Value of urinary flow patterns in the follow-up of children who underwent Snodgrass operation

The urinary flow patterns and the Toguri nomogram were compared in the intermediate functional results of the tubularized-incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) to repair distal and midpenile hypospadias by using uroflowmetry. 28 children who were toilet trained, were able to void volitionally, and had no fistulas following hypospadias repair were eligible for the study. The study did not include children who had persistent fistula, meatal stenosis or urethral stricture, and did not return for follow-up. The mean age was 8.4 years and the mean follow-up period was 18 months. The urinary flow pattern, maximum (Q(max)) and average flow rate (Q(ave)) were measured; the results were expressed as percentiles and compared to the Toguri values from normal children. The Q(max) and Q(ave) were considered normal if they were in >25th percentile, equivocally obstructed in the 5-25th percentile and obstructed if <5th percentile. The flow pattern was classified as bell ring shape, plateau or intermittent. According to the Toguri nomogram, 22 of 28 patients (78.5%) were considered normal, 4 patients (14.2%) as equivocally obstructed, and 2 patients (7.1%) as obstructed group. A normal bell-shaped flow curve was obtained in 23 (82.1%) of the children. 4 patients (14.2%) had a plateau flow pattern. Only 1 of the patients had an intermittent shape flow curve. The flow pattern was normal bell-shaped for all of the patients, except 1, with Q(max) above the 25th percentile according to the Toguri nomogram. Of children with Q(max) below the 5th percentile, both of them had a plateau flow pattern and were found to have an asymptomatic meatal stenosis, which was improved with urethral dilatation. However, of the 4 patients with Q(max) between 5 and 25 percentiles, 2 had a plateau flow pattern and the others had a bell-shaped flow pattern. The flow patterns of the 2 patients determined as obstructive by the Toguri nomogram were plateau-shaped. TIPU provides satisfactory functional results for distal and midpenile hypospadias; uroflowmetry is an important noninvasive tool to evaluate this technique. There are no studies in the literature which only used flow patterns for the evaluation of urination for follow-up after the hypospadias repair. Our study showed that the evaluation of obstruction according to the Toguri nomogram may not be necessary in patients with a normal bell-shaped flow pattern in uroflowmetry.     

Functional evaluation of tubularized-incised plate repair of midshaft-proximal hypospadias using uroflowmetry

OBJECTIVE: To determine objectively, using uroflowmetry, the functional results of the tubularized-incised plate urethroplasty to repair midshaft-proximal hypospadias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients (mean age 4 years, mean follow-up 1.8 years) were selected from those undergoing surgery between January 1996 and January 1998 at our institution. All patients had midshaft-proximal hypospadias and were treated using the Snodgrass technique. Patients were included if they were able to void volitionally and had no fistula. The flow pattern, maximum (Qmax) and mean flow rate (Qave) were measured; the results were expressed as percentiles and compared with published values from normal children. The Qmax and Qave were considered normal if > 25th percentile, as equivocally obstructed when in the 5-25th percentile and obstructed if < 5th percentile. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were considered normal, four as equivocally obstructed and three as obstructed. Of the second group, one patient had a urethral diverticulum at the native meatus (confirmed by voiding cysto-urethrography) and the remaining three patients had meatal stenosis that responded to dilatation, with normal flow in two and improvement in the other. Of the obstructed group, one patient responded to dilatation and two underwent meatoplasty. CONCLUSION: The tubularized-incised plate repair provides satisfactory functional results for midshaft-proximal hypospadias; uroflowmetry is an important noninvasive tool to evaluate this technique. A long-term follow-up is needed to confirm these results.     

How do asymptomatic toilet-trained children void following tubularized incised-plate hypospadias repair?

Purpose:

To evaluate the functional outcome in the form of urinary flow rates in asymptomatic children following uncomplicated tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) hypospadias repair.

Methods:

We reviewed the records of children who underwent TIPU at our institution between April 1997 and September 2007 and included only asymptomatic toilet-trained children who had an uncomplicated postoperative course and had undergone uroflometry not less than 1 year postoperatively. Unfavourable voiding parameters were either a plateau curve, a peak flow below the 5th percentile range in nomogram or a post-void residual (PVR) more than 20% of the total functional capacity of the bladder. Uroflowmetry findings were analyzed against variables, including the surgeon, the severity of hypospadias, the presence of a hypoplastic urethra, the use of double layer closure, the performance of a spongioplasty and the use of a stent. Serial uroflowmetries, when available, were compared with respect to the initial flow study.

Results:

In total, 59 patients were eligible for the study. The mean age at surgery was 2.4 years. Hypospadias was distal penile in 50 (85%) and mid and proximal penile in 9 (15%). Mean follow-up was 3.3±2 (1–9.5) years. The uroflow curve was bell-shaped in 18 (30%), interrupted in 8 (14%), slightly flattened in 27 (46%) and plateau in 6 (10%). Flow rate nomograms revealed that 40 (68%) were above the 20th percentile, 10 (17%) were below the 5th percentile and 9 (15%) were between these ranges. PVR was >20% of the pre-void volume in 9 children (15%). No patient demonstrated all three unfavourable parameters together. The groups of children with unfavourable functional voiding parameters were compared to the children with favourable parameters specifically with respect to the possible predictors of outcome. Follow-up uroflometry in 17 patients showed improvement in the flow curve, flow rate and PVR with significant improvement of maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and PVR values.

Conclusions:

Asymptomatic, urodynamic abnormalities were observed in our study following uncomplicated TIPU repair. These abnormalities were not related to the variation of the technique among surgeons. Spontaneous improvement has been noted on serial flow studies.     

尿道口旁单侧包皮瓣加盖尿道成形术修复远端尿道下裂的疗效分析

目的 探讨远端尿道下裂合理有效的手术方式.方法 采用尿道口旁单侧包皮瓣加盖尿道成形术(OUPF术)51例,尿道板纵切卷管成形术(TIPU术)56例.2组年龄分别为4.9(3～17)和5.1(2～19)岁.病理分型:OUPF组冠状沟型、阴茎体前型、阴茎体中间型分别为6、14、31例;TIPU组分别为5、17、34例(P>0.05).统计学比较2种患儿手术时间、并发症、再手术率、术后外观、术后尿流率等参数.结果 OUPF组与TIPU组手术时间分别为(103±29)min和(92±21)min,术后尿瘘发生率分别为7.8%(4/51)和14.2%(8/56),6个月后外观满意度分别为84.8%(39/46)和87.8%(36/41),2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).87例平均随访15(6～47)个月,OUPF组46例,TIPU术组41例.2组并发症总发生率分别为15.7%(8/51)和32.1%(18/56),再手术率分别为7.8%(4/51)和26.8%(15/56),2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).尿流率随访76例,OUPF组39例,TIPU组37例,"平台梗阻型"尿流曲线分别为33.3%(13/39)和67.6%(25/37),平均尿流率分别为9.4(3.2～17.1)和6.8(3.3～15)ml/s,最大尿流率分别为12.2(3.9～22.9)和8.3(3.7～18.1)ml/s,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 OUPF术符合解剖学结构,优于TIPU术,是远端尿道下裂理想的手术方式.     

The effect of urethral instrumentation on uroflowmetry

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in a prospective study the effect of urethral instrumentation (flexible cystoscopy) on uroflowmetry, and in particular the peak urinary flow rate (Qmax). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients (median age 61.8 years, range 24-80) undergoing flexible cystoscopy were included in the analysis. Patients with active urethral stricture disease or urinary infection were excluded. The indications for cystoscopy included haematuria (44%), voiding symptoms (66%), history of bladder cancer (19%), and history of perineal trauma (3%). Patients underwent uroflowmetry immediately before instrumentation. The postvoid residual volume (PVR) was measured by bladder catheterization. After cystoscopy the bladder was completely emptied and then filled with the same volume of sterile normal saline (bladder volume = voided volume + PVR), and the patient underwent a second uroflowmetry. RESULTS: Patients with voiding symptoms (21, 66%) had a median (range) American Urological Association symptom score of 17 (4-34), a Bother score of 16 (1-23), and Quality of Life score of 3 (1-6). The mean Qmax was 16.9 (4.5-36.9) and 13.3 (4.5-39.4) mL/s before and after cystoscopy, respectively (P = 0.029). The mean percentage difference in Qmax was + 27 (- 23 to 139)% higher before than after cystoscopy. After cystoscopy, up to 25% (eight) and 21% (seven) patients had a lower Qmax, from > 15 to < 15 mL/s and from > 12 to < 12 mL/s, respectively. There were no significant differences in the bladder volume and PVR (P = 0.914 and 0.984, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Urethral instrumentation by flexible cystoscopy significantly alters Qmax. A 'false' mean change in Qmax (favouring improvement) of +27% would result if uroflowmetry data after instrumentation were used at baseline. Therefore, study protocols for benign prostatic obstruction should exclude uroflowmetry data obtained after urethral instrumentation; failure to exclude such data will lead to disproportionately greater improvements in Qmax that are independent of the therapy delivered.     

Uroflowmetry in female voiding disturbances

AIMS: The clinical validity of uroflowmetry in women is attenuated by lack of absolute normal values. A peak flow <15 mL/sec and/or residual urine >50 mL with a minimum total bladder volume of 150 mL before voiding (volume voided+residual) (method A) and the 10th centile curve of the Liverpool Nomogram (method B) for the maximum urine flow rate have been identified as useful discriminants when diagnosing voiding difficulties in women. This study compares the two methods and analyses the validity of uroflowmetry in female voiding disturbances. METHODS: A total of 348 women underwent a full urogynaecologic work-up. Evaluable results of uroflowmetry (229 with method A and 224 with method B) were analysed and compared in terms of the following clinical variables: age, parity, previous urogynaecologic surgery, prolapse grade, symptoms, postvoid residue, and incontinence. Uroflowmetry results were compared with pressure/flow study results as indicated by four different cut-offs. RESULTS: The odds ratio that a subject with voiding difficulty has abnormal flow is 3.7 (95% CI, 1.9-7) in the patients analysed with method A and 2.8 (95% CI, 1.6-5.2) with method B. A good accordance emerged between the two methods in flowmetry results. Uroflowmetry has a specificity of >70% and a sensitivity of 50 to 100% depending on the cut-offs. Uroflowmetry results in women can be analysed by using either of the methods. CONCLUSIONS: Uroflowmetry has a good specificity, a high negative predictive value, and a good diagnostic capacity such as to make it useful as the first diagnostic approach in urogynaecologic patients.     

Urodynamic Evaluation of Hypospadias Repair

Purpose

We performed a cross-sectional evaluation of voiding in a population undergoing hypospadias repair to determine whether patients had urinary obstruction at various intervals of followup after the last operation.

Materials and Methods

Of approximately 600 patients undergoing hypospadias repair at our department during a 30-year interval 175,40 months to 66 years old were evaluated. Therefore, we created a cross-sectional study group for evaluation of voiding function. All patients had undergone the final operation for hypospadias at least 1 year previously and were toilet trained. Severity of the initial hypospadias was scored together with the operative technique. Parameters evaluated were medical history, physical examination and uroflowmetry using a rotating disk. Uroflowmetry data (maximum flow rate and voided volume) were plotted in age-related nomograms in 4 different age groups: less than 8 (28 patients), 9 to 14 (18), 15 to 21 (39) and more than 21 (91) years old. All flow charts were evaluated by 2 of us (J. F. A. v. d. W. and E. B.).

Results

The severity of initial disease was grade 1 in 30% of the patients, grade 2 in 57%, grade 3 in 10%, grade 4 in 2% and unknown in 2%. The operative technique performed was a van der Meulen repair in 113 patients (65%), a combined Byars-Denis Browne repair in 56 (32%) and miscellaneous in 6 (3%). According to the uroflowmetry nomograms there was a tendency for an increased number of patients to have a normal maximum flow rate with increasing age. A total of 14 patients had a flow curve that suggested distal urethra obstruction and none was symptomatic. There was no difference in uroflowmetry characteristics regarding the operative technique.

Conclusions

No difference in uroflowmetry could be established among the operations. There seemed to be a tendency towards improvement in uroflowmetry with increasing followup. There was no direct relationship between low maximum flow rates and clinical apparent obstruction.     

Plasma kinetic vaporization of the prostate: clinical evaluation of a new technique

PURPOSE: We evaluated our results with bipolar plasma kinetic electrovaporization in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with infravesical obstruction by BPH have been treated with bipolar plasma kinetic electrovaporization. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) with a quality of life (QOL) scoring questionnaire, uroflowmetry (maximum flow rate; Qmax), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), and residual urine volume and prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurements had been performed before surgery. The IPSS scores, prostate volumes, and residual urine volumes were reevaluated during the third postoperative month. Uroflowmetry was repeated on postoperative days 7, 15, 30, and 90. Total PSA and free PSA measurements were repeated on postoperative days 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, and 90. RESULTS: The results of 20 patients could be evaluated. The median age of these patients was 61 years. The median volume of the prostates was 42 cc (95% CI 56-53). The median operation time and postoperative hospitalization were 55 minutes (95% CI 40-65) and 3 days (95% CI 3-5), respectively. The mean period of time needed for vaporizing 1 g of tissue was calculated as 2.8 +/- 1.3 minutes. Postoperative day 90 values of IPSS, QOL, prostate volume, residual urine volume, and Qmax showed significant improvement compared with preoperative values (p < 0.05). The median preoperative PSA value was 1.64 mg/mL (95% CI 1-3.6). The value showed a statistically significant increase 24 hours after the intervention (p < 0.0001), but the PSA values on the 30th (p = 0.041) and 90th (p = 0.025) days were below preoperative values. CONCLUSION: The IPSS with QOL scores, prostate volumes, and residual urine volumes showed significant decreases and Qmax values showed a significant increase after bipolar plasma kinetic electrovaporization. This treatment modality causes a temporary increase in the PSA concentration, as do other interventional treatment methods, but the measurements on the 30th and 90th days were below preoperative values.     

先天性尿道下裂患者的尿流率特点及其分析

目的:研究先天性尿道下裂患者的尿流率特点。方法:笔者对22名2～6岁的先天性尿道下裂患者和22名同年龄组正常男性儿童进行尿流率测定,对比观察尿流率曲线的特点,并应用Toguri尿流率列线图对测定结果进行了分析。结果:与正常男性儿童的钟形尿流率曲线相比,尿道下裂患者的尿流率曲线呈平台形。22例尿道下裂患者中,1例(4.5%)患者的尿流率曲线与对照钟形曲线基本一致,18例(81.8%)患者的尿流率曲线呈平台形,3例(13.6%)患者尿流率曲线明显低平。在Toguri尿流率列线图上,尿道下裂患者最大尿流率坐标点位于正常人群第5百分位数曲线附近区域,明显低于正常水平。结论:先天性尿道下裂患者尿流率曲线多数呈平台形,最大尿流率明显低于正常水平。     

Interpretation of Uroflowmetry Curves by Urologists

Purpose

Uroflowmetry has become a routine investigation in patients with symptoms of the lower urinary tract. Little is known about the variation in the use of uroflowmetry and in the interpretation of its outcomes. We investigated the diagnostic value of uroflowmetry as a freestanding test, and examined the interobserver and intra-observer variation in the interpretation of uroflowmetry curves.

Materials and Methods

A representative panel of 58 urologists was questioned about the relevance of visual inspection and flow parameters for interpretation. In addition, they individually assessed 25 randomly selected uroflowmetry curves (from patients with no abnormalities and those with various lower urinary tract symptoms) regarding normal findings and the most likely diagnosis. To investigate intra-observer agreement 4 of these curves were studied twice.

Results

Voided volume (81%), visual inspection (77%) and maximum flow rate (77%) were most frequently mentioned as relevant for interpretation. Large differences existed between panel opinions and actual case information. For 43% of the normal cases the panel members considered the curves as abnormal. Of the abnormal cases 6% of the curves were regarded as normal. The urologists predicted correctly the actual diagnosis in 36% of all cases. Interobserver agreement was moderate for normalcy (kappa 0.46, standard error 0.087) and poor for the most likely diagnosis (kappa 0.30, standard error 0.043). Intra-observer agreement was also not satisfactory. On average, for the 4 cases studied twice 29% of the panel members chose another option for normalcy, while 41% mentioned another diagnosis the second time.

Conclusions

These results necessitate reconsideration of the diagnostic use of uroflowmetry in daily urological practice.     

剩余分数在前列腺增生致膀胱出口梗阻中应用的评价

目的 :评价剩余分数 (RF) [剩余尿量 (PRV)除以排尿前尿量 (PV) ]在前列腺增生 (BPH)中判断膀胱出口梗阻程度的应用。　方法 :应用B型超声波检测仪及尿流参数自动检测仪对 5 0例患有BPH的门诊病人 (尿潴留及神经源性膀胱病人除外 )进行PV、PRV及最大尿流率 (Qmax)测定。分别用RF、PRV与Qmax作直线相关分析。结果 :RF与Qmax呈极显著负相关 (r =- 0 .385 9,P <0 .0 1) ,PRV与Qmax也呈显著负相关 (r =- 0 .2 831,P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :RF值越大 ,膀胱出口梗阻愈严重 ,膀胱排尿功能愈差。RF这一评价BPH所致的膀胱出口梗阻程度的指标是对PRV的有益补充。     

Home and office uroflowmetry for evaluation of LUTS from benign prostatic enlargement

A group of 107 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) from benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) participated to the HOUSE Study (Home and Office Uroflowmetry Specific Evaluation). Patients received routine investigation, consisting of medical history taking, physical examination including digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), assessment of symptoms listed both on the International Prostate Symptom Score and on ICS-male questionnaire. We examined the results of uroflowmetry evaluation in this population; data were analysed to observe if any circadian changes of parameters obtained with home uroflowmetry could be detected. We searched a correlation between Q(max), Q(ave) and ICS-benign prostatic hyperplasia symptom score: a significantly inverse correlation was found only for Q(max), confirming Q(max) as a reliable parameter to quantify subjective symptoms. When examining the multiple flow curves recorded in the same patient with home uroflowmetry, voided volume and flow time had usually higher values during night-time: the existence of circadian changes of uroflowmetry parameters in patients with LUTS from BPE was confirmed, and lower values of average and maximum flow rates during sleep hours were recorded in the same patient. In conclusion, when evaluating the natural history or treatment outcome of individual patients or group of patients in clinical trials for evaluation of BPE and LUTS, an assessment including multiple measurements may be useful and of value.     

Home uroflowmetry: improved accuracy in outflow assessment

To study home uroflowmetry and to compare this method to free or "traditional" uroflowmetry in the evaluation of the patient with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and the relationship between the values of home uroflowmetry parameters and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Twenty-five patients (mean age, 67 years) with symptomatic BPH were examined with home uroflowmetry, free uroflowmetry, and pressure-flow measurement. The patients were assessed using the International Prostate Symptom score; digital rectal examination; routine blood chemistry, including serum prostate-specific antigen level; urinanalysis; transrectal ultrasonography; and post-void residual urine. The 24 hr were divided into "active time" (AT) and "sleep time" (ST). AT home uroflowmetry parameters were compared to ST ones. The home uroflowmetry parameters were compared to respective ones of the free uroflowmetry as well and those obtained by pressure-flow measurement. The patients were asked about their opinion of home uroflowmetry. Home uroflowmetry was found to be a simpler and more acceptable method than free uroflowmetry. The mean Qmax of AT was significantly greater than the mean Qmax of ST, but the mean voided volume and mean voiding time of ST were significantly larger than those of AT. There was a close relationship between the mean Qmax at home and the Qmax in hospital, but the voided volume and voiding time measured in hospital were significantly larger than those at home. Home uroflowmetry provided an estimation of BOO for 46% of the patients as low if the home mean Qmax was >14 ml/sec, and as high if the home mean Qmax was <10 ml/sec. Home uroflowmetry was well accepted by the patients and gave more information than free uroflowmetry. In 46% of the cases, an estimation of BOO was obtained with home uroflowmetry.     

Uroflowmetry: its current clinical utility for women

Uroflowmetry, the simple, non-invasive measurement of urine flow over time during micturition, has a long and interesting history, clear definitions, a clear purpose in screening for voiding difficulty and, most importantly, technical accuracy. Data interpretation is currently limiting its clinical utility, despite appropriate analysis being available in long-standing existing research. The main clinically important numerical parameters are the maximum and average urine flow rates and the voided volume. Urine flow rates are strongly dependent on voided volume. Reference to established (Liverpool) nomograms will most accurately correct for this dependency. Nomograms will also optimise the validation of uroflowmetry data and the accurate assessment of its normality, compared with fixed urine flow rates and "cutoffs" for voided volume. Abnormally slow urine flow (under the 10th centile Liverpool Nomograms) is the most clinically significant abnormality. Repeat uroflowmetry, concomitant post-void residual measurement and voiding cystometry studies are appropriate options for evaluating any abnormal uroflowmetry.     

Prognostic value of a combination of IPSS,flow rate and residual urine volume compared to pressure-flow studies in the preoperative evaluation of symptomatic BPH

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the predictive value of a combination of IPSS, uroflowmetry and ultrasound determination of residual urine volume in the determination of bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) and in predicting treatment outcome. METHODS: Forty-five out of a group of 60 BPH symptomatic patients were included. Preoperative evaluation: urine culture, PSA, uroflowmetry with sonographic measurement of post-void residual urine, DRE, IPSS with quality of life questions and pressure-flow study. Selection criteria for surgery were IPSS > 16 and Qmax < 10 ml/s. Transurethral resection of the prostate was performed in these patients; the control visit was performed at 3 months. Treatment success was defined as Qmax above 15 ml/s, residual urine of less than 100 ml, a 50% reduction in IPSS and absence of urinary retention. RESULTS: Urodynamic abnormalities were found in 42 patients (93.3%): 19 had detrusor instability, 5 patients showed impaired contractility, 37 patients had proven BOO, and 8 patients were unobstructed or mildly obstructed. The overall success rate was 86% when measured by the IPSS. Its preoperative value was 16.9, and dropped significantly to 4 (P = 0.005). The score improved significantly after surgery only in the obstructed group compared to the non-obstructed group (P = 0.001), however preoperative IPSS did not correlate with objective treatment results. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of patients successfully operated (71.1%) had a combination of IPSS > 16 and Qmax < 10 ml/s, although BOO could not be accurately predicted with non-invasive methods alone. Patients with no or mild infravesical obstruction had only minimal improvement of IPSS and uroflowmetry following surgery.     

Randomised prospective trial of contact laser prostatectomy (CLAP) versus visual laser coagulation of the prostate (VLAP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. 2-year follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term efficacy and complications of visual laser coagulation/ ablation, VLAP (side-firing fibre) and direct contact laser ablation, CLAP (sapphire-tipped fibre) of the prostate in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with clinical BPH, obstructed at voiding cystometry, were recruited and randomised to undergo either CLAP (21 patients) or VLAP (17 patients). At baseline, 1, 6, 12 and 24 months, patients underwent clinical evaluation, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), uroflowmetry, post-void residual urine volume, and pressure/flow urodynamics. RESULTS: The mean operating time for CLAP was 37.7 min and 24.5 min for VLAP. There was minimal morbidity with only 5 men requiring bladder irrigation after CLAP, 1 of whom had a blood transfusion. No patient required irrigation after VLAP. The mean catheterisation time after CLAP was 4.5 days (range 1-31 days) and 13.2 days (range 7-70 days) after VLAP. IPSS and Qmax improved significantly and maintained at 2 years. After CLAP, the IPSS decreased from 20.9 to 13.5 at 2 years while Qmax rose from 10 to 15.5 ml/s at 2 years. After VLAP, the IPSS decreased from 21.8 to 13.3 at 2 years while Qmax rose from 10 to 15. 9 ml/s. There was no difference between CLAP and VLAP. Pressure/flow urodynamics at 6 months showed reduced bladder outflow obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: CLAP and VLAP offer the same improvement in flow rates and symptoms at 2years. Both procedures lead to minimal morbidity, but the excellent haemostasis that is achieved at VLAP makes it of more use in treating patients at high risk of haemorrhage after surgery.     

Home uroflowmetry for the evaluation of boys with urinary incontinence

PURPOSE: We recorded uroflowmetry at home in boys with urinary incontinence and correlated the results with videourodynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine boys (mean age 8.4 +/- 2.0 years) with urinary incontinence underwent home uroflowmetry for 1 weekend. Artifactual spikes in 1 or more uroflow curves were present in 16 home uroflowmetry recordings. One patient, in whom none of the uroflow curves was interpretable, was excluded from the study. Of the remaining 38 boys 18 had monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, and 20 had nocturnal enuresis and diurnal voiding symptoms. Percentage expected bladder capacity is defined as functional/expected bladder capacity x 100%. Normal and obstructive home uroflowmetry levels are defined as functional bladder capacity at least 50% expected bladder capacity associated with multiple bell-shaped and obstructive uroflow curves, respectively. Small functional bladder capacity is defined as capacity less than 50% expected bladder capacity, regardless of uroflow patterns. Videourodynamics and cystoscopy were performed in 17 patients. RESULTS: Normal home uroflowmetry was noted in 5 patients (13%), obstructive uropathy in 8 (21%) and small functional bladder capacity in 25 (66%). Urodynamically 3 boys with normal home uroflowmetry had normal voiding, and 6 with obstructive home uroflowmetry had bladder outlet obstruction (of whom 1 also had detrusor overactivity). In addition, of 8 boys with small functional bladder capacity 4 had detrusor overactivity, 3 had bladder outlet obstruction and 1 had both findings. CONCLUSIONS: Normal home uroflowmetry predicted normal voiding, and abnormal recordings implied abnormal voiding function in boys with incontinence. Bladder outlet obstruction and detrusor overactivity were frequently disclosed by obstructive home uroflowmetry and small functional bladder capacity.     

等离子体柱状电极联合环状电极腔内治疗男性后尿道狭窄

目的评价经尿道等离子体柱状电极联合环状电极腔内治疗后尿道狭窄的临床疗效。方法2007年9月～2012年9月,采用英国Gyrus公司等离子体柱状电极联合环状电极,腔内治疗24例男性后尿道狭窄。术前狭窄长度9．2～24．3mm,平均13．6mm。术前与术后1、3个月行常规尿道造影及最大尿流率测定,术后12个月行尿道镜检查,评价手术效果。结果术后随访1～21个月,平均13．6月,其中17例〉12个月。术前最大尿流率4．2—9．1ml／s,中位数5．6ml／s,术后最大尿流率16．2～24．5ml／s,中位数17．6ml／s。19例（79．2％）获得成功,无明显尿道梗阻症状,尿道造影或尿道镜检查未发现再狭窄。5例再狭窄,其中1例行开放性尿道成形术,4例定期行尿道扩张。结论经尿道等离子体柱状电极联合环状电极治疗后尿道狭窄,手术操作简单,损伤小,瘢痕组织切除效率高,视野清楚,无严重手术并发症,复发率低,是治疗男性后尿道狭窄的安全有效方法。     

Tubularized incised plate repair: functional outcome after intermediate followup

PURPOSE: We describe the functional outcome following tubularized incised plate repair of hypospadias in toilet trained children after an intermediate followup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children were included in this study only if they were toilet trained and had flow rate data not less than 6 months after primary tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair or 2 months after any secondary procedure to correct complications. Uroflow data (peak flow, voided volume and post-void residuals) were analyzed and plotted on previously determined age-volume dependent nomograms. RESULTS: Of the 48 boys 39 required no secondary procedures, while 9 secondary fistula closures were performed in 2, meatotomy in 2 and dilation in 5. After either primary (26) or secondary (7) procedures 33 of the 48 patients (68.7%) had normal peak flow rate and 15 (31.3%) had low peak flow rate. Of the 48 patients 46 had post-void residual urine less than 10% of voided volume. CONCLUSIONS: Most children will void efficiently with no straining and no post-void residual (1/2) to 4 years after tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair. Of our patients 68.7% have normal peak flow rate. Intermediate followup of larger series and followup at puberty are recommended to resolve the debate concerning the long-term functional outcome of tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair.     

多次家庭尿流率测定和单次门诊尿流率测定的一致性研究：Bland-Altman分析

目的 探讨多次家庭尿流率测定和单次门诊尿流率测定的一致性.方法 参与家庭尿流率测定的男志愿者共27例,年龄19～37岁,平均年龄26.2岁.每位志愿者在门诊测定尿流率一次,再用移动式家庭尿流率仪连续测定全天的家庭尿流率.共测定家庭尿流率156次,平均每人5.78次.用Bland-Altman法分析两种方法测定的最大尿流率和平均尿流率的一致性.结果 两种方法测定的最大尿流率、平均尿流率的95％一致性界限均超过临床可接受的界限（5％×50mL/s）.44.4 ％（12/27）、48.15％（13/27）的最大尿流率和平均尿流率在临床可接受的界限内.结论 多次家庭尿流率测定和单次门诊尿流率测定间的一致性差,采用单次门诊尿流率测定来评价下尿路功能不可靠.