An analysis of clinical teacher behaviour in a nursing practicum in Taiwan

Aim and objectives. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the teaching behaviours (knowledge, attitudes and skills) observed in nurse educators as they taught in the clinical setting. Background. Many quantitative studies have defined and evaluated teaching effectiveness in the clinical area. Some of these studies established instruments to evaluate faculty effectiveness in the clinical setting; however, they tended to be so broad that they were of limited use in understanding clinical teaching behaviours in nursing education. Design. This study explored clinical teaching behaviours in a nursing practicum. Ten nurse educators taught 10 students in the medical–surgical unit at a hospital in Taiwan for about four weeks. Each teacher was observed by the researcher and one other observer for two days during regularly scheduled clinical teaching time. Methods. Data collection and analysis were done by a qualitative approach. Content analysis is a process of identifying, coding and categorizing the themes in the data. Conclusion. The themes of clinical teaching that emerged from data analysis included teaching aims (task‐oriented and learner‐centred), teacher competence (teacher knowledge, instructional strategies, planning learning experience, teaching priorities, feedback and caring) and teaching commitment (professional identity and giving of self). These findings offer a holistic blueprint of clinical teaching for nursing faculty members, which will enhance the quality of nursing education. Relevance to clinical practice. Complexity in nursing education has increased as it is challenged to meet the needs of diverse populations in rapidly evolving and highly technical health‐care settings. Clinical teachers must be enabled and empowered to provide students with appropriate knowledge and skills to meet the needs of patients. To develop students’ professional nursing identity now and in the future, nurse educators have to commit themselves to both nursing and teaching in clinical settings. More nurses need to be prepared for careers in education at the master's and doctoral levels.     

以团队为基础的学习在小儿液体疗法教学中的应用

[目的]探讨以团队为基础的教学模式（TBL）在小儿液体疗法教学中的设计与应用.[方法]采取整群抽样法选取2010级护理本科1班和2班学生,1班作为观察组采用TBL教学模式,2班作为对照组采用传统教学模式,比较两组学习效果测试成绩;授课结束后对观察组护生进行问卷调查,了解学生对TBL教学的评价.[结果]观察组学生测试成绩为（8.56±2.10）分,对照组测试成绩为（4.38±1.25）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=2.45,P＜0.05）;观察组学生认为TBL教学模式的应用提高了学习主动性、团队合作能力及人际沟通能力.[结论] TBL教学模式可提高学生学习成绩,有助于培养学生的团队协作精神及人际沟通能力,是一种促进学生主动学习的指导性教学方法.     

Computer-managed instruction: an alternative teaching strategy

Computer-managed instruction is an instructional strategy whereby the computer is used to provide learning objectives, learning resources, and assessment of learner performance. Computer-managed instruction (CMI) aids the instructor in instructional management without actually doing the teaching. Central CMI themes discussed in the literature are individualization, behavioral objectives, and educational technology. The main objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of two teaching strategies: CMI versus the traditional lecture method. The learning objectives were based on specified theoretical content from a Health Assessment course for baccalaureate nursing students. The design of the study was quasi-experimental incorporating two experimental treatments applied to two groups on two occasions. Data analysis addresses differences between groups using CMI and the traditional lecture method. The variables examined were the cognitive performance of learners, the learner's attitude toward the instructional strategy, the learner's retention of knowledge, the time involved in mastering the learning objectives, and the relationship between learner characteristics and the effectiveness of the instructional strategy. No significant mean difference (p less than 0.05) was found between groups on cognitive performance as measured by written and practical examination scores. For these first-year baccalaureate nursing students, CMI did not prove to be a positive instructional method as assessed by the Attitude Questionnaire. The majority of students preferred a combination of instructional methods. There was no significant difference between groups in the time spent meeting the learning objectives by either teaching strategy. The findings suggested that these students preferred learning strategies that are traditional in nature and teacher directed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

基于临床情境的翻转课堂在护理本科生《医院信息系统》教学中的应用与效果评价

目的探讨临床情境教学与翻转课堂相结合在护理本科生医院信息系统教学中的应用效果.方法便利抽样选取2018级护理本科生,按班级分为对照组48人和试验组46人,对照组采用传统教学方法,试验组采用临床情境与翻转课堂相结合的教学方法,对两组学生进行随堂理论测试、教学质量评价及自我导向学习能力评价,临床教师、学院教师及试验组学生分别对课程实施过程进行评价.结果两组学生对教学方法、教学质量评价及自我导向学习能力的学习行为维度比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),临床教师、学院教师及试验组学生对试验组课程实施评价总分分别为(23.00±1.89)分、(22.17±2.48)分、(22.28±2.67)分(总分范围5~25分).结论基于临床情境的翻转课堂教学方法,能激发学生学习医院信息系统的主动性,优化学生学习行为,提高教学质量,提高师生教学满意度.     

Teaching Gift Wrapping Skills in a Quadruple Instructional Arrangement Using Constant Time Delay

This investigation evaluated the use of a quadruple instructional arrangement in teaching gift-wrapping skills to four students with functional mental disabilities. The targeted gift wrapping skills included boxing the item, wrapping the box, and decorating the box. The trainer divided each skill into four parts. For each of the three targeted skills each student received direct instruction on one part of the task analysis during each instructional session, rotating through each of the four parts during subsequent instructional sessions. This allowed each student to have direct instruction on the entire chained task over the course of four instructional sessions. Students received instruction using a constant time delay. A multiple probe design across skills and replicated across four students evaluated the effectiveness of the response prompting procedure within this teaching arrangement. The results indicated that three of the four students acquired the gift wrapping skills. In addition, the three students generalized the skills across settings and materials with at least 94% accuracy.     

A comparison of the cooperative learning and traditional learning methods in theory classes on nursing students' communication skill with patients at clinical settings

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of traditional learning and cooperative learning methods on nursing students' communication skill with patients. This was an experimental study in which 34 nursing students in their 2nd semester of program participated. They were divided randomly into two groups, a control group who were taught their medical/surgical nursing course by traditional learning method and an experimental group, who were taught the same material using cooperative learning method. Before and after the teaching intervention, the students' communication skills with patients at clinical settings were examined. The results showed that no significant difference between the two groups in students' communication skills scores before the teaching intervention, but did show a significant difference between the two groups in the interaction skills and problem follow up sub-scales scores after the teaching intervention. This study provides evidence that cooperative learning is an effective method for improving and increasing communication skills of nursing students especially in interactive skills and follow up the problems sub-scale, thereby it is recommended to increase nursing students' participation in arguments by applying active teaching methods which can provide the opportunity for increased communication skills.     

Randomized controlled trial of an instructional DVD for clinical skills teaching

Objective: To determine the efficacy of clinical skills teaching using a DVD‐based teaching medium (interventional group) compared with the traditional, four‐step, face‐to‐face approach (control group). The clinical skill selected for the study was that of paediatric intraosseous (IO) needle insertion. Methods: Thirty‐six candidates who had no exposure to IO needle insertion experience within the past 12 months were randomly allocated into two groups. The interventional group (n = 18) was shown a 10 min instructional DVD and then allowed 10 min each to practise IO insertion with a paediatric training mannequin. The control group (n = 18) was given a 20 min, four‐step, face‐to‐face teaching session with practical exposure and individual use of an IO needle on a training mannequin facilitated by an instructor. Each candidate was assessed using a checklist of critical steps for successful IO needle insertion and given a score out of 10. A modified Likert score reflecting candidates’ subjective perceptions of the whole experience was completed after the test. Results: The interventional group obtained a mean score of 7.56 (SD 1.65) and the control teaching group a mean score of 6.00 (SD 1.84). The mean difference was ?1.56 (P < 0.01, 95% CI ?2.74 to ?0.37). There was no difference in the candidates’ perception on the satisfaction, anxiety and confidence level about the teaching experience. Conclusion: The study suggests that the use of instructional DVD for clinical skills teaching results in improved learning outcomes compared with the traditional face‐to‐face didactic teaching method.     

多种教学法在《护理学基础》实践教学中的应用

目的:探讨《护理学基础》实践教学的效果。方法:对我校护理本科生266名进行随机抽样分成实验组与对照组,实验组116名护生运用多种教学方法进行护理实践教学,对照组150名运用传统的教学方法进行教学。结果:两组护生的教学效果比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:在《护理学基础》实践教学中运用多种教学方法能提高教学效果和护生学习的主动性及兴趣。     

Anxiety provoking behaviors of nursing clinical instructors and effects on undergraduate nursing students' wellbeing: A mixed methods design

AimThis study aimed to investigate the relationships between anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors in clinical settings and nursing students’ self-reported anxiety levels, perceived quality of life and demographic characteristics.BackgroundAnxiety has been consistently reported in the literature as a major barrier to nursing education. Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory (1992, 1997) served as a theoretical framework in the study to explore anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors in clinical settings.DesignA cross-sectional, correlational, mixed methods design was used.MethodsFifty-eight participants were recruited from the undergraduate nursing program at a Canadian university in the spring of 2021. An online survey, including demographic characteristics, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instruments (WHOQOL-BREF), was distributed to the participants before a face-to-face interview. The interview was conducted by peer nursing students in the program to reduce the power imbalance relationship, given the sensitivity of the topic. The interview data were thematically analyzed and the subthemes were used to code the qualitative interview into quantitative data. Pearson's correlation was performed to analyze the relationships between the number of experienced anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors, the SATI and WHOQOL-BREF scores.ResultsThe qualitative findings revealed two main themes, interpersonal relations and instructional styles and ten anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors as the subthemes. A significant positive relationship was observed between the number of anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors reported and the SATI score (r = .392, p < .001) and a significant negative relationship was observed between the number of reported anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors and the WHOQOL-BREF score in the domain of psychological health (r = −.343, p = .008), thus indicating that a higher number of reported anxiety-provoking teaching behaviors correlated with greater anxiety and lower psychological health.ConclusionsThe study revealed that students’ perceptions of the clinical instructors' interpersonal relations and instructional styles significantly affected their anxiety levels and psychological health in life.     

基于以问题为导向的心脏超声临床教学探讨

心脏超声在超声教学工作中较难讲述,其实践性和操作性强,学生难以掌握。对心脏超声的教学主要应从两方面入手:培养学员心脏超声检查方法和超声诊断的思维能力。制定以问题为导向(PBL)的超声临床教学模式,使学生围绕问题对知识进行完整的构建,通过教师精心设计的问题,以学生为主体,形成学术性的教学框架。在心脏超声的教学工作中,合理应用PBL教学方法,既能显著提高超声临床教学质量,又能培养影像专业学生学习超声的兴趣和主动性,提高学生的综合能力。本文就PBL教学法在心脏超声临床教学中的应用进行探讨。     

改进临床护理带教模式的研究

目的 改进临床护理带教模式,促进教学相长,全面提高护理质量。方法 采用抽签法将208名护生随机分为两组,对照组102名采用传统带教模式,实验组106名采用改进带教模式,比较两组护生业务技能考核情况、带教老师业务能力提高情况及医院护理质量的改善情况。结果 实验组护生的技能考核和带教老师的业务能力提高明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）,医院护理质量得到显著改善。结论 改进带教模式效果较好,能提高实习护生的学习主动性和带教老师的教学积极性,可在临床护理带教中加以推广。     

Developing a Standardized Faculty Evaluation in an Emergency Medicine Residency

Background: Quality educators are a core component of successful residency training. A structured, consistent, validated evaluation of clinical educators is important to improve teaching aptitude, further faculty development, and improve patient care. Study Objectives: The authors sought to identify specific domains of instructional quality and to develop a composite instrument for assessing instructional quality. Methods: The study setting is a 3-year residency program. Residents rated the quality of faculty member instruction using an 18-item survey twice over a 2-year period (2004–2005). Each survey item used a 9-point scale. Factor analysis employing a Varimax rotation identified domains of instructional performance. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of the identified domains. Results: There were 29 faculty members evaluated. Using 2004 data, five domains of instructional quality were identified that explained 92.5% of the variation in survey responses (χ² = 2.33, P = 0.11). These were: Competency and Professionalism (30% of variation), Commitment to Knowledge and Instruction (23%), Inclusion and Interaction (17%), Patient Focus (13%), and Openness to Ideas (9%). Competency and Professionalism included appropriate care, effective patient communication, use of new techniques, and ethical principles. Commitment to Knowledge and Instruction included research, mentoring, feedback, and availability. Inclusion and Interaction included procedural participation and bedside teaching. Patient Focus included compassion, effective care, and sensitivity to diverse populations. Openness to Ideas included enthusiasm and receptivity of new ideas. These five domains were consistent in the 2005 data (Cronbach's alpha 0.68–0.75). Conclusions: A five-domain instrument consistently accounted for variations in faculty teaching performance as rated by resident physicians. This instrument may be useful for standardized assessment of instructional quality.     

《基础护理学》实验教学方法的改革与思考

目的改革《基础护理学》实验教学方法,并了解其教学效果。方法选取平顶山学院医学院2010级、2011级专科护理学生共计290人为研究对象,其中2010级156人为对照组,2011级134人为实验组,对照组采用传统的《基础护理学》实验教学方法,实验组采用集体备课、师生共同准备用物和示教、案例教学、情境模拟、角色扮演、反馈讨论、播放视频及抽查回示等多种实验教学方法。学期结束时,比较两组学生的技能考核成绩、理论考核成绩及学生对实验方法提高自身能力的评价。结果除了测量生命体征这一项目外,实验组学生的技能考核各项目的成绩均高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);实验组学生的理论考核成绩为(78.61±2.73)分,对照组为(74.58±3.49)分,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.59,P0.01);除学习兴趣、关爱能力和同学情感3项外,实验组学生对实验教学方法提高自身能力的评价均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论综合应用多种教学方法开展《基础护理学》实验教学,有利于提高教学效果,为培养高素质应用性的护理人才提供了参考。     

Picture of Norwegian clinical learning laboratories for undergraduate nursing students

Clinical preparation for practice is a vital part of undergraduate education in nursing. This study explored contemporary constructions of clinical skills laboratories in two nursing undergraduate programs in Norway using qualitative collective case study methods. Data were gathered using individual and group interviews and observation during site visits. The data revealed slightly different ways of organizing teaching and experimenting with use of pedagogical methods to facilitate learning of technical skills as well as encouraging students to activate relevant theoretical knowledge. While there was a lively and striking enthusiasm among staff about the way learning was managed within the laboratories, the pedagogical underpinnings for their particular approaches were less certain amongst participants. The paper concludes with the necessity to provide evidence for the outcome of laboratories learning and investigate suitable pedagogical methods for effective teaching and learning of practice skills. Hence, a need for research on transfer of knowledge and skills between the different sites (academy, clinical settings, and laboratories) is identified.     

心理情景剧教学法在《精神科护理学》教学中的应用

[目的]探讨将心理情景剧教学法用于《精神科护理学》中的教学效果。[方法]将2009级护理本科专业学生134人分为对照组（66人）和观察组（68人）,对照组采用常规教学方法授课,观察组采用常规教学与心理情景剧教学相结合的方法授课。课程结束后,采用统一试题测试和相同问卷调查两组学生对教学效果的评价。[结果]观察组学生考核成绩为（86.3±4.2）分,对照组为（82.5±5.4）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=4.816,P〈0.01）。问卷调查结果显示,观察组学生在激发学习兴趣、促进对精神疾病的认识和理解、促进师生交流与互动、增强团队协作意识、拓展创新性思维等方面均优于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。[结论]心理情景剧教学法不仅可以激发学生学习积极性,还能促进学生创新性思维和护理沟通技能的提高,适用于精神科护理学教学。     

Assessing learning styles: practical tips for patient education

Nurses must facilitate and support patient and family decision-making and improvement in health outcomes using instructional skills. Complex patient needs and nursing responsibilities necessitate thoughtful consideration for maximizing the effectiveness of patient teaching encounters. This article reviews assessment of patient learning styles in combination with context for an individualized approach, as well as motivation for adult learners as a framework for organization of patient teaching. Methods and modes of patient teaching are discussed as well as tips for overcoming barriers to planning and implementing patient teaching.     

Development and testing of a Hyperlearning Model for design of an online critical care course

Many U.S. colleges and universities are discovering innovative and exciting ways of using information technology to promote the process of teaching and learning and to extend education to new populations of students. Nurse educators in academia and service settings are developing interactive e-learning programs or courses to meet this need, and to either enhance practice concepts and basic skills or orient new associates to the clinical organization. In continuing education programs, students need flexibility and convenience to concurrently meet their personal and academic goals, and consumer demand for online instruction is increasing. The challenge is to prepare a comprehensive, high-quality, cost-effective e-learning course to meet educational standards and competencies. To meet this challenge, an instructional design model, the Hyperlearning Model, was developed based on Chickering and Gamson's principles of best practices in undergraduate education, to guide the development of an online course for basic critical care content. In this article, I describe the creation and testing of an instructional design model for developing content in this online course.     

Interprofessional education and practice guide No. 5: Interprofessional teaching for prequalification students in clinical settings

The importance of interprofessional education in health professions training is increasingly recognised through new accreditation guidelines. Clinician teachers from different professions may find themselves being asked to teach or supervise learners from multiple health professions, focusing on interprofessional dynamics, interprofessional communication, role understanding, and the values and ethics of collaboration. Clinician teachers often feel prepared to teach learners from their own profession but may feel ill prepared to teach learners from other professions. In this guide, we draw upon the collective experience from two countries: an institution from the United States with experience in guiding faculty to teach in a student-run interprofessional clinic and an institution from Canada that offers interprofessional experiences to students in community and hospital settings. This guide offers teaching advice to clinician educators in all health professions who plan to or already teach in an interprofessional clinical setting. We anticipate that clinician teachers can learn to fully engage learners from different professions, precept effectively, recognise common pitfalls, increase their confidence, reflect, and become role models to deliver effective teaching in interprofessional settings.     

综合教学法在《外科手术学基础》教学中的应用研究

目的探讨综合教学法在《外科手术学基础》教学中的应用效果。方法将接受《外科手术学基础》课程教学的七年制医学生随机分为实验组和对照组,对照组按常规教学,实验组按新教学计划和方法教学;比较操作考试成绩、学科总成绩和《外科手术学基础问卷调查表》的组间差异。结果实验组操作考试成绩优于对照组;实验组术中思路清晰程度、术者间协作程度、操作机会程度优于对照组,思想紧张程度低于对照组,对师生互动、课时安排、教学方法合理性及满意度的评价高于对照组,对本学科对外科学习帮助程度的认可性高于对照组。结论综合教学法在《外科手术学基础》教学中的应用取得成效,达到预期目标,有助于提高教学质量。     

激励教育在护理学基础教学中的应用

目的探讨激励教育在护理学基础教学中的应用。方法将186名学生按班级分为实验班（94名）和对照班（92名）。在护理教学中实验班采用教育改革后的激励教学法,对照班用传统教学法。结果实验结束后比较实验班和对照班的护理学基础成绩平均分、综合素质及教学法的调查结果,实验班护理考试和综合素质水平以及护理学基础激励教学法的评价显著高于对照班（P〈0．01）。结论激励教学法较传统教学法更能提高护生的学习积极性和潜能,培养护生的自信心和解决问题的综合能力,且能达到更好的学习效果。