In vivo percutaneous absorption of capsaicin,nonivamide and sodium nonivamide acetate from ointment bases: Skin erythema test and non-invasive surface recovery technique in humans

Nonivamide (NVA) and sodium nonivamide acetate (SNA) are both synthetic analogues of capsaicin. In this present study, the in vivo skin erythema test and non-invasive surface recovery techniques were performed in humans for capsaicin, NVA and SNA after transdermal ointment application. In order to quantify the skin erythema and irritation caused by capsaicin and its analogues, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was utilized for determining the cutaneous blood flow to assess the degree of irritant reaction. In the study of surface recovery technique, NVA hydrophilic ointment base showed higher flux and cumulative absorbed amount than the other formulations. In the study of skin erythema test, capsaicin caused severer skin irritation than NVA in humans. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the erythema levels of SNA and control group indicating that SNA produced no skin irritation or pungent sensation. In addition, increased skin temperatures were detected after transdermal application of capsaicin, NVA and SNA ointment bases. The trend of the skin temperature profiles was consistent with that of skin erythema test by laser Doppler flowmetry suggesting that increased skin temperatures may reflect the degree of vasodilation produced by irritation in the treated skin area. In the study of the skin erythema test using various concentration levels of capsaicin and NVA, the various doses from hydrophilic ointment did not markedly influence the pungent and irritant skin reactions after transdermal application.     

Lack of sensitization for trimellitate, phthalate, terephthalate and isobutyrate plasticizers in a human repeated insult patch test.

Two hundred and three human volunteers were tested for evidence of sensitization to several plasticizers following 3 weeks of dermal application three times a week. Tris(2-ethylhexyl)mellitate (TOTM; 1%, v/v), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-diisobutyrate (TXIB; 1%, v/v), di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT; 0.5%, v/v) and diethylphthalate (DEP; 2%, v/v) were applied to the skin of volunteers under semi-occlusive patch for 3 consecutive weeks and the reactions to a challenge application noted following a 2-week rest period. Slight erythema was observed in four individuals exposed to TOTM, two of which resolved within 96 h and one that occurred only after 96 h. Slight erythema was noted in three subjects exposed to TXIB, one of which resolved by 96 h and one that occurred only after 96 h. Two subjects had slight erythema to DEHT, one that resolved by 96 h and one that occurred only after 96 h. One reaction occurred with DEP at 96 h after challenge. Of the positive responses, one subject reacted to all test substances. No subject had a response grade of 1.0 or greater. Because of the low response, the overall conclusion is that none of the plasticizers demonstrated evidence of sensitization or irritation.     

血余炭纳米纤维膜皮肤刺激性和过敏性实验研究

目的:观察血余炭纳米纤维膜外用对皮肤的刺激性和过敏性反应,为评价其安全性提供参考。方法:采用家兔皮肤刺激实验,分完整皮肤组和损伤皮肤组,分别在给药1 d、连续给药7 d后,观察皮肤有无红斑、水肿等刺激反应;采用豚鼠皮肤过敏实验,每周贴敷血余炭纳米纤维膜致敏1次,连续3周,于首次致敏后的第28天皮肤再次给药进行攻击,观察皮肤有无红斑、水肿等过敏反应。结果:血余炭纳米纤维膜对家兔的完整皮肤和破损皮肤,经单次给药或多次给药24 h后去除敷料,分别于1、24、48、72 h观察,均未见红斑及水肿,刺激反应平均分值均<0.5,无刺激性;豚鼠皮肤过敏实验中,未出现皮肤明显红斑、水肿等皮肤过敏反应及其他全身性过敏反应。结论:血余炭纳米纤维膜对家兔完整皮肤和损伤皮肤不会引起刺激性反应,对豚鼠皮肤无过敏性反应,具有良好的皮肤用药安全性。     

Effect of transdermal nicotine replacement on alcohol responses and alcohol self-administration

Rationale Nicotine replacement is commonly used to treat tobacco use in heavy-drinking smokers. However, few studies have examined the effect of nicotine replacement on subjective and physiological responses to alcohol and alcohol drinking behavior. Objective The primary aim of this within-subject, double-blind study was to examine whether transdermal nicotine replacement (0 mg vs 21 mg/day) altered response to a low-dose priming drink and subsequent ad libitum drinking behavior. Materials and methods Subjects (n = 19) were non-treatment-seeking, non-dependent heavy drinkers who were daily smokers. Six hours after transdermal patch application, subjective and physiological responses to a priming drink [designed to raise blood alcohol levels (BALs) to 0.03 g/dl] were assessed. This was followed by a 2-h self-administration period where subjects could choose to consume up to eight additional drinks (each designed to raise BALs by 0.015 g/dl) or to receive monetary reinforcement for drinks not consumed. Results We found that 6 h after patch application, tobacco craving associated with withdrawal relief was decreased, and systolic blood pressure and heart rate were increased in the active patch condition compared to the placebo patch condition. Subjective intoxication in response to the priming drink was attenuated in the active nicotine patch condition compared to 6 h of nicotine deprivation (i.e., placebo patch). During the self-administration period, subjects had longer latencies to start drinking and consequently appeared to consume fewer drinks when administered the active patch compared to the placebo patch. Conclusions In heavy drinkers, transdermal nicotine replacement compared to mild nicotine deprivation attenuated subjective and physiological alcohol responses and delayed the initiation of drinking.     

A comparison of the skin irritation potential of transdermal fentanyl versus transdermal buprenorphine in middle-aged to elderly healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: Establishing local tolerability of transdermal opioid systems is important as more systems become available for use in a range of indications. We compared the skin irritation potential of a single application of transdermal fentanyl (Durogesic D-trans; DDTDF) and transdermal buprenorphine (Transtec; TDB) patches in healthy volunteers. METHODS: 46 healthy males and females (mean age [range]: 59.6 [50-69] years) with healthy skin received a single dose of both the DDTDF 25 mug/h patch and the TDB 35 mug/h patch in a randomised order under naltrexone cover. The incidence and severity of erythema was assessed at various timepoints after patch removal. RESULTS: There was a non-significant trend towards a higher incidence of erythema 60 min after patch removal with TDB compared with DDTDF. The severity of erythema at 60 min and the incidence of erythema at 72 h after patch removal were significantly higher with TDB than with DDTDF (p = 0.01 and 22% versus 4.9%, p = 0.04, respectively). In general, the results from the chromametric assessment of treated skin were in agreement. The incidence of topical adverse events (AEs) was lower with DDTDF than with TDB (one versus six events) and subjects preferred the DDTDF patch and felt it was less noticeable on the skin. The DDTDF patch was considered less painful to remove, and, consistent with that, the TDB patch was judged to have better adhesion. Twenty-one subjects reported systemic AEs with DDTDF plus naltrexone and 22 with TDB plus naltrexone, most of which were considered treatment-related, 34 and 60 AEs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Local tolerability of transdermal opioid systems should be considered when making a therapeutic choice. Even after a single application in healthy volunteers, differences in local tolerability, assessed both clinically and by chromametry, and patch comfort were shown between DDTDF and TDB, in favour of DDTDF.     

Skin Irritation in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Strategy for its Reduction

Purpose Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in transdermal drug delivery systems (TDS) often causes skin irritation such as erythema and edema. We have studied a possible approach for the reduction of skin irritation by patch formulations that control the rates of skin permeation and elimination of API. Methods Loxoprofen (LX-base) was used to induce the skin irritation. The redness value (Δa) was evaluated as a measure of erythema by Chroma Meter. The in vitro skin permeation and release profiles were also investigated by using a side-by-side diffusion cell. Results The redness values were not correlated either with the cumulative amount of API permeated or the concentration of LX-base in the skin, but well correlated with the elimination rate of LX-base from the skin after the removal of the formulation. The formulation with gradual decrease of permeation rate during application accelerated the elimination rate after application, and resulted in the reduction of the skin irritation. Conclusions The skin pharmacokinetics of API, not only permeation during application but also release after the patch removal, was found to be a significant factor for skin irritation. To minimize the skin irritation, it’s also important to eliminate the residual API in the skin promptly after application.     

Safety evaluation of silk protein film (a novel wound healing agent) in terms of acute dermal toxicity, acute dermal irritation and skin sensitization

Acute dermal toxicity study was conducted in rats. The parameters studied were body weight, serum biochemistry and gross pathology. The animals were also observed for clinical signs and mortality after the application of test film. The dermal irritation potential of silk protein film was examined using Draize test. In the initial test, three test patches were applied sequentially for 3 min, 1 and 4 hours, respectively, and skin reaction was graded. The irritant or negative response was confirmed using two additional animals, each with one patch, for an exposure period of 4 hours. The responses were scored at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the patch removal. Skin sensitization study was conducted according to Buehler test in guinea pigs, in which on day 0, 7 and 14, the animals were exposed to test material for 6 hours (Induction phase) and on day 28, the animals were exposed for a period of 24 hours (Challenge phase). The skin was observed and recorded at 24 and 48 hours after the patch removal. In acute dermal toxicity study, the rats dermally treated with silk film did not show any abnormal clinical signs and the body weight, biochemical parameters and gross pathological observations were not significantly different from the control group. In acute dermal irritation study, the treated rabbits showed no signs of erythema, edema and eschar, and the scoring was given as "0" for all time points of observations according to Draize scoring system. In skin sensitization study, there were no skin reactions 24 and 48 hours after the removal of challenge patch, which was scored "0" based on Magnusson/Kligman grading scale.     

The effect of a nicotine patch on cigarette craving over the course of the day: results from two randomized clinical trials

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The objective of this analysis was to assess the efficacy of a 21?mg/24-h nicotine patch for the reduction of craving throughout the waking day, compared both to placebo, and to a 15?mg/16-h patch differing pharmacokinetic profile over the day. The primary end-point was craving during the evening hours, because previous research suggested that smoking relapse was particularly likely at that time.

Research design and methods: Data were drawn from two similar randomized clinical trials among nicotine-dependent smokers who were quitting smoking: Study 1 compared the 21?mg/24-h patch to a placebo patch, while Study 2 compared the 21?mg/24-h patch to a 15?mg/16-h nicotine patch. In both studies, subjects (Study 1: n?=?102; Study 2: n?=?244) were prompted by an electronic diary to rate their craving multiple times per day during a 1?week baseline period, and for up to 2?weeks after quitting. For analysis, the day was divided into five blocks: morning (up to 10:59 a.m.), mid-day (11:00 a.m.–1:59 p.m.), afternoon (2:00 p.m.–4:59 p.m.), evening (5:00 p.m.–8:59 p.m.), and late night (9:00 p.m. onwards). The individual craving ratings were divided into three intervals based on time since quitting: Days 1–3, 4–7, and 8–14.

Results: The 21?mg/24-h nicotine patch resulted in significantly lower craving during all post-quit intervals, at each time of day, both compared to placebo (Study 1), and compared to the 15?mg/16-h nicotine patch (Study 2). Study 2 saw a significant treatment by interval interaction: in later time intervals, the difference in craving experience between 24- and 16-h patch conditions shrunk – while remaining significantly different – as overall levels of craving experienced by subjects in the two groups dropped. Adverse events reported in both studies tended to be mild and transient, consistent with the well characterized adverse event profile of nicotine patches.

Conclusions: Study 1 demonstrated that a 21?mg/24-h patch was effective in reducing craving throughout the day, including the evening period when relapse risk is heightened. A further study comparing the 21?mg/24-h patch to a 15?mg/16-h nicotine patch found that craving was significantly lower at all times of day for smokers using the 21?mg/24-h patch. The studies were limited in that craving was only monitored for the first 2?weeks of quitting (when craving is most prominent), and cannot elucidate the impact of patch use on craving outside of this time. Also, there was substantial attrition of the sample over time, partly due to relapse in all conditions.     

复方九节茶乳膏的抗炎镇痛及皮肤安全性的初步研究

目的初步评价复方九节茶乳膏的抗炎、镇痛作用及其使用安全性。方法采用醋酸扭体法和小鼠耳廓肿胀模型观察镇痛、抗炎作用,并进行家兔皮肤刺激实验和豚鼠皮肤过敏实验。结果复方九节茶乳膏能显著性减少冰醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数;抑制由二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀。复方九节茶乳膏对家兔完整皮肤无刺激性,单次给药破损皮肤组1只家兔出现轻度水肿,24h后恢复正常;豚鼠实验未出现变态反应。结论复方九节茶乳膏具有明显的镇痛、抗炎作用;复方九节茶乳膏对家兔皮肤无明显刺激性作用,对豚鼠皮肤无明显致变态反应作用。     

Ketoprofen: experimental overview of dermal toxicity

Ketoprofen (KP) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). However, an increasing number of case reports suggest that in broad use, KP can cause allergic dermatitis. Most of these adverse effects have been attributed to the photoallergic potential of KP and photosensitivity. With the exception of a few reports in experimental animals, there is little evidence that KP actually causes dermal toxicity. In this study, in order to investigate the eventual underlying causes of KP dermal toxicity, we conducted primary irritation, skin cumulative, skin sensitization, phototoxicity and photosensitization tests in rodents and rabbits. Primary irritation and skin cumulative testing using New Zealand white rabbits revealed that application of KP (22, 15 and 10%) did not induce erythema or edema formation. Moreover, in skin sensitization and skin phototoxicity testing, using Hartley albino guinea pigs, there was no evidence of allergic or phototoxic potential. In the photosensitization test, KP induced skin reactions in six of eight guinea pigs with signs of erythema on the application site. Histologically, in photosensitized skin, epidermal hyperplasia, including incremental stratum granulosum, acanthosis, keratinocyte hypertrophy and dermal inflammatory cell infiltration, was observed. In this animal study, no primary irritation, cumulative irritation, skin sensitization or skin phototoxicity was observed with KP treatment. However, we identified photosensitization as the underlying cause of KP dermal toxicity.     

Safety profile of silver sulfadiazine-bFGF-loaded hydrogel for partial thickness burn wounds

In the present investigation, the safety of novel combinational silver sulfadiazine-bFGF-loaded hydrogel was assured by performing acute skin irritation, sensitization, acute dermal toxicity, and eye irritation in compliance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. In the skin irritation study, placebo, test, and positive control (0.8% w/v aqueous solution of formaldehyde) were applied on New Zealand rabbits and monitored for abnormal skin responses including erythema and edema. The placebo and test formulation did not induce any adverse reactions and were classified as nonirritating materials. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized by positive control (0.1% w/v 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in 10% of propylene glycol as a standard skin sensitizing agent), placebo, and test formulations. Weak sensitization was observed in the placebo and test formulation treated groups. Additionally, acute dermal toxicity test was performed in Wistar rats, where no signs of toxicity were observed in biochemical, hematological, and histopathological studies. Moreover, the acute eye irritation test was carried out in rabbits and no abnormal clinical signs were evident in the cornea or iris. As a whole, these findings suggest that the hydrogel formulation does not cause any skin irritation, skin sensitizationand dermal toxic effects, and eye irritation following dermal and ocular applications, respectively. Therefore, all the findings obtained from this preclinical study indicated that this hydrogel formulation is nontoxic and safe for use in animal models.     

咪喹莫特乳膏对家兔皮肤的刺激性研究

目的 考察咪喹莫特乳膏对家兔皮肤的刺激性作用。方法 分别进行单次和多次给药对家兔皮肤的刺激性实验。单次给药实验时，取家兔8只，随机平均分成实验组1和实验组2，均对称脱去脊柱两侧毛，将每只家兔脱毛皮肤自上而下平均分为4块，脊柱两侧共8块，下部4块制作破损皮肤模型。所有家兔脊柱左侧均给予赋形剂1 g，实验组1脊柱右侧给予1%咪喹莫特乳膏1 g，实验组2脊柱右侧给予5%咪喹莫特乳膏1 g。涂药后用医用手术巾包扎8 h，观察并记录除去咪喹莫特乳膏及赋形剂后1，24，48，72 h给药部位皮肤的红斑、水肿、焦痂等刺激反应情况。多次给药实验时，分组、给药方法、剂量及包扎时间均同单次给药实验，每日给药1次，连续7 d。每次给药后8 h，用温水洗去药物及赋形剂。结果 1%和5%咪喹莫特乳膏在家兔完整及破损皮肤单次给药时未见皮肤刺激性反应；1%咪喹莫特乳膏在家兔完整皮肤多次给药未见明显刺激反应，破损皮肤多次给药有轻度刺激反应；5%咪喹莫特乳膏在家兔完整皮肤多次给药有轻度刺激反应，破损皮肤多次给药有中度刺激反应。但停药后刺激反应消失，皮肤恢复正常。未见赋形剂对家兔皮肤的明显刺激作用。结论咪喹莫特乳膏单次给药对家兔完整和破损皮肤无刺激性，多次给药对家兔破损和完整皮肤的刺激反应小。预期咪喹莫特乳膏临床可用。     

Comparative dermatotoxicology: I. Direct comparison of rabbit and human primary skin irritation responses to isopropylmyristate

The primary skin irritation properties of isopropylmyristate (IPM) have been determined for rabbit and human skin. In rabbit studies, an occluded patch procedure was used in which irritation due to a vehicle was eliminated. Known amounts of IPM were applied to patches with ethanol as a vehicle. A radiotracer study showed the ethanol could be evaporated to a nonirritating level prior to use of the patch. This procedure was used with an experimental design that improved the efficiency of the irritation test by allowing removal of animal-to-animal variability and permitting four different treatments on each animal at one time. Four consecutive 23-hr occluded exposures of rabbit skin to 6.3 mg IPM/cm² of patch produced moderate erythema according to the Draize scale while four exposures to 23 or 85 mg IPM/cm² of patch produced moderate to severe erythema with very slight edema. A single exposure at doses ranging from 1.7 to 85 mg IPM/cm² of patch produced responses ranging from no erythema to well-defined erythema. The responses to a single exposure were less with 1 or 4 hr of occlusion than with 23 hr. A statistical analysis showed substantial variation in irritation scores from skin site-to-skin site but no tendency for one site on the rabbits' backs to have systematically higher scores than another. Human studies were conducted with experimental conditions the same as for the rabbit. Four consecutive 23-hr occluded exposures of human back skin to 85 mg IPM/cm² of patch produced only very slight erythema with no edema. The results of these studies support the use of IPM as a model species-variable skin irritant to study the biological basis for the variability of skin irritation among species.     

High dose transdermal nicotine therapy for heavy smokers: safety,tolerability and measurement of nicotine and cotinine levels

Transdermal nicotine has been shown to relieve nicotine withdrawal and to double smoking cessation rates compared to placebo in clinical trials. A 21 or 22 mg/day dose provides a steady state serum nicotine that is less than obtained from smoking. Limited information is available about higher nicotine patch doses. To define better the optimal dosing of nicotine patch therapy, we undertook an open-label study to determine the safety and tolerability of 44 mg/day dose for smoking cessation in subjects smoking 20 cigarettes per day. Forty smokers received 44 mg/day of transdermal nicotine for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of 22 mg/day. Of the 40 subjects enrolled, 38 (95%) completed the 4 weeks of 44 mg patch therapy and 36 (90%) completed the entire 8 weeks of patch therapy. Non-smokers at week 4 had a mean serum nicotine level of 23.4±11.7 ng/ml and cotinine of 152.2±87.3 ng/ml. Percent replacement was calculated by dividing the steady state level at week 4 by the baseline level while the subjects were smoking their usual number of cigarettes. Percent nicotine replacement for non-smokers at week 4 (while on 44 mg nicotine patch) averaged 158%±108.4, and for cotinine was 112.0±73.8. For nicotine, 33% of non-smokers at week 4 had 100% nicotine replacement and for cotinine 63% 100% replacement. Biochemically confirmed point prevalence smoking cessation rates were 65% and 55% at weeks 4 and 8 of patch therapy, respectively, and self-reported smoking cessation at 3 months was 50%. The most common effect was skin irritation at the patch site. A single subject was admitted for myocardial infarction following step-down from 44 to 22 mg of replacement nicotine. The subject was not smoking and the adverse event was deemed to be not related to the patch therapy. Sleep complaints were reported in 33% of subjects during the 44 mg phase. Other complaints were infrequent. We conclude that 44 mg per 24-h nicotine patch therapy in heavy smokers is safe, tolerable, and without significant adverse events.     

Effect of application sites and multiple doses on nicotine pharmacokinetics in healthy male Japanese smokers following application of the transdermal nicotine patch

The transdermal nicotine patch, which contains 25 mg nicotine per 30 cm(2), is designed to deliver approximately 15 mg nicotine to the blood circulation in 16 hours of application for the treatment of smoking cessation. It was applied to 3 different skin sites (upper arm, abdomen, and back) to examine regional variations in percutaneous nicotine absorption in a single-dose, 3-period, crossover study involving 9 healthy male Japanese smokers. Nicotine pharmacokinetics during once-daily application of the transdermal nicotine patch for 5 days was also investigated in 10 healthy smokers. There were statistically significant effects of application sites on percutaneous nicotine absorption. The ratios (90% confidence intervals) of AUC and C(max) for comparison to the upper arm were 102% (88, 117%) and 106% (95, 119%) for the back and 75% (65, 87%) and 75% (66, 84%) for the abdomen, respectively. These suggest that systemic exposure after application to the upper arm was greater compared with the abdomen but equivalent to the back. Following multiple doses, linear pharmacokinetics and no significant accumulation of nicotine concentrations were observed, and steady state was reached by day 2. Only mild itching and erythema were observed at the application sites. The transdermal nicotine patch was well tolerated in both studies.     

Formulation,in vitro,and in vivo evaluation of matrix-type transdermal patches containing olanzapine

Transdermal patches of olanzapine were aimed to be prepared to overcome the side effects by oral application. The strategy was formulation of eudragit-based polymeric films to prepare transdermal patches by using nonionic (span-20), anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride), and vegetable oil (olive oil) as permeation enhancers. The patches were subjected to physicochemical, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. On the basis of in vitro release performance, ERL 100:ERS 100 in the ratio of 3:2 was selected for incorporation of permeation enhancers. The permeation studies showed that formulation containing 10% span 20 (OD3) exhibited greatest cumulative amount of drug permeated (19.02?±?0.21?mg) in 72?h, so OD3 was concluded as optimized formulation and assessed for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and skin irritation potential. In vivo studies of optimized olanzapine patch in rabbit model revealed prolongation of action with F_rel 116.09% during 72-h study period. Neuroleptic efficacy of transdermal patch was comparable to oral formulation during rotarod and grip test in Wistar albino rats with no skin irritation. Thus, developed formulation of olanzapine is expected to improve the patient compliance, form better dosage regimen, and provide maintenance therapy to psychotic patients.     

Transdermal nicotine maintenance attenuates the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous nicotine, but not cocaine or caffeine, in cigarette-smoking stimulant abusers.

The effects of transdermal nicotine maintenance on the subjective, reinforcing, and cardiovascular effects of intravenously administered cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine were examined using double-blind procedures in nine volunteers with histories of using tobacco, caffeine, and cocaine. Each participant was exposed to two chronic drug maintenance phases (21 mg/day nicotine transdermal patch and placebo transdermal patch). Within each drug phase, the participant received intravenous injections of placebo, cocaine (15 and 30 mg/70 kg), caffeine (200 and 400 mg/70 kg), and nicotine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/70 kg) in mixed order across days. Subjective and cardiovascular data were collected before and repeatedly after drug or placebo injection. Reinforcing effects were also assessed after each injection with a Drug vs Money Multiple-Choice Form. Intravenous cocaine produced robust dose-related increases in subjective and reinforcing effects; these effects were not altered by nicotine maintenance. Intravenous caffeine produced elevations on several subjective ratings; nicotine maintenance did not affect these ratings. Under the placebo maintenance condition, intravenous nicotine produced robust dose-related subjective effects, with maximal increases similar to the high dose of cocaine; nicotine maintenance significantly decreased the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous nicotine. The results of the present study demonstrate that chronic nicotine maintenance produces tolerance to the effects of intravenous nicotine, but does not affect the subjective or reinforcing effects of cocaine or caffeine.     

复方冰甲乳膏皮肤刺激性研究

目的:研究复方冰甲乳膏的刺激性。方法:采用家兔皮肤刺激性实验,分完整皮肤组和破损皮肤组,同一兔的左右背两侧分别涂抹复方冰甲乳膏和赋形剂,每次1 g,单次和连续7 d给药后,对家兔皮肤刺激性、刺激强度评分并观察恢复情况。结果:完整皮肤组家兔背两侧皮肤无红斑、水肿等现象,破损皮肤组家兔皮肤涂复方冰甲乳膏侧有轻度刺激性。结论:复方冰甲乳膏对家兔完整皮肤无刺激性,对家兔破损皮肤有轻度刺激性。     

咪康唑莫米松皮肤成膜凝胶皮肤用药安全性试验

目的对咪康唑莫米松皮肤成膜凝胶进行皮肤刺激性试验和过敏性试验,为,临床用药安全提供依据。方法采用家兔进行皮肤刺激试验,分为完整皮肤组和破损皮肤组,连续给药7d后观察;采用豚鼠皮肤进行主动过敏性试验（ACA）,观察咪康唑莫米松皮肤成膜凝胶是否引起豚鼠皮肤或全身过敏反应。结果家兔皮肤刺激性试验,完整皮肤组和破损皮肤组均未出现红斑、水肿等现象;豚鼠皮肤主动过敏性试验,未引起皮肤过敏反应或全身过敏反应。结论咪康唑莫米松皮肤成膜凝胶未引起家兔皮肤刺激性反应和豚鼠皮肤过敏性反应,其临床用药剂量安全可靠。     

聚维酮碘溶液皮肤刺激性和致敏性实验研究

目的评价聚维酮碘溶液的安全性。方法采用家兔皮肤刺激试验和豚鼠皮肤过敏试验观察聚维酮碘溶液的安全性。结果家兔皮肤刺激试验，聚维酮碘溶液对家兔完整皮肤无刺激性，破损皮肤组1只家兔出现轻度红斑，停药48h后恢复正常．豚鼠皮肤过敏试验，聚维酮碘溶液未出现过敏反应。结论聚维酮碘溶液对家免皮肤无明显刺激性作用，对豚鼠皮肤无明显致变态反应作用。