茵陈五味汤治疗新生儿黄疸的研究

目的:观察中药、中西药结合、西药治疗新生儿黄疸的临床效果.方法:对60例新生儿血清胆红素超过生理性黄疸(足月儿205.2μmol/L,早产儿256.5μmol/ L)分三组,分别给予A组茵陈五味汤,B组茵陈五味汤加光疗等,C组酶诱导剂、白蛋白、光疗等.结果:3组患儿血胆红素降至85μmol/L以下所需天数为:A组(5.5±3.6)d,B组(4.6±2.7)d,C组(6.0±4.5)d,A组与C组比较差异有统计意义(P＜0.05),B组与A组及C组比较以下差异有统计意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).     

应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗新生儿黄疸的护理

目的 总结应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗的护理经验.方法 在多功能生命监护仪监测下,对30例新生儿黄疸患儿采用留置针头连接输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗,并加强术前准备、术中观察和术后护理.结果 患儿平均总胆红素由换血前的(468.36±55.25)μmol/L下降至换血后的(227.78±41.42)μmol/L,无并发症发生.结论 输液泵全自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗能迅速降低胆红素,改善患儿预后;精心、细致、周到的护理是治疗成功的保证.     

早期监测干预对新生儿ABO溶血病的影响

目的:探讨早期监测、早期干预对新生儿ABO溶血病的影响.方法:选取母婴血型不合并经早期干预新生儿92例为干预组;与同期在本院出生未经早期监测、早期干预,出现病理性黄疸确诊为母婴血型不合ABO溶血病新生儿92例作为对照组.比较两组高胆红素血症发病率、黄疸程度与换血率、胆红素脑病发生率、住院期间总胆红素峰值等.结果:干预组发生高胆红素血症8例,中重度黄疸4例,未用换血疗法,未发生胆红素脑病,胆红素平均峰值188 7±44.8μmol/L;而对照组发生高胆红素血症34例,中重度黄疸28例,6例用换血疗法,未发生胆红素脑病,胆红素平均峰值386.5±83.6μmol/L,早期综合干预预防作用显著(P＜0.05).结论:早期综合干预治疗,可有效控制新生儿ABO溶血病的溶血过程,降低血清胆红素水平,预防高胆红素血症的发生,减轻新生儿黄疸的程度,避免换血治疗.     

应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗新生儿黄疸的护理

目的总结应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗的护理经验。方法在多功能生命监护仪监测下,对30例新生儿黄疸惠儿采用留置针头连接输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗,并加强术前准备、术中观察和术后护理。结果患儿平均总胆红素由换血前的（468．36±55．25）μmol／L下降至换血后的（227．78±41．42）μmol／L,无并发症发生。结论输液泵全自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗能迅速降低胆红素,改善患儿预后;精心、细致、周到的护理是治疗成功的保证。     

双周围静脉同步换血治疗儿科重症疾病20例

采用双周围静脉同步换血(输入和输出同步进行)治疗10例新生儿高胆红素血症,6例新生儿败血症,4例急性中毒患儿。结果换血后10例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿,总胆红素由(381.30±23.92)mmol/L降至(180.01±23.89)mmol/L,间接胆红素由(359.43±23.36)mmol/L降至(152.65士21.66)mmol/L,治疗前后比较,差异有显著性意义(t=18.830、20.534,均P<0.01);6例败血症患儿病情好转;4例急性中毒患儿症状减轻。提示该疗法是清除患儿体内毒物和毒素的有效方法,且操作方便、安全性高。认为做好术前准备、术中密切观察生命体征、保证输入与输出血量的平衡是该疗法的关键。     

颞浅动脉与桡动脉穿刺法在换血中的应用比较

目的探讨颞浅动脉、桡动脉两种穿刺法在新生儿高胆红素血症换血中的应用效果.方法将24例需换血的新生儿高胆红素血症患儿随机均分为颞浅动脉组和桡动脉组,桡动脉组穿刺按十字法进行,颞浅动脉组穿刺按一般静脉穿刺方法进行.比较两组一次穿刺成功率、换血前后血液生化指标、SpO2和换血后光疗时间.结果颞浅动脉组一次穿刺成功率显著高于桡动脉组(P<0.05);两组换血前后血清总胆红素、血糖、SpO2及换血后光疗时间比较,差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05).结论选择颞浅动脉与外周静脉进行同步换血安全可靠,且可提高穿刺成功率,减轻患儿痛苦.     

一次性头皮针在新生儿同步换血中的应用

目的提高新生儿同步换血的效果.方法将34例同步换血新生儿按入院先后分为观察组(18例)和对照组(16例).观察组使用一次性7号普通头皮针于股动脉建立动脉通道作为换血的输出途径,对照组予留置针进行动脉或股动脉穿刺置管(首选桡动脉,次选肱动脉,后选股动脉)为输出途径.结果两组换血后总胆红素水平显著低于换血前(均P<0.01),换血后两组总胆红素水平比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);观察组建立动脉通道一次成功率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),换血平均时间显著短于对照组(P<0.01).结论采用一次性头皮针建立股动脉通道作为输出途径,是一种高效、低耗、痛苦少、易操作的新生儿换血方法.     

血红蛋白<80g/L作为儿童发育性髋关节发育不良术后输血指征安全性的初步观察

[目的]初步观察以血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)<80 g/L作为发育性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)行髋关节切开复位联合Pemberton骨盆截骨以及股骨短缩旋转截骨术后输血指征的安全性。[方法]对在本院行切开复位联合Pemberton骨盆截骨、股骨短缩旋转截骨术的DDH患儿进行前瞻性研究,所有患儿术前及术后第1、4 d,6周行血常规检查测定Hb,配对t检验比较各时间点之间Hb的差别。以Hb<80 g/L为输注红细胞的指征,统计输血患儿比例,分析影响输血的相关因素。[结果]2010年11月²011年8月共有52例DDH患儿行切开复位联合Pemberton骨盆截骨、股骨短缩旋转截骨术,其中男5例,女47例,平均年龄(2.43±1.37)岁。术前Hb平均为(124.35±11.13)g/L;术后第1 d平均为(101.57±10.71)g/L,较术前低(22.77±10.47)g/L(P=0.00);术后第4 d降至(93.98±8.74)g/L,较术后第1 d低(9.02±6.20)g/L(P=0.00);术后6周回升至(118.88±9.39)g/L,较术后第1 d高(17.31±9.90)g/L(P=0.00)。本组患儿均未发生失血性休克,共4例(7.69%)输血,Logistic多因素回归分析显示是否需要输血与性别、年龄、体重、侧别、脱位程度以及手术时间之间的相关性均无统计学意义。[结论]以Hb<80 g/L作为DDH切开复位联合Pemberton骨盆截骨、股骨短缩旋转截骨术后输血指征安全可行。     

原发性肝癌切除术后高胆红素血症临床分析

目的 探讨原发性肝癌切除术后胆红素变化的规律及导致高胆红素血症的临床因素.方法 回顾性分析97例原发性肝癌切除术患者临床资料,根据术后血清总胆红素水平分为高胆红素组和胆红素正常组,观察术后胆红素变化特点,分析导致术后高胆红素血症的临床因素.结果 红素正常组术后血清总胆红素4 d达峰值[(21.5±9.2)μmol/L],术后14 d可降至正常水平;高胆红素血症组血清总胆红素7 d达峰值[(49.2±25.4)μmol/L],术后14 d仍高于正常值2倍[(36.1 ±17.6)μmol/L].单因素Logistic分析显示:术前胆红素水平,肝功能Child分级,术中肝血流阻断方式,出血量,输血情况以及术后合并低钠血症与术后高胆红素血症有关;多因素Logistic回归分析结果 表明术前胆红素水平是原发性肝癌切除术后高胆红素血症独立预测指标(OR=5.406,χ2=11.319,P=0.001).结论 原发性肝癌切除术后动态监测血清胆红素水平是重要的.围手术期对发生商胆红素血症的相关临床因素积极防范并处理,可降低肝癌切除术后并发症发生率.     

丙酮酸激酶缺乏症患儿脾切除术麻醉处理1例

患儿，男性，6岁，体重16kg，出生后即出现新生儿溶血，需反复输血，红细胞内丙酮酸激酶（PK）活性明显降低，确诊为PK缺乏症。2年前发现脾肿大，多次输血治疗。无特殊家族史。查体：神清、贫血貌、轻度黄疸，心肺功能未见异常，肝肋下3cm，脾肋下平脐，质偏硬。实验室检查：总胆红素73μmol／L、直接胆红素12μmol／L、间接胆红素61μmol／L；     

Worldwide supply of blood and blood products

Blood services have achieved a high degree of sophistication, but there remain serious logistic problems which interfere with the adequacy of blood supplies. Many countries have not been able to implement modern component therapy. Supplies of certain specialized products, such as factor VIII, are insufficient almost everywhere. There is a lively international trade in blood products, and corresponding evidence of disease transmission when the rate of infection is relatively high in the exporting region. The answer to these problems lies in the development everywhere of effective blood programs, based on the organization of nonremunerated blood donors.

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Resumen Los servicios de banco de sangre han alcanzado un alto grado de sofisticación, pero hay todavía serios problemas logísticos que interfieren con la debida provisión. Muchos países no han logrado organizar programas de terapia con componentes sangurneos. La provisión de ciertos productos especializados, tales como el factor VIII, es insuficiente casi en todas partes. Existe un activo comercio internacional de productos sanguíneos con la correspondiente evidencia de transmisión de enfermedades cuando la tasa de infección es relativamente alta en la región exportadora. La respuesta a estos problemas recae en el desarrollo universal de programas efectivos de banco de sangre basados en la organización de donantes no remunerados.

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Résumé Les services de transfusion sanguine ont atteint un haut degré d'organisation mais des problèmes logistiques persistent en particulier en ce qui concerne les sources de sang. Dans de nombreux pays il n'a pas été possible de mettre en oeuvre l'emploi de constituants isolés du sang. L'approvisionnement en certaints produits spécialisés tels que le facteur VIII est insuffisant presque dans le monde entier. Il existe par ailleurs un actif commerce international de produits sanguins avec pour conséquence la transmission possible de maladies, lorsque le taux de l'infection est relativement élevé dans le pays exportateur. La réponse adéquate à ces problèmes consiste dans le développement dans chaque pays d'un programme autonome basé sur le recrutement de donneurs volontaires non rémunérés.

     

Use of blood and blood products in trauma

According to the global study of the burden of disease, violence and accidental injury account for 12% of deaths worldwide; 30-40% of trauma mortality is attributable to haemorrhage. The highly complex haemostatic system is severely impaired as a result of haemorrhagic shock, acidosis, hypothermia, haemodilution, hyperfibrinolysis, and consumption of clotting factors. Thus it is important to prioritize the prevention of the development of coagulopathy. Timely transfusion of red blood cells and plasma products becomes essential to restore tissue oxygenation, support perfusion, and maintain the pool of active haemostatic factors. The limits to this strategy to compensate for the loss of blood and coagulation factors are discussed. In the absence of international guidelines, there is an ongoing debate about a generally accepted treatment algorithm, mass transfusion protocols, and adverse events that have been observed as a result of transfusion. Thus many recommendations are based upon expert opinion rather than on evidence. In this chapter we address key issues of transfusions of red blood cells and plasma products in the acute control of bleeding in traumatized patients.     

Crystalloids,colloids, blood,blood products and blood substitutes

Understanding the physiology of fluid distribution within the human body is fundamental to the practice of anaesthetists and intensivists of all grades. There is a necessity to recognize the range of actions and consequences of the commonly infused intravenous fluids if safe patient care is to be provided. There are many historical and on-going trials surrounding fluid therapy and it is important for the physician to keep up to date with current guidelines.There is a continued drive to improve the safety of donor blood and prevent transfusion errors. Knowledge of how blood products are collected separated and stored is essential to prevent harm to patients through transfusions. Work in producing blood substitutes is progressing, but to date, trials have failed to market a product in Europe and the USA with an acceptable risk profile.     

Perioperative blood and blood component therapy

This overview examines blood, blood components, their indications and contra-indications, from an anaesthetist's viewpoint. The dangers of any blood transfusion, including infection transmission and immune suppression, as well as the risks of massive and rapid transfusions, are discussed. Autologous predonation, intraoperative haemodilution and salvage are described to help prevent some of the risks of homologous blood transfusion. Preoperatively an acceptable individualised haemoglobin concentration should be calculated for each patient and a history for potential bleeding problems taken. In most patients perioperative anaemia does not adversely influence patient morbidity and mortality. However, if blood is required, 4 ml.kg-1 body weight of packed red blood cells will raise the patient's haemoglobin concentration by 1 g.dl-1. The bleeding time as a test of platelet function does not predict perioperative blood loss. However, it remains a useful test in patients with a known bleeding problem or in operations where even small amounts of bleeding increase the surgical difficulty and patient morbidity. If bleeding is due to thrombocytopaenia it is usually slow enough to allow time to check platelet number and function before ordering and transfusing them. Fresh plasma is a much overused product which should mainly be used for coagulation factor replacement, in adequate volumes (4-8 packs in dilutional coagulopathy). The well-informed anaesthetist should be better able to use blood products which, while they may be life saving, are neither innocuous nor inexpensive.     

Crystalloids,colloids, blood,blood products and blood substitutes

The choice of fluid in a given clinical scenario relies on knowledge of the physiology and pharmacology of the fluid. A broad range of fluids are discussed in this article, with particular emphasis on problems associated with excess administration of 0.9% saline. Colloids, blood, blood products and blood substitutes are also discussed. Balancing the risks of allogenic blood transfusion for a patient and transfusion thresholds are considered. The potential of haemoglobin substitutes are still yet to be realized; however PolyHeme is currently in a phase 3 pre-hospital trauma trial.     

Deformability of red blood cells and its relation to blood trauma in rotary blood pumps

In this study, mechanical trauma to red blood cells was evaluated by conventional hemolysis test and a newly developed cyclically reversing shear flow generator. The fresh porcine blood obtained from a local slaughterhouse was subjected to the conventional hemolysis test using a commercial centrifugal blood pump for the duration of 8 h. The measurements consisted of (i) plasma-free hemoglobin based on the standard optical measurement and (ii) the deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) using a cyclically reversing shear flow generator and microscope image acquisition system. The deformability of RBCs was expressed by the L/W value where L and W were the longer and shorter axes of the elongated RBCs' images. Although the plasma-free hemoglobin level increased with the pumping duration, the L/W remained unchanged for the duration of 8 h of pumping to indicate no alteration in the deformability. It was speculated that (i) although RBCs might have been circulated for so many times through the test pump, after each exposure to mechanical stress, RBCs might have recovered, and net effect due to shear stress-exposure time might have been small; and (ii) RBCs' deformability might be maintained near normal until sudden burst or membrane rupture, or the hemoglobin might have continuously leaked through the pores of the thinned membrane created by the mechanical stress. The deformability testing under a fluctuating shear flow could be a new method to quantify subhemolytic mechanical damage that has been accumulated in the RBCs' membrane and that may not be assessed by the conventional hemolysis test.