颈椎后纵韧带骨化症伴发育性椎管狭窄的临床特点及治疗

[目的]探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化症伴发育性椎管狭窄的临床特点及其治疗。[方法]对76例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据原始X线片测量颈椎椎体、椎管矢状径,计算Pavlov比值,根据计算结果将患者分为伴发育性椎管狭窄颈椎后纵韧带骨化症组（DSS组）和不伴发育性椎管狭窄颈椎后纵韧带骨化症组（NDSS组）。根据CT分别测量两组骨化灶最大厚度,计算椎管矢状径残存率。其中前路手术4例,后路手术72例,按JOA标准评分判断术后改善率。[结果]DSS组53例,NDSS组23例;NDSS组骨化灶最大厚度比DSS组大,有统计学意义;发病时两组椎管矢状径残存率有差异,但是无统计学意义;两组术前、术后3个月JOA评分有差别,但是无统计学意义。[结论]发育性椎管狭窄是影响颈椎后纵韧带骨化症病程的重要病理基础,创伤是诱发其发病的主要因素,后路减压术是一种较合理的治疗方式。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的诊疗对策

目的：探讨不同手术入路治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的效果。方法：回顾性分析87例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者的临床表现、影像学检查、各种手术途径、术式及其效果。结果：前路手术35例,其中骨化灶直接切除19例、骨化灶漂浮法13例和不用减压的前路椎间融合3例。后路手术21例,其中单开门椎管成形6例,全椎板切除减压15例,前后联合手术31例。患者术前JOA评分平均为8．9（4～17）分。本组患者随访3个月～10年,平均3．8年,术后JOA评分,前路手术平均14．1分,甲均改善率68_3％,后路手术平均11.9分,平均改善率51．2％,后前路手术平均13．4分,平均改善率65．4％。后路手术并发节段性神经根麻痹3例,肌肉不全瘫痪者1例,并发术后血肿压迫脊髓致神经症状急性加重2例。结论：明确手术指征要综合考虑患者的年龄、病程、骨化程度、椎管狭窄率,以及脊髓功能损害情况,应根据颈椎后纵韧带骨化的具体部位、范围、椎管矢状面狭窄率选择相应的手术入路和术式。应用内固定有利于植骨融合和保持颈椎的稳定。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的手术治疗

[目的]探讨不同手术入路治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的效果.[方法]回顾性分析87例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者的临床表现、影像学检查、各种手术途径、术式及其效果.[结果]前路手术35例,其中骨化灶直接切除19例、骨化灶漂浮13例和不用减压的前路椎间融合3例.后路手术21例,其中单开门椎管成形6例,全椎板切除减压15例,前后联合手术31例.患者术前JOA评分平均为8.9(4～17)分.本组患者随访1～10年,平均4.8年,术后JOA评分,前路手术平均14.1分,平均改善率68.3%,后路手术平均11.9分,平均改善率51.2%,前后路手术平均13.4分,平均改善率65.4%.并发节段性神经根麻痹4例;肌肉不全瘫痪者1例;脑脊液漏2例:喉返神经损伤1例.[结论]明确手术指征要综合考虑患者的年龄、病程、骨化程度、椎管狭窄率,以及脊髓功能损害情况,应根据颈椎后纵韧带骨化的具体部位、范围、椎管矢状面狭窄率选择相应的手术入路和术式.应用内固定有利于植骨融合和保持颈椎的稳定.     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的手术治疗及疗效分析

[目的] 探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（OPLL）手术治疗方法、疗效及其并发症。[方法] 对本组自2000年以来手术治疗的48例OPLL患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析。其中前路手术18例，后路手术30例，按照JOA评分标准判定其术后改善率，对患者术前术后X线、CT及MRI影像学资料进行比较分析，并统计手术并发症。[结果] 48例患者中合并原发性椎管狭窄23例，平均椎管狭窄率41．4％，术前MRI示脊髓信号改变者19例；前路手术平均改善率68．3％，后路手术平均改善率51．3％；术后并发脑脊液漏2例，节段性神经根麻痹5例，血肿2例。[结论] 应根据后纵韧带骨化部位、范围及椎管狭窄率选择合适手术方法，方能减少并发症，提高手术疗效。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症前路手术的多因素分析

[目的]探讨影响颈椎后纵韧带骨化症前路手术疗效的相关因素。[方法]48例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者，行前路手术治疗，随访1～4年，平均2．1年。根据术后神经功能JOA评分改善率，将患者分为预后良好、预后不佳2组。采用多元Logistic回归分析患者年龄、性别、神经功能、症状持续时间、合并糖尿病、Pavlov值、椎管狭窄率、骨化物分型、CT双影征、脊髓高信号、手术范围以及骨化物处理对患者手术疗效的影响。[结果]骨化物的处理方式是影响患者疗效的唯一因素（P=0．0067）。[结论]前路手术彻底切除骨化之后纵韧带，对脊髓充分减压是前路手术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的关键。     

手术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的效果及影响因素

目的:探讨手术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(OPLL)的疗效及其影响因素.方法:2000年4月～2006年4月在我院接受手术治疗并得到随访的颈椎OPLL患者共53例,男性36例,女性17例.术前JOA评分3-12分,平均8.5±3.1分.神经症状出现时间2～81周,平均27.4±15.6周.选择术前压迫最重节段CT层面测量发育椎管面积、骨化韧带面积,计算出脊髓受压比率(骨化韧带面积/发育椎管面积),随访时测量同节段椎管扩大比率.30例采用单纯后路手术,13例行一期前后路手术,4例先行后路再行前路手术,6例单纯行前路减压.利用统计学分析软件SPSS 12.0将脊髓受压比率、术前JOA评分、手术后椎管扩大比率、手术方式选择、患者年龄、神经症状出现时间等因素与手术后JOA评分改善率进行多元相关分析.结果:随访29～101个月,平均46±16个月,术后1年JOA评分改善率为30%～72%,平均53.1%±11.4%,末次随访时JOA评分改善率为28%～68%,平均52.8%±10.5%;脊髓受压比率、术前JOA评分、手术时患者年龄与手术后JOA评分改善率之间存在相关关系,手术入路、症状持续时间、手术后椎管扩大比率与疗效无显著相关关系.结论:选择恰当的术式手术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症可取得较满意的临床效果,脊髓受压严重程度、患者年龄和术前神经功能状态与疗效有相关关系.     

严重颈椎后纵韧带骨化症前路和后路手术比较

目的 探讨前路和后路手术治疗严重颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的适应证选择、疗效及并发症.方法 2004年1月至2006年12月,手术治疗椎管狭窄率大于50%的严重颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者34例(男29例,女5例,平均57.2岁),前路采用椎体次全切除减压钛网植骨内固定术14例(男12例,女2例),后路采用椎板切除减压侧块螺钉固定术20例(男17例,女3例).比较两种手术方式患者的颈椎管矢状径、颈椎曲度、椎管狭窄率、骨化物分型、骨化物范围、脊髓压迫率等的差异.采用JOA评分评价患者术前、术后神经功能,并计算改善率.结果 影像学结果显示前路手术主要为范围在3个节段以内的局限型和分节型骨化患者,而后路手术主要为范围超过3节段的连续型和混合型骨化患者,骨化物的分型及范围是选择的主要依据.所有患者随访6个月～3年,平均1.5年.前路手术组JOA评分从术前平均(9.3+1.8)分提高至术后平均(14.2±1.3)分,平均改善率62.3%±15.2%;后路手术组JOA评分从术前平均(8.7+1.6)分提高至术后平均(11.4±1.2)分,平均改善率33.5%±12.7%.两组患者疗效差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对于骨化范围在3个节段以内的患者,前路手术是安全、有效的治疗方式,而后路手术则适用于范围超过3个节段的严重颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者.     

应用单开门椎板成形术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

目的 探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的适宜手术入路及方式。方法 观察及分析应用单开门椎板成形术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症３０２例的近期与１－９年远期临床疗效并将手术前、后Ｘ线片、ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ等影像学资料进行对比。结果 ３０２例后纵韧带骨化症手术近期及远期神经功能评分显著提高,平均改善率分别为４６％和６８％,后Ｘ线片显示颈椎管矢以显著增加,ＣＴ示椎管截面积显著扩大,而ＭＲＩ则显示脊髓向后移行,前后方压迫均解除。     

后路椎板切除联合钉棒系统固定治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的疗效分析

目的探讨后路椎板切除联合钉棒系统固定治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的疗效、并发症及其影像因素。方法2002年1月-2006年12月,采用后路椎板切除联合钉棒系统固定治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者54例,采用JOA评分评价患者神经功能恢复,将患者分为疗效良好、疗效不佳2组。分析患者年龄、性别、症状持续时间、神经功能、合并糖尿病、椎管矢状径、颈椎曲度、椎管狭窄率、骨化物分型、脊髓压迫率、脊髓高信号等相关因素对患者手术疗效的影响。结果随访1-4年,平均2,3年。术后患者脊髓前后径及神经功能JOA评分明显提高,但颈椎曲度改善不明显。其中35例患者手术疗效良好,19例患者疗效不佳,多因素分析示患者术前颈椎曲度及骨化物横断面分型可影响患者手术疗效。本组并发症包括7例C5神经根麻痹,5例颈肩部的轴性痛和2例血肿压迫。结论后路椎板切除联合钉棒系统固定是一种适合于治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的手术方式,患者术前颈椎曲度及横断面骨化分型对患者手术疗效具有重要意义。     

发育性颈椎管狭窄症合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

本文报告了发育性颈椎管狭窄症合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（OPLL）38例，手术治疗37例，影像学显示椎管与椎体矢状径比值最窄为0.48:1，最宽为0.72:1，平均0.65:1。合并OPLL，其狭窄率最低为18%，最高为68A%，平均为41.5%。手术方法：颈前路减压 植骨融合术13例；颈后路减压30例次，包括半椎板减压14例次，全椎板减压5例，椎管成形术11例次，随讠9例，平均随访时间20个月，按“颈椎病脊髓功能状态评定法”进行疗效评定，术前平均21.45分，术后32.31分，平均改善率72.09%。     

Surgical strategy for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is a common cause of cervical myelopathy, and controversy remains regarding surgical options. Between January 2004 and December 2007, a total of 164 patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine who underwent surgical treatment at the authors' institution were included in this study. The choice of surgical option was based on pathological extent and cervical alignment. Short-segment pathology was treated via the anterior approach and long-segment pathology via the posterior approach. When the posterior approach was selected, laminoplasty was performed for the patients with cervical lordosis and laminectomy with fusion for those with cervical kyphosis. Consequently, anterior corpectomy and fusion was performed in 91 patients, laminoplasty in 41 patients, and laminectomy and instrumented fusion in 32 patients. The Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system was used to evaluate patients' neurological status, and related complications were also recorded. Clinical results between different approaches and techniques were compared at mid-term follow-up.Based on the results of this study and a review of previous literature, no significant differences existed between different approaches and techniques for patients with mild ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, but anterior corpectomy and fusion had significantly better results in patients with severe ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. With respect to the posterior approach, laminectomy and instrumented fusion improved the surgical results of patients with cervical kyphosis, but a high incidence of C5 palsy existed simultaneously.     

Atlantoaxial subluxation associated with ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine

STUDY DESIGN: Two case reports. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate two rare cases of atlantoaxial subluxation associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine, in which spastic quadriplegia developed. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are only two reports of an association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis with atlantoaxial subluxation. This condition often accompanies ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine, but there is nothing in the literature about the association of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with atlantoaxial subluxation. METHODS: Clinical and radiographic findings of these two cases were demonstrated. In both cases laminoplasty of the cervical spine was performed with occipitoaxial arthrodesis. RESULTS: The spastic quadriplegia of these two patients caused by myelocompression improved after surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine may cause atlantoaxial subluxation.     

Long-term results of double-door laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of the long-term results from double-door laminoplasty (Kurokawa's method) for patients with myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and cervical spondylosis was performed. OBJECTIVE: To know whether the short-term results from double-door laminoplasty were maintained over a 10-year period and, if not, the cause of late deterioration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are few long-term follow-up studies on the outcome of laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy. METHODS: In this study, 35 patients with cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine and 25 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, including 5 patients with athetoid cerebral palsy, underwent double-door laminoplasty from 1980 through 1988 and were followed over the next 10 years. The average follow-up period was 153 months (range, 120-200 months) in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and 156 months (range, 121-218 months) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurologic deficits before and after surgery were assessed using a scoring system proposed by the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA score). Patients who showed late deterioration received further examination including computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine. RESULTS: In 32 of the patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and 23 of the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, myelopathy improved after surgery. The improvement of Japanese Orthopedic Association scores was maintained up to the final follow-up assessment in 26 of the patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and 21 of the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Late neurologic deterioration occurred in 10 of the patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament an average of 8 years after surgery, and in 4 of the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, including the 3 patients with athetoid cerebral palsy, an average of 11 years after surgery. The main causes of deterioration in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament were a minor trauma in patients with residual cervical cord compression caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and thoracic myelopathy resulting from ossification of the yellow ligament in the thoracic spine. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term results of laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy were maintained over 10years in 78% of the patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and in most of the patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, except those with athetoid cerebral palsy. Double-door laminoplasty is a reliable procedure for individuals with cervical stenotic myelopathy.     

Long-term results of tension-band laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy: a ten-year follow-up

We reviewed 75 patients (57 men and 18 women), who had undergone tension-band laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (42 patients) or compression myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (33 patients) and had been followed for more than ten years. Clinical and functional results were estimated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score. The rate of recovery and the level of postoperative axial neck pain were also recorded. The pre- and post-operative alignment of the cervical spine (Ishihara curve index indicating lordosis of the cervical spine) and the range of movement (ROM) of the cervical spine were also measured. The mean rate of recovery of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score at final follow-up was 52.1% (SD 24.6) and significant axial pain was reported by 19 patients (25.3%). Axial pain was reported more frequently in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament than in those with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (p = 0.027). A kyphotic deformity was not seen post-operatively in any patient. The mean ROM decreased post-operatively from 32.8° (SD 12.3) to 16.2° (SD 12.3) (p < 0.001). The mean ROM ratio was 46.9% (SD 28.1) for all the patients. The mean ROM ratio was lower in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament than in those with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (p < 0.001). Compared to those with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament had less ROM and more post-operative axial neck pain.     

Genetic study of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine with human leukocyte antigen haplotype.

To evaluate the genetic background of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, the relationship between the presence of absence of ossification and human leukocyte antigen haplotypes was studied in 33 families of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The study revealed that human leukocyte antigen haplotypes formed certain types of clusters, and that some human leukocyte antigen haplotypes were very rare in the Japanese population, suggesting the involvement of human leukocyte antigen-linked factors in the pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine. In the families of these patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was demonstrated by radiography in 56% (10/18) of the siblings. Each of these siblings shared both human leukocyte antigen haplotypes with the patient. None of those who shared only one human leukocyte antigen haplotype with the patient had developed ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. From these findings, the presence of both pathogenic human leukocyte antigen haplotypes is considered to be necessary for the development of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and this genetic predisposition may be activated by multiple factors, including regressive degeneration due to aging and the environment.     

Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine in non-Japanese Asians

"The Japanese disease," ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, is not confined to the Japanese only. A similar incidence of 0.8% was found in this study among non-Japanese Asians. Of 5167 patients who attended the Mount Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore for cervical spine complaints, 43 patients were found to have ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, forming the largest non-Japanese series. All but one patient were of Mongolian origin, and males were affected four times more commonly than females. Diabetes mellitus was present in 16%. There was a significant association between ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and calcification of other cervical paraspinal ligaments. It is suggested that a generalized tendency to calcification may be an important etiological factor in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Four of the patients required surgery, and in our experience, anterior spinal fusion with removal of the ossified ligament or multilevel laminoplasty gives satisfactory results.     

前路飘浮法治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症初步报告

目的 :对前路飘浮法治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症 (OPLL)手术疗效进行初步评析。方法 :对 16例颈椎O PLL患者行前路飘浮法治疗 ,其中连续型 3例 ,节段型 8例 ,混合型 3例 ,孤立型 2例 ;最长手术节段 3节 ;椎管狭窄率 3 0 %～ 70 %。所有患者均采用钛板、钛网行颈椎重建。术后对近期结果随访 ,并按日本矫形外科协会 (JOA)评分系统评分。结果 :平均随访时间 6个月 ,平均恢复率为 68 2 %。无脑脊液漏、神经损伤等并发症发生。颈椎融合良好。结论 :前路飘浮法适合于大多数OPLL患者 ;新型颈椎内固定系统扩大了前路OPLL手术适应证     

Progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament following en bloc cervical laminoplasty.

BACKGROUND: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament often causes compressive myelopathy. Ossification is a progressive disease, and it has been reported that the area of ossification increases after decompressive surgery. However, it is uncertain how the progression of ossification affects the long-term outcome after cervical laminoplasty. This study was performed to clarify the relationship between the progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the clinical results following en bloc cervical laminoplasty. METHODS: Forty-five patients who were followed for more than ten years after laminoplasty participated in this study. Radiographs and tomograms of the cervical spine of each patient were made before and after the operation and at the time of the latest follow-up. The extent of ossification in the longitudinal and sagittal axes was evaluated. Neurological function was graded with use of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring system. The relationship between the progression of ossification and the score-based rate of recovery was analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-three (73%) of the patients had progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament after laminoplasty. Progression was frequent in patients with the mixed type of ossification and in those with the continuous type, whereas it was rare in patients with the segmental type. The patients with progression of the ossification were significantly younger than those without progression (p = 0.018). The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score improved rapidly within one year and continued to improve up to five years after surgery. The score tended to decrease thereafter. For thirteen patients, the score had worsened at the time of the latest follow-up. Three patients had neurological deterioration following an increase in the thickness of the ossification. CONCLUSIONS: Progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was often observed during the long-term follow-up period after laminoplasty. Young patients with mixed and continuous types of ossification had the greatest risk for progression. Preventive measures, such as the use of a wider laminar opening during the laminoplasty, should be considered for patients who are at risk for progression of ossification.     

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in vitamin D-resistant rickets: case report and review of the literature

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in a patient with vitamin D-resistant rickets is presented together with a review of literature. OBJECTIVE: To report the diagnosis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in a white woman with vitamin D-resistant rickets. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The association between ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and untreated vitamin D-resistant rickets has been reported in Japan, but infrequently in white populations. In whites, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is closely associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. A clear association between ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and vitamin D-resistant rickets in white populations has not yet been established. METHODS: The medical record and imaging studies of a patient treated at the authors' institution for cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the setting of treated vitamin D-resistant rickets were reviewed. A Medline search of the medical literature between 1966-1999 was performed to identify pertinent studies and similar case reports. RESULTS: The occurrence of spinal stenosis in untreated adults with vitamin D-resistant rickets has been reported in all regions of the spine in Japanese patients. The association between ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and untreated vitamin D-resistant rickets was first reported in Japan, where ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is endemic. This association may be incidental, because reports on ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in whites are not as frequent as in Japanese, reflecting the higher prevalence of this condition in Japan. CONCLUSION: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament associated with deranged calcium or phosphate metabolism may be different pathologic entities sharing a common outcome. Adequate treatment of vitamin D-resistant rickets may not always prevent or reverse ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化合并硬膜囊骨化的CT影像特点及临床意义

目的探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化合并硬膜囊骨化的CT影像特点及临床意义。方法前路手术治疗21倒颈椎后纵韧带骨化患者,术前均行CT三维重建检查,明确后纵韧带骨化诊断及骨化物类型。术中5例患者被证实合并硬膜囊骨化．其中3例手术切除骨化物时造成硬膜囊缺损而出现脑脊液漏,另2例采用骨化物漂浮法减压。结果4例患者的CT横断面影像具有典型的双影征,矢状面成像表现为分层结构。3例脑脊液漏患者经非手术治疗均得以痊愈。随访1～3年,合并硬膜囊骨化患者的神经功能平均恢复率低于其他患者。结论CT三维影像有助于患者术前硬膜囊骨化的诊断,这对前路手术治疗后纵韧带骨化具有重要意义。