暂时低下者19例(45.2%),低钙血症者9例(21.4%),术后30 d复查血清PTH及血钙均恢复正常,未见永久性甲状旁腺功能低下的病例。术后第1、3、5天,血清PTH较术前明显降低(P0.05),而术后30 d,血清PTH与术前无显著性差异(P0.05)。血钙水平除了术后第1天、第3天低于术前(P0.05),其余时间点与术前均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论甲状腺全切除术中加强对甲状旁腺解剖位置的辨别、血供的保护,可有效减少术后甲状旁腺的损伤,避免严重并发症的发生。     

达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺的损伤因素及保护

目的分析达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤的相关因素,探讨甲状旁腺保护的方法,避免永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的发生。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年5月在济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科行达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术的190例患者的临床资料,统计术后患者出现低甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及低血钙的发生率,分析术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退的相关因素,探讨术中如何保护甲状旁腺及其功能。 结果患者术后暂时性低PTH的发生率为20.53%(39/190),暂时性低血钙的发生率为23.68%(45/190),术后随访无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生。甲状腺全切术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于腺叶 ＋ 峡部切除术者(χ²＝14.789,11.604;P＝0.000,0.001)。行中央区淋巴结清扫的患者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于未清扫者(χ²＝11.200,17.771;P＝0.001,0.000)。甲状旁腺原位保留者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率低于切除后自体移植者(χ²＝5.536,4.851,6.140,5.453;P＝0.019,0.028,0.013,0.020)。 结论在达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中,甲状腺全切除、中央区淋巴结清扫、甲状旁腺切除后自体移植是造成患者术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的重要影响因素。在达芬奇机器人手术系统下,准确识别甲状旁腺,精细化手术操作,原位保护甲状旁腺及血供,是预防永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的有效方法。     

内镜甲状腺手术对甲状旁腺的辨别与保护研究

目的探讨在内镜甲状腺手术中辨别和保护甲状旁腺的方法。方法回顾性分析2006年10月至2010年7月160例行颈前小切口内镜辅助甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,其中甲状腺瘤58例,结节性甲状腺肿82例,原发性甲状腺功能亢进16例,甲状腺乳头状癌4例。行一侧甲状腺次全切除术90例,双侧甲状腺次全切除术46例,甲状腺全切术20例,甲状腺全切术＋中央组淋巴结清扫4例,术中均对甲状旁腺进行精确辨认及有效保护。结果 160例均成功完成手术,术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退4例（2.5%）,未出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。结论内镜辅助甲状腺手术在术中可通过内镜放大作用对甲状旁腺进行精确辨认,并在内镜视野下完成对甲状旁腺血供的精细解剖和分离,有效的保护了甲状旁腺及其血供,明显降低了术后甲状旁腺功能减退并发症的发生率。     

甲状腺全切除术中的甲状旁腺保护

在甲状腺全切除术众多的并发症中,术后发生低钙血症常常被医生忽视.而引起术后低血钙的原因往往是因为术中对于甲状旁腺的保护没有足够的重视,误切甲状旁腺或误断甲状腺旁腺的血供造成的.现就甲状腺全切除术中的甲状旁腺保护问题综述如下.     

甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤的预防和术后低钙血症的治疗

目的探讨甲状腺术中甲状旁腺损伤的预防和术后低钙血症治疗。方法选择134例接受甲状腺手术的患者作为研究对象,探讨不同手术方式术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生情况、治疗效果及预后。结果双侧甲状腺叶全切除及中央区淋巴清扫术患者甲状旁腺功能低下症状的总发生率显著高于实施双侧腺叶次全切除术、单侧腺叶次全切除及对侧腺叶部分切除术及单侧或双侧甲状腺叶大部分切除术的患者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。实施甲状腺手术后1 d,患者血清Ca2+水平均有所下降,除单侧或双侧甲状腺叶大部分切除术外,与术前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3 d血清Ca2+水平开始回升,术后5 d时,仅有一侧腺叶全切除及对侧腺叶部分切除术以及双侧甲状腺叶全切除及中央区淋巴清扫术两种术式较术前的血清Ca2+水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。全部患者中共有9例发生低钙血症。结论为患者实施甲状腺手术时,应避免伤及甲状旁腺及其血供,可减少低钙血症的发生。     

甲状腺癌根治术致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素及预防

目的:探讨甲状腺癌根治术中可能导致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院普通外科2014年全年由同一外科医师实施的75例甲状腺癌手术的临床资料。结果:全组术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退20例(26.67%),其中暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退19例(25.33%),永久性甲状旁腺功能减退1例(1.33%)。甲状腺全切术患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于甲状腺近全切除术患者(46.88%vs.11.63%,P0.05);行VI区淋巴结清扫患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于未行VI区淋巴结清扫患者(45.71%vs.10.00%,P0.05);同时行自体甲状旁腺移植术患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率高于未行甲状旁腺移植患者,但差异无统计学意义(50.00%vs.22.22%,P0.05)。结论:甲状腺全切和Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫是导致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素。术中精细解剖甲状腺后被膜,尤其是尽可能保留下甲状旁腺血运,术后应用预防性药物可能有助于甲状旁腺功能的保护。     

精细化被膜解剖法在甲状腺全切手术中的应用

目的探讨精细化被膜解剖法在甲状腺全切手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科2012年1月至12月118例应用精细化被膜解剖法行甲状腺全切术患者的临床资料。结果所有病例术中均发现并保留l～4枚甲状旁腺。其中16例未发现明确的下旁腺;术中发现上甲状旁腺197枚,其中42枚由甲状腺上动脉分支供血,131枚由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血;下甲状旁腺163枚,明确的下动脉分支血管供血的136枚。术后有62例（52.5%）甲状腺激素（PTH）值低于正常值（一过性甲状旁腺功能低下）,其中56例于术后第7天恢复正常,其余6例于术后2～4周恢复正常;23例有暂时性低钙血症症状的患者,术后4 d～1月都恢复正常,无永久性低钙血症。所有病例术中均解剖并显露双侧喉返神经,除术前喉返神经受侵或损伤的患者,其余患者均未发生永久性喉返神经损伤。结论采用精细化被膜解剖法行甲状腺全切除术,能较好地原位保留甲状旁腺及其血供、避免喉返神经损伤的发生,减少甲状腺全切除术的并发症。     

医源性甲状旁腺功能低下的预防(附30例甲状旁腺的局部解剖)

甲状旁腺功能低下是甲状腺外科的并发症之一。虽然发生率不高,但也并不少见。Sawyers 等报告254例甲状腺次全切除术造成永久性甲状旁腺功能低下者5例,占1.9%。而施行甲状腺全切除术,甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率为3～4%。Attie 等报告施行甲状腺全切除术时借助手术显微镜解剖甲状旁腺保留其血供以预防术后发生甲状旁腺功能低下。本文分析4例手术后甲状旁腺功能低下的原因,并报告30例新鲜尸体甲状腺局部解剖的结果,对术后甲状旁腺功能低下的预防进行讨论。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.