p27(Kip1) Knockout mice are protected from diabetic nephropathy: evidence for p27(Kip1) haplotype insufficiency

BACKGROUND: High glucose up-regulates the mesangial cell expression of p27(Kip1), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases/cyclin complexes. Previous in vitro studies using cultured mesangial cells from p27(Kip1-/-) mice demonstrated that these cells do not undergo high glucose-mediated cellular hypertrophy. Since glomerular hypertrophy is an early feature of diabetic nephropathy and may precede the development of glomerulosclerosis, interference with p27(Kip1) expression may attenuate diabetic nephropathy. However, it is unclear whether deletion of p27(Kip1) protects the kidneys of diabetic nephropathy in vivo. METHODS: Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in p27(Kip1+/+), p27(Kip1+/-), and p27(Kip1-/-) mice by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Mice were studied for 6 weeks. Animals injected with citrate buffer only served as controls. At the end of the experiments, urine was collected, albuminuria was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood glucose concentrations were measured. Kidneys were perfusion-fixed for quantitative morphologic analysis with glutaraldehyde and for immunohistochemical studies with formaldehyde. Glomerular cell number and volume were analyzed. Glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial, and vascular damage indices were semiquantitatively assessed according to standard methodology. Quantitative glomerular parameters (cell numbers and volumes of endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cells) were measured on semithin sections. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), laminin, and collagen type IV were determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: In contrast to animals only injected with citrate buffer, mice that received STZ developed hyperglycemia. There was no significant difference in the degree of hyperglycemia among p27(Kip1+/+), p27(Kip1+/-), and p27(Kip1-/-) mice. Diabetic p27(Kip1+/+), but not control p27(Kip1+/+) animals, developed albuminuria. Albuminuria was significantly reduced in diabetic p27(Kip1+/-) and more profoundly in p27(Kip1-/-) animals. Diabetic p27(Kip1+/+) mice revealed a significant increase in mean glomerular volume at 6 weeks. The volumes of mesangial and endothelial cells and podocytes all increased, whereas cell numbers were reduced, consistent with cell hypertrophy. Glomerular, endothelial, mesangial and podocyte hypertrophy were reduced in diabetic p27(Kip1+/-) and p27(Kip1-/-) animals. Diabetic p27(Kip1) (+/+) animals had significantly increased glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstium, and vascular damage indices compared to nondiabetic p27(Kip1+/+) controls. Diabetic p27(Kip1-/-) mice exhibited significantly less structural damage than diabetic wild-type animals. Diabetic p27(Kip1+/-) animals revealed intermediate glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstium, and vascular damage values. Immunohistological stainings demonstrated increases in TGF-beta1, collagen type IV, and laminin expression in kidneys of diabetic p27(Kip1+/+) animals compared to nondiabetic p27(Kip1+/+) controls. Staining intensity for type IV collagen and laminin, but not for TGF-beta1, was significantly lower in diabetic p27(Kip1-/-) mice. CONCLUSION: Deletion of p27(Kip1) attenuates the functional and morphologic features of diabetic nephropathy. Although deletion of p27(Kip1) abolished some parameters of diabetic glomerular hypertrophy, the significant reduction of TGF-beta1 expression in the tubulointerstitium indicates that other protective mechanisms could be operative. The p27(Kip1) gene is haplo-insufficient because diabetic p27(Kip1)+/- mice exhibited an intermediate degree of functional and structural renal injury. Our data shows that p27(Kip1) plays an important role in diabetic nephropathy.     

The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 is required for glomerular hypertrophy in experimental diabetic nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hypertrophy. We have recently shown that experimental diabetes mellitus is associated with an increase in glomerular expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21). Furthermore, in vitro glucose-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy is also associated with an up-regulated expression of p21. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that p21 mediates diabetic glomerular hypertrophy in vivo. METHODS: Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin in mice in which p21 was genetically deleted (p21 -/-) and in wild-type mice (p21 +/+). Kidney biopsies were obtained from diabetic and control (citrate injected) p21 +/+ and p21 -/- mice at day 60. The tissue was used for morphologic studies of glomerular size (measured by computer image-analysis system), glomerular cellularity (cell count), glomerular matrix expansion (silver stain), apoptosis (TUNEL), and expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The glomerular tuft area increased 11.21% in diabetic p21 +/+ mice at day 60 compared with control (3329.98 +/- 244.05 micrometer(2) vs. 2994. 39 +/- 176.22 micrometer(2), P = 0.03), and the glomerular cell count did not change in diabetic p21 +/+ mice at day 60 compared with the control. These findings are consistent with glomerular hypertrophy. In contrast, the glomerular tuft area did not increase in diabetic p21 -/- mice at day 60 compared with the control (3544.15 +/- 826.49 vs. 3449.15 +/- 109.65, P = 0.82), nor was there an increase in glomerular cell count (41.41 +/- 13.18 vs. 46.95 +/- 3.00, P = 0.43). Diabetic p21 +/+ mice, but not p21 -/- mice, developed an increase in proteinuria at day 60 compared with the control. Tubular cell proliferation, measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining, was increased in both diabetic p21 +/+ (2.1-fold) and p21 -/- (7.61-fold) mice compared with controls. Glomerular cell apoptosis did not increase in diabetic mice. Although glomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA levels increased in both strains of diabetic mice at day 60, the glomerular matrix did not expand. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia was associated with glomerular hypertrophy in p21 +/+ mice. Despite the increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA, diabetic p21 -/- mice did not develop glomerular hypertrophy, providing evidence that the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 may be required for diabetic glomerular hypertrophy induced by TGF-beta1. The loss of p21 increases tubular but not glomerular cell proliferation in diabetic nephropathy. The absence of glomerular hypertrophy appears protective of renal function in diabetic mice.     

Inverse relationship between Skp2 ubiquitin ligase and the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 in prostate cancer

PURPOSE: Prostate carcinomas show a low level of the cell cycle inhibitor p27, which correlates with tumor aggressiveness. In tumors p27 is of the WT species and its deregulation is due to aberrant ubiquitin mediated degradation. The p27 is degraded following phosphorylation and subsequent recognition by SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase. We examined the relationship between p27 and its specific ligase Skp2 in normal and malignant prostate tissues. A possible correlation among the levels of these proteins, tumor grading and clinical state was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis 51 samples from needle biopsies, transurethral resection and radical prostatectomy were analyzed for p27 and Skp2 expression. Correlation with tumor grading (Gleason) was performed. In 22 proven metastatic or organ confined cases correlation was also done with the Ki67 proliferative marker. RESULTS: Skp2 expression demonstrated a significant and direct correlation with malignancy (p <0.0001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between Skp2 level and tumor aggressiveness graded by Gleason score (p <0.0002) and prostate specific antigen. Patients with metastases had significantly higher Skp2 and Ki67 expression than those with organ confined disease (p <0.0001). In addition, Skp2 levels significantly correlated with Ki67 (r = 0.73, p <0.0001). An inverse correlation was found between p27 and Skp2 ligase. CONCLUSIONS: Skp2 expression in prostate biopsies may be used as an additional marker for tumor aggressiveness. The results also suggest a role for Skp2 in the pathogenesis of prostate malignancy.     

肝细胞癌端粒酶活性与细胞周期抑制蛋白p27~(kip1)的相关性研究

目的　探讨端粒酶活性 (TA )和细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制蛋白 p2 7kip1在肝癌中的表达及其相互关系。方法　采用端粒重复序列扩增 酶联免疫吸附 (TRAP ELISA)方法测定 2 7例肝细胞癌 (HCC)和 2 3例肝硬化组织中的端粒酶活性 ,采用免疫组织化学方法测定 p2 7kip1在HCC中的表达。结果　 2 7例HCC中 2 4例端粒酶阳性 ,3例阴性 ;2 3例肝硬化中 3例阳性 ,2 0例阴性 ,两者差异有非常显著性 ( r =0 .484,P <0 .0 0 1) ;HCC中平均 p2 7kip1标记指数为 5 0 .30± 19.83;端粒酶活性与p2 7kip1呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　测定端粒酶活性有利于早期发现肝癌 ,端粒酶的激活与p2 7kip1蛋白表达有关。     

Expression of the ubiquitin ligase subunit cyclin kinase subunit 1 and its relationship to S-phase kinase protein 2 and p27Kip1 in prostate cancer

PURPOSE: Loss of the cell cycle inhibitory protein p27Kip1 in cancer is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in the prostate. The decrease in p27(Kip1) results from increased proteasome dependent degradation, which is mediated by its specific ubiquitin ligase subunits S-phase kinase protein 2 and cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1. S-phase kinase protein 2 was found to be over expressed in aggressive prostate cancers but to our knowledge the role of cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1 in these cancers is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1, S-phase kinase protein 2 and p27Kip1 was examined by immunohistochemistry in tissue sections from 45 patients with prostate cancer. The expression of cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1 was compared to that of S-phase kinase protein 2 and p27Kip1, and patient clinical and histological characteristics. RESULTS: Cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1 expression was strongly associated with S-phase kinase protein 2 expression (r = 0.666, p = 0.001) and inversely with p27Kip1 expression (r = -0.737, p < 0.001). Cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1 over expression was associated with loss of tumor differentiation (r = 0.631, p = 0.001), high serum prostate specific antigen (r = 0.627, p < 0.001) and metastatic disease (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that cyclin dependent kinase subunit 1 is involved in p27Kip1 down-regulation and it may have an important causative role in the development of aggressive tumor behavior in prostate cancer.     

12-脂氧化酶对糖尿病肾病鼠肾小球p27kip1表达的影响

目的 探讨12-脂氧化酶(12-LO)对糖尿病肾病肾小球内p27kip1表达的影响。方法 在有或无p38 MAPK（p38）抑制剂（SB203580,1 μmol/L）的条件下,用12-LO作用产物12羟二十烷四烯酸[ 12(S)-HETE,10－7 mmol/L]刺激系膜细胞24 h。雄性SD大鼠分为普通饮食对照组、普通饮食+12-LO抑制剂（CDC,8 mg/kg,3次/周,皮下注射）处理组、高脂饮食结合小剂量链脲菌素（STZ,35 mg/kg,腹腔注射）诱导2型糖尿病组、高脂饮食结合小剂量STZ诱导2型糖尿病+CDC处理组,连续皮下注射CDC 1个月。野生型和12-LO基因敲除C57BL/6小鼠随机分成野生型对照组、12-LO基因敲除组、野生型STZ（200 mg/kg,腹腔注射）诱导1型糖尿病组、12-LO基因敲除STZ诱导1型糖尿病组,饲养16周。实验结束后收集尿、血液、提取肾脏,用系列过筛方法分离肾小球。Western印迹和免疫组织化学方法检测p38 活性和p27kip1蛋白表达的变化。 结果 抑制p38 活性可有效阻断12(S)-HETE诱导的系膜细胞内p27kip1的表达（P < 0.01）。CDC可抑制2型糖尿病大鼠肾小球体积增大,降低尿白蛋白量（24 h）,阻止肾小球内p38 活性和p27kip1蛋白表达增加,与CDC未处理2型糖尿病大鼠比较差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.01）。与野生型糖尿病小鼠比较,12-LO基因敲除糖尿病小鼠p38活性、p27kip1蛋白表达及细胞外基质积聚显著减少,差异有统计学意义（均P < 0.01）。 结论 12-LO可通过p38通路上调糖尿病肾小球内p27kip1的表达。     

Anomalous overexpression of p27(Kip1) in sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the cellular defects and molecular mechanisms leading to pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). p27(Kip1) is a universal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI), which acts as a tumor suppressor and a negative regulator of cell cycle. From previous reports, quiescent cells show high levels of p27(Kip1) expression while neoplastic and proliferating cells show no detectable p27(Kip1) expression. We hypothesize that in malignant sporadic PETs, p27(Kip1) expression would be decreased compared with benign PETs and normal pancreatic tissue. METHODS: Western analysis was performed on 28 PETs (7 malignant, 21 benign), 2 nonendocrine cell lines, and 5 endocrine cell lines. Signal intensities were quantitated using densitometry and standardized to normal pancreas. RESULTS: Unexpectedly, increased p27(Kip1) expression as compared with control was seen in both benign and malignant tumors, as well as in all four pancreatic islet tumor cell lines, but not fibroblast or pituitary cell lines, evaluated. There was no difference in p27(Kip1) level between benign and malignant tumors. CONCLUSION: This represents the first report of anomalous p27(Kip1) overexpression in sporadic PETs, and is part of a growing literature describing the paradoxical overexpression of p27(Kip1) in human tumors that includes other endocrine tumors. These studies suggest a unique molecular pathway leading to endocrine tumorigenesis.     

肝细胞癌周期蛋白A与周期抑制蛋白p27kip1的相关性研究

目的 探讨周期蛋白 A(Cyclin A)和周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制蛋白 p27~(kip1)在肝癌中的表达及其相互关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测35例肝细胞癌(HCC)和22例肝硬化(LC)组织中的周期蛋白A和周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制蛋白p27~(kip1)的表达。结果 35例HCC中23例周期蛋白A高表达,12例低表达;22例肝硬化中4例周期蛋白A高表达,18例低表达,两者差异有非常显著性(P<0.001);HCC中周期蛋白 A与p27~(kip1)呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论 周期蛋白A 高表达可能是肝硬化中肝细胞癌变的主要原因之一,可能是造成肝癌细胞不断增殖的原因。周期蛋白A高表达与p27~(kip1)蛋白高表达有关。     

肝细胞癌端粒酶活性与细胞周期抑制蛋白p27^kip1的相关性研究

目的探讨端粒酶活性(TA)和细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制蛋白p27kip1在肝癌中的表达及其相互关系。方法采用端粒重复序列扩增-酶联免疫吸附（TRAP-ELISA）方法测定27例肝细胞癌（HCC）和23例肝硬化组织中的端粒酶活性，采用免疫组织化学方法测定p27kip1在HCC中的表达。结果27例HCC中24例端粒酶阳性，3例阴性；23例肝硬化中3例阳性，20例阴性,两者差异有非常显著性（r=0.484，P<0.001）；HCC中平均p27kip1标记指数为50.30±19.83;端粒酶活性与p27kip1呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论测定端粒酶活性有利于早期发现肝癌，端粒酶的激活与p27kip1蛋白表达有关。     

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by its pleiotropic effects in rats

Nephrol Dial Transplant     

Loss of p27(Kip1) accelerates DNA replication after partial hepatectomy in mice

BACKGROUND: Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) is accomplished by a synchronous replication of hepatocytes. Both positive and negative regulators of cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) have been implicated in hepatocyte proliferation, but their specific roles in vivo remain to be clarified. To investigate the specific role of p27(Kip1), a member of the Cip/Kip family of Cdk inhibitors, in cell-cycle regulation during liver regeneration, p27-knockout mice were studied after PH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under ether anesthesia, mice were subjected to 70% PH. Animals were sacrificed at intervals after the surgery, and the remnant liver was harvested and analyzed. RESULTS: In p27-deficient mice, the timing of DNA synthesis was significantly accelerated with a perturbation in the ordered distribution of proliferating cells in the hepatic lobule. p27 deficiency, however, did not affect the whole population of cycling cells, the number of apoptotic cells, or liver injury and mortality after PH. CONCLUSION: These data provide in vivo evidence that p27 functions as a brake in the "start" of the hepatocyte cell cycle, thereby coordinating temporally and spatially the onset of DNA synthesis of hepatocytes within the hepatic lobules.     

Cell cycle inhibitors (p27Kip1 and p21CIP1) cause hypertrophy in LLC-PK1 cells.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin II has been reported to induce renal tubular hypertrophy, but the mechanisms of this hypertrophy are not well known. We evaluated the roles of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors in renal tubular hypertrophy. METHODS: To elucidate whether CDK inhibitors cause renal tubular hypertrophy, we produced adenovirus vectors containing coding sequences of the CDK inhibitors p27Kip1 (AxCAp27), p21CIP1 (AxCAp21), and p16INK4 (AxCAp16), and we investigated the effect of these gene transfers on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced proliferation in LLC-PK1 cells. We evaluated the cell cycle and hypertrophy by measurements of the [3H]-leucine and [3H]-thymidine incorporation, the protein:DNA ratio, flow cytometry, and CDK4 and CDK2 kinase assays. RESULTS: AxCAp27 and AxCAp21 caused significant increases in [3H]-leucine incorporation and the protein:DNA ratio but did not change the [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Conversely, AxCAp16 inhibited EGF-stimulated [3H]-thymidine incorporation but did not change the [3H]-leucine incorporation. AxCAp27, AxCAp21, and AxCAp16 all inhibited EGF-stimulated CDK4 kinase activity (to 15.6, 14.1, and 21.9% of control, respectively). Forward light-scatter analysis demonstrated that AxCAp27 and AxCAp21 increased the cell size but that AxCAp16 effected no change in cell size. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that p27Kip1 and p21CIP1 may play an important role in hypertrophy of renal tubule cells by reducing pRb phosphorylation. On the other hand, p16INK4 was not found to cause hypertrophic changes in EGF-treated LLC-PK1 cells.     

Low expression of p27(Kip1) in advanced mucoepidermoid carcinomas of head and neck

BACKGROUND: p27(Kip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, negatively regulates the G1 phase progression of the cell cycle by binding to the cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 complex. This study was done to investigate the expression of p27(Kip1) in mucoepidermoid carcinomas and its usefulness as an indicator in tumor progression, aggressiveness, and prognosis. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with mucoepidermoid carcinomas who had surgical resection were studied retrospectively. Clinicopathologic features, including histologic types, T stage, nodal status, perineural invasion, overall AJCC stage, and survival data, were obtained from medical records. Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against p27(Kip1) was performed on the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from each patient. The percentage of tumor cells expressing p27(Kip1) (labeling index) was evaluated by counting 1000 cells per slide in at least four different areas and comparing with the patients' clinicopathologic features and survival rates. RESULTS: Significant correlation was found between low p27(Kip1) expression and tumors with high-grade, advanced T stages, positive nodal status, and advanced clinical stages (p =.001 for all) except perineural invasion. Multivariate analysis indicated that p27(Kip1) expression (p =.030) was the most significant, and gender (p =.048) was the next significant predictor of overall survival among the variables. Also patients with low p27(Kip1) expression showed poor prognosis (p =.002). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that p27(Kip1) is a reliable independent marker of tumor progression, invasiveness, and prognosis in the mucoepidermoid carcinomas.     

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by its pleiotropic effects in rats.

BACKGROUND: An inflammatory process may be one of the critical factors that contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We reported previously that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is up-regulated and promotes macrophage infiltration in the glomeruli of diabetic rats. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have recently been emphasized to have anti-inflammatory effects; inhibition of leukocyte adhesion and migration, independent of the cholesterol-lowering effect. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that statins prevent the development of DN by pleiotropic effects. METHODS: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with cerivastatin (0.5 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle for 4 weeks. We analysed glomerular macrophage infiltration and ICAM-1 expression. We also evaluated major regulators of ICAM-1, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and oxidative stress. RESULTS: Statin treatment reduced urinary albumin excretion (UAE) (2.96+/-0.18 vs 2.38+/-0.06; log(10) UAE, P<0.05), glomerular size (12 150+/-329 vs 9963+/-307 micro m(2), P<0.05), and lowered blood pressure, compared with untreated diabetic rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed that macrophage infiltration and ICAM-1 expression in glomeruli were increased in diabetic rats and were inhibited by statin treatment. Renal NF-kappaB activity, urinary excretion and renal deposition of 8-OHdG were increased in diabetic rats, and reduced by statin treatment. CONCLUSION: Statin treatment prevented glomerular injury, independent of the cholesterol-lowering effects. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effect might be mediated by pleiotropic effects including an anti-inflammatory action through a reduction of oxidative stress, NF-kappaB activation, ICAM-1 expression and macrophage infiltration in the early phase of DN.     

Prognostic significance of p27Kip1 expression in bladder cancer

The importance of markers in urological cancer is well recognised and many attempts are being made to find one which will be of prognostic significance. Authors from New York found that low expression of p27Kip1 in patients with bladder cancer was a significant predictor of pelvic recurrence, progression to metastasis and death. Authors from Switzerland examined patients with a primary solitary distal ureteric TCC; they found that distal ureteric resection in such patients is feasible, and that the long-term oncological outcome appears to be comparable to more radical treatment of this condition. OBJECTIVE: To define the prognostic significance of p27(Kip1) expression in bladder cancer for overall, disease-specific, metastasis-free and pelvic recurrence-free survival, and to identify clinical and pathological correlates of p27(Kip1) immunophenotypes. PATIENTS: AND METHODS: Tumour samples from 128 evaluable patients with bladder cancer were assessed by immunohistochemistry for p27(Kip1) and E2F-1 expression. Immunoreactivity of p27(Kip1) was correlated with clinicopathological variables, E2F-1 immunoreactivity, and outcome. Multivariate analysis was used to assess predictors of outcome. The median follow-up was 30.9 months overall and 105.7 months in the 32 patients alive at the last follow-up. RESULTS: The fraction of tumour cells with p27(Kip1) nuclear immunoreactivity was <5% in 15, 5-25% in 30, 25-50% in 19, 50-75% in 51, and > or = 75% in 13 patients. High-grade tumours and those with lower E2F-1 nuclear reactivity had a lower mean percentage p27(Kip1) reactivity (P = 0.047 and 0.011, respectively). On multivariate analysis, the percentage p27(Kip1) reactivity was a significant independent predictor of pelvic recurrence (P = 0.017), progression to metastases (P = 0.046), death from disease (P = 0.008), and death from any cause (P = 0.017), with a low expression portending a worse prognosis. Suspicion of vascular invasion was a significant independent predictor of progression to metastases (P = 0.002), death from disease, and death from any cause (both P < 0.001). Lymph node involvement was a significant independent predictor of progression to metastases (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Low expression of p27(Kip1) was a significant independent predictor of pelvic recurrence, progression to metastasis, death from disease and death from any cause, in patients with bladder cancer.     

A single nucleotide polymorphism of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) associated with human vein graft failure affects growth of human venous adventitial cells but not smooth muscle cells

Background

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27^Kip1) is a cell-cycle inhibitor whose -838C>A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs36228499; hereafter called p27 SNP) has been associated with the clinical failure of peripheral vein grafts, but the functional effects of this SNP have not been demonstrated.