磁共振成像在复发性肛瘘中的应用价值

为探讨磁共振成像（magneticresonanceimaging,MRI）在复发性肛瘘中的应用价值,回顾40例复发性肛瘘患者的MRI表现,总结分析其内口位置特点、瘘管走行形态以及肛提肌侵犯范围等。MRI采用Philips1．5T超导型磁共振扫描机,软体线圈,检查体位为仰卧位。采用横断：TIWI自旋回波（SE）序列,T2WI快速自旋回波（FSE）序列,T2WI脂肪抑制（FAT—SAT）序列。冠状及斜冠状位：T2WIFSE序列。层厚5ram,间隔lmm。结果显示,40例复发性肛瘘患者均为高位肛瘘,手术证实均存在内口,其中38例术中所见与MRI表现一致,该38例患者内口均位于肛窦附近（32例存在1个内口,6例存在2个内口）;另2例MRI检查各序列及断面均未显示内口。瘘管长度7．0～16．0cm（其中走行平直23例,走行迂曲17例）;瘘管宽度0．8～3．0cm。瘘管走行于肌间者32例,走行于肛提肌内者8例。本组患者瘘管壁均不规则,其厚度为0．3～1．0cm。瘘管存在支管者11例;内盲瘘1例。瘘管仅侵犯耻骨直肠肌者4例,仅侵犯髂骨尾骨肌者9例,耻骨直肠肌及髂骨尾骨肌同时受侵27例;并发瘘管组织癌变1例。结果表明,MRI能准确显示内口的位置、瘘管走行及肛提肌受侵范围、程度,在复发性肛瘘术前检查中具有重要作用。     

脓肿切开双腔管引流治疗高位肛管直肠周围服肿(摘要)(介绍一种高位肛管直肠周围脓肿的非挂线一次根治术)

高位肛管直肠周围脓肿的治疗目前仍是肛肠外科的难题。为寻找一种组织损伤少、疗程短、痛苦小、括约肌功能保护好的术式,作者自1996年1月至1997年12月,用脓肿切开,脓腔内双腔管引流法治疗高位脓肿20例。本组均为男性,年龄20~65岁,平均38岁。其中直肠后间隙脓肿5例(复发性1例),骨盆直肠间隙脓肿4例,高位肌间脓肿5例,高位后马蹄脓肿6例(复发性2例)。病程7d至5年。治愈时间10~51d,平均(24.9±9.98)d。随访3个月至2年未见复发,未发现排使节制功能障碍和其它并发症。本法适用于内口在齿线或内口不明显的各种高位肛周脓肿。根据脓肿的位置,在肛缘选择不同的切口切开排脓,切口时避开外括约肌,注意清除原发病灶、对脓腔搔刮冲洗后,在脓腔内安放双腔管引流,随着脓腔缩小变浅逐渐拔出引流条、引流管至脓腔愈合。手术避开外括约肌在肛缘切口,在清除原发病灶时只切开了内括约肌下缘,对内口以上高位脓腔或瘘管放置双腔管引流,不用挂线治疗,对组织损伤小、疗程短、痛苦小、能防止肛管畸形发生,不影响括约肌功能,是一种治疗高位瘘较好的方法。     

青年男性后尿道控尿解剖学结构MRI研究

目的探讨青年男性后尿道控尿解剖学结构的正常解剖形态。方法在仰卧位静息态,获取216名正常控尿的青年男性盆腔矢状面、冠状面和横截面的T2加权快速自旋回波图像。结果 216名受检者均获得诊断质量的T2加权图像。MRI能清晰显示青年男性控尿结构:假复层柱状上皮、黏膜下层、尿道括约肌复合体(由尿道平滑括约肌和尿道横纹括约肌组成)、耻骨尿道肌(肛提肌的一部分)及会阴中心腱。横断面上测得耻骨尿道肌厚度3.96~6.25 mm,平均5.47 mm。结论 MRI能够清晰显示正常控尿青年男性后尿道控尿解剖学结构的正常解剖形态。     

一期根治术治疗肛周脓肿80例

1991— 1999年 ,笔者采用一次性手术治疗肛周脓肿 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组 80例 ,男 5 1例 ,女 2 9例 ;年龄 17～ 65岁 ,平均 4 1岁。低位脓肿 (肛提肌以下 ) 68例 ,其中皮下脓肿 2 4例 ,肛管后间隙脓肿 33例 ,坐骨直肠间隙脓肿 11例。高位脓肿 (肛提肌以上 ) 12例。2　手术方法2 1　脓肿切开术　适应于低位脓肿。骶麻或局麻后 ,在脓肿中央作一切口 ,一般长 2～ 3ｃｍ。引出脓液 ,用食指伸入脓腔探查其大小及方向。再用探针插入脓腔 ,轻轻探查脓腔内口并且从肛内引出 ,沿探针切开。根据脓肿部位及大小 ,适当扩大外切口 ,修…     

主腔切开加引流一期治疗多间隙肛周脓肿72例疗效分析

为探讨主腔切开加引流一期治疗多间隙肛周脓肿的临床疗效,回顾采用此方法治疗的72例多间隙肛周脓肿患者资料,具体手术方法：主腔切开、引流挂线,远端脓腔用橡皮筋挂浮线引流,肛提肌以上脓腔或相对较深脓腔用蘑菇头引流管引流。结果显示,本组72例患者中,一期根治71例,治愈率98．61％;复发1例（1．39％）,经二次手术治愈。创面愈合时间为19～43d,平均27d。随访1年,均无复发,无肛门畸形、肛门移位及肛门失禁等后遗症。结果表明,主腔切开加引流一期治疗多间隙肛周脓肿治愈率高,创伤小,患者痛苦小,术后并发症少,能有效避免对括约肌、肛管直肠环以及肛周皮肤的损伤,从而保护肛门的正常形态与功能。     

浅谈采用一次性内括约肌切开术一期治疗高位肛周脓肿

高位肛周脓肿是指病灶位于肛提肌以上的脓肿,由于位置在肛直环以上,加之本病为肛肠科急、重症,如感染不及时控制易引起脓毒血症和败血症的危险,所以如何一期根治并保护肛直环一直是术者探索的方向。笔者利用2009年1～7月在南京市中医院（全国肛肠培训中心）进修这半年时间,在该科丁曙晴博士的指导下,根据括约肌肌间感染学说,采用一次性切开肛门内括约肌方法治疗高位肛周脓肿18例,效果满意,现报告如下。     

化脓性肌炎的MRI表现

目的分析化脓性肌炎的MRI表现特点。方法回顾分析我院经临床手术及病理证实的8例化脓性肌炎患者的MRI表现。检查序列包括SET1W、TSET2W、STIR,其中4例同时接受增强SET1w扫描。结果8例中1例发生于腰大肌,余7例均发生于下肢肌肉。MRI显示所有8例受累肌肉弥漫性肿大,T2WI表现为较明显不均匀高信号,STIR为明显高信号;T1WI呈与邻近肌肉等、稍低或稍高信号改变,邻近肌间隙水肿。4例病灶中见单个或多个T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号脓肿形成,周围脓肿壁在T1WI上为相对高信号。增强扫描中2例受累肌肉呈明显弥漫性强化,2例脓肿形成呈环状强化,脓腔及小的炎性坏死区无强化。结论MRI可清晰显示化脓性肌炎病变部位、特点及范围,具有重要诊断价值。     

磁共振成像在深部肛周脓肿诊断中的应用

目的 探讨MRI检查在深部肛周脓肿诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2007年12月南京中医药大学附属医院收治的21例临床疑诊为深部肛周脓肿患者的临床资料.术前进行MRI体表相控阵列线圈检查;以手术结果为标准,比较MRI检查和术前肛门指诊在深部肛周脓肿的分型和内口检查结果.采用X2检验分析检测数据.结果 19例患者诊断为深部脓肿,1例诊断为骶前囊肿伴感染,1例诊断为骶前占位性病变(病理检查证实为黏液腺癌).19例患者共发现25个脓腔,其中坐骨直肠间隙脓腔14个,骨盆直肠间隙脓腔5个,高位括约肌间脓腔6个.单间隙脓肿13例,多间隙脓肿6例.MRI检查与术前肛门指诊的内口诊断符合率分别为12/19和13/19,两种检查方法比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.116,P>0.05);深部肛周脓肿分类准确率分别为25/25和16/25,两种检查方法比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.970,P<0.05);手术探查发现13例患者为单间隙脓肿,6例为多间隙脓肿,而MRI检查与术前肛门指诊多间隙脓肿准确率分别为19/19和13/19,两种检查方法比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.125,P<0.05).结论 MRI检查能确诊并定位深部肛周脓肿病变范围及其与肛管直肠周围括约肌之间的复杂关系;对指导手术排除肛管直肠周围潜伏病变具有确切意义.     

肝细胞癌术后MRI表现

目的研究肝细胞癌术后肝脏切缘单纯术后改变与复发的MRI表现特征。方法手术后病理证实为肝细胞癌、术后定期复查或临床怀疑复发采用MRI检查的病例共20例。MRI包括：T1WI横断面平扫和横断面、冠状面增强扫描．VIBE序列扫描．T2WI横断面平扫，冠状面TrueFisp序列扫描。结果肝脏切缘单纯术后改变13例、复发6例、可疑复发1例；残肝内复发12例，其中侵犯左、右肝管及肝总管3例；肝门、门腔间隙及腹膜后淋巴结肿大3例，腹膜、肠系膜广泛种植2例。结论MRI能鉴别肝脏切缘单纯术后改变和复发，早期发现肝内、外复发灶。     

高场磁共振成像在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值

为探讨1．5T高场磁共振成像（MRI）在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值,对31例临床诊断为肛瘘的患者术前应用1．5T高场磁共振体部相控阵列线圈进行轴位、矢状位、冠状位的多种序列的检查。结果发现,MRI诊断结果与手术诊断结果完全一致,吻合率达到100％。其中经括约肌肛瘘9例,括约肌间肛瘘16例,括约肌外肛瘘1例,括约肌上肛瘘5例。单纯性肛瘘11例,复杂性肛瘘20例。MRI对瘘管显示的敏感度为100％;对脓肿显示的敏感度为100％;内口有2例为假阴性,对内口显示的敏感度为93．5％。结果表明,应用1．5T高场MRI能准确定位肛瘘的内口、瘘管的走向及其与肛管直肠括约肌之间的关系,具有重要的临床实用和推广价值。     

Determining the displacement of the pelvic floor and pelvic organs during voluntary contractions using magnetic resonance imaging in younger and older women

OBJECTIVES: To: (i) visualize the effect of sustained voluntary contractions on the anatomical configuration of the pelvic floor (PF) muscles using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (ii) examine the effect of ageing on the range of displacement of the PF contents secondary to contraction and simulating incontinence exercises; and (iii) introduce the concept of contractile change in volume (DeltaPF-V) using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from axial, sagittal and coronal MRI. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two groups of continent women volunteers, familiar with correct PF contraction, were evaluated. The mean (sd) age in group I was 34 (6) years and that of group II 55 (9) years; the mean parities were 0.7 and 2.2, respectively. MRI was conducted with the women supine and data were obtained in the axial, sagittal and coronal planes. In each plane, images were obtained with the PF relaxed and subsequently with the PF contracted over 10-20 s. Image processing was used to enhance the anatomical boundaries of the pelvic organs and to measure the displacement produced by the contraction. Displacements, observed between each image pair, were colour-coded to highlight the geometric differences between a relaxed and contracted PF and to facilitate measuring displacement. Data measured from each group were pooled and the range of motion expressed as the mean (sd), compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Digitally processed imaging allowed an accurate comparison between the relaxed and contracted PF, and highlighted the differences between them. From these views, the levator ani displaced the vagina asymmetrically in nine of the 11 older subjects, and in six of the 17 younger subjects. The values from the imaging in the sagittal and coronal plane for the two groups were: levator ani displacement, 7.4 (1.1) and 1.4 (0.2) cm (P < 0.002), superior bladder wall, 4.2 (0.5) and 1.0 (0.1) cm (P < 0.002). There were also significant differences in the range of displacement produced by voluntary PF contraction in the internal structures; external outlines did not reflect these changes. The maximum displacement of the gluteal surface in the coronal plane did not change significantly; in group I it was 3.9 (1.8) to 2.9 (0.7) cm. From the 3D re-construction, DeltaPF-V for the younger women was significantly larger, at 23.3 (3.9) mL (P < 0.01) than in the older women, at 9.1 (4.4) mL. CONCLUCION: The range of motion over which voluntary PF contractions displace the bladder and vagina is age-dependent, being higher in younger than in older subjects. It remains to be established whether range of movement is a limitation caused by neuronal factors, decrease in muscle strength/mass, or the substitution of spaces with fat (restricting free movement), or other factors.     

A review of applications of MRI in soft tissue and bone tumors

Due to excellent soft tissue contrast and multiplanar imaging capability, MRI is assuming a major role in recognition, staging, and treatment planning of soft tissue and bone tumors. Direct sagittal, coronal, and axial images permit assessment of intraosseous and extraosseous extension of tumors and their relationship to the joints and neurovascular structures, and detection of "skip" lesions. MRI allows improved detection of recurrent tumors in the presence of non-ferromagnetic metallic implants as compared to CT. In the evaluation of soft tissue tumors, MRI is more sensitive than CT and allows differentiation among fat, muscle, tendon, bone, and vascular structures based on signal characteristics. Over a period of 18 months, 100 soft tissue masses and bone tumors were evaluated using MRI. Spin echo sequences with T1 and T2 weighted images were most valuable in differentiating normal and abnormal tissues. Calculated comparative measurements of relaxation times showed no reliable difference between benign and malignant tumors.     

Radiological evaluation of vaginal width and depth in male-to-female transsexuals by the use of magnetic resonance imaging

Nowadays, the surgical treatment of male-to-female transsexuals is not rare, but few studies have reported on postoperative results. The aim of this study was to determine the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of the results of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in male-to-female transsexual patients. Ten such patients (median age 28 years, range 21–47), who had undergone SRS using an inversion of combined penile and scrotal skin flaps for vaginoplasty, were examined with MRI after the operation. Turbo spin-echo T2-weighted and spin-echo T1-weighted images were obtained on sagittal, coronal, and axial planes with a 1.5 T superconducting magnet. The images were acquired on the sagittal, coronal and axial planes, by using TSE T2 weighted and SG T1 weighted images. MRI was performed within 2 weeks after the operation in six patients and after 1 year in the other four. In all cases, the images were obtained with and without an inflatable silicon vaginal tutor. The average neovaginal depth was 7.9 cm (range 6–10 cm). In four patients, MRI showed the presence of cavernosal rests, and in two there were remnants of the corpus spongiosus. In another patient, an abnormal anterior inclination of the neovagina was present. The average distance of the recto-vaginal septum was 4 mm (range 3–6 mm). No major complications were noted. Our study allowed not only a detailed assessment of the pelvic anatomy after genital reconfiguration, but also provided valuable information on possible complications.     

Focal levator ani eventrations: detection and characterization by magnetic resonance in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction

The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and imaging characteristics of focal levator eventrations in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction on magnetic resonance (MRI). A review of 81 dynamic MR pelvic examinations in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction was carried out to detect and characterize focal eventrations in the levator ani muscle. These were defined as muscle outpouchings which made an angle of >180 degrees with the remainder of the muscle and had a depth of >or=1 cm. Of 81 patients 11(13.5%) had focal eventrations in the levator muscle on MRI: bilateral in 2 cases, right in 5 and left in 4. There was protrusion of pelvic viscera into the eventration in 5 cases, fat in 7 and fluid in 1. Focal levator ani muscle abnormalities are not uncommon on MRI in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction. Characterization of levator muscle morphology can be useful as a research tool in this population.     

Clitoral anatomy in nulliparous, healthy, premenopausal volunteers using unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging

PURPOSE: We determined the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of normal clitoral anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of MRI studies of 10 healthy, nulliparous volunteers with no prior surgery and normal pelvic examination was studied and the key characteristics of clitoral anatomy were determined. A range of different magnetic resonance sequences was used without any contrast agent. RESULTS: The axial plane best revealed the clitoral body and its proximal continuation as the paired crura. The glans was seen more caudal than the body of the clitoris. The bulbs of the clitoris had the same signal as the rest of the clitoris in the axial plane and they related consistently to the other erectile structures. The bulbs, body and crura formed an erectile tissue cluster, namely the clitoris. In turn, the clitoris partially surrounded the urethra and vagina, forming a consistently observed tissue complex. Midline sagittal section revealed the shape of the body, although in this plane the rest of the clitoris was poorly displayed. The coronal plane revealed the relationship between the clitoral body and labia. The axial section cephalad to the clitoral body best revealed the vascular component of the neurovascular bundle to the clitoris. The fat saturation sequence particularly highlighted clitoral anatomy in healthy, premenopausal, nulliparous women. CONCLUSIONS: Normal clitoral anatomy has been clearly demonstrated using noncontrast pelvic MRI.     

肛门直肠畸形术后排粪失禁患儿盆腔磁共振成像表现及其临床意义

目的通过肛门直肠畸形术后排粪失禁患儿的盆腔MRI表现,了解盆底肌的形态,直肠、肛管的形态和位置,以及脊髓和骶骨的发育,为分析排粪失禁的原因及制订治疗方案提供客观依据。方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2011年12月间山东大学第二医院收治的34例肛门直肠畸形术后排粪失禁患儿的临床和影像资料,其中男2l例,女13例,年龄3,14岁。应用1．5TMR扫描仪,常规行轴位、冠状位及矢状位扫描,观察肛门括约肌、耻骨直肠肌和提肛肌、直肠、肛管的形态,以及脊髓、骶骨的发育情况。结果MRI检查提示：肛门外括约肌发育不良18例,耻骨直肠肌发育不良23例,肛提肌发育不良27例;直肠位置异常6例,直肠扩张12例,肛直角增大11例;肛管周围脂肪组织5例;合并神经管闭合不全2例,Currarino综合征2例,骶骨发育不全11例,直肠尿道瘘2例。以上影像学结果均经临床最终证实。结论MRI可清楚显示肛门外括约肌、耻骨直肠肌和肛提肌的形态,以及直肠和肛管的形态和位置,同时还可显示脊髓和骶骨的发育情况,是评价肛门直肠畸形术后排粪失禁患儿非常有价值的检查方法。     

MRI在腰骶神经根畸形诊断中的价值

目的确定MRI对腰骶神经根畸形（lumbosacralnerverootanomalies,LNRA）潜在的诊断价值。方法复习376例腰腿痛患者的腰椎MRI片。矢状面及水平面采用T1加权或T2加权成像,冠状面采用短TI反转回复序列成像。结果发现65例存在LNRA,其中分叉神经57例,尾侧起源7例,近邻根1例。手术患者术前诊断的畸形根,在术中显露到的均得到证实。结论MRI特别是短TI反转回复序列冠状面成像能够直观清晰地显示LNRA的起源、路径及大小等信息。     

Relationship between the integrity of the pelvic floor muscles and early recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: We investigated how the preoperatively estimated integrity of pelvic floor muscles related to the recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 patients underwent magnetic resonance image of the prostate and urodynamic studies before undergoing radical prostatectomy and evaluation of voiding symptoms before, and 3 and 6 months after surgery. Incontinence was defined as any unwanted urine leakage. On the magnetic resonance image the thickness of the levator ani and pelvic diaphragm, and prostate volume were measured to correlate with continence status. RESULTS: Incontinence was noted in 41.5% and 15.9% of the patients at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Recovery of continence 3 months after RP was related to the thickness of the pelvic diaphragm on sagittal imaging (p=0.017), the ratio of the levator ani on the axial image to prostate volume (p=0.047), functional urethral length (p=0.007) and incontinence before surgery (p=0.009). Recovery at 6 months was related to neurovascular bundle sparing (p=0.013) and marginally to the pelvic diaphragm on sagittal imaging (p=0.059). On multivariate analysis the pelvic diaphragm on sagittal imaging (HR 2.455, 95% CI 0.894-6.739, p=0.008) and the ratio of the levator ani on the axial image to prostate volume (HR 1.886, 95% CI 0.952-3.736, p=0.011) significantly predicted continence at 3 months, while at 6 months only the pelvic diaphragm on sagittal imaging showed a significant relationship (p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic diaphragm thickness and the ratio of levator ani thickness to prostate volume are independent factors predictive of post-prostatectomy incontinence. Patients with better developed pelvic floor muscles, especially in relation to the size of the prostate, can be expected to achieve earlier recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy.     

肛瘘MRI术前诊断价值与术中结果对照分析

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨术前磁共振(MRI)检查对肛瘘的定位、分型的临床指导意义。方法〓50例肛瘘患者行MRI检查,根据MRI所见,定位瘘道位置,依据窦道与肛门内外括约肌关系进行分型,并与术中所见结果相对照。结果〓手术证实50例患者中,30例为单纯性肛瘘,20例为复杂性肛瘘。括约肌间型20例,经括约肌型12例,括约肌上型6例,括约肌外型3例,表浅型9例。原发性瘘管72个,内口78个,外口77个,肛周脓肿17个。MRI诊断原发瘘管、内口、肛周脓肿的灵敏度分别为93.1%、96.2%、100%,特异度分别为91.5%、97.5%、91.3%。结论〓MRI可准确地判断肛瘘的分型、瘘管数量、走行、支管、内口的位置及有无肛周脓肿形成,为临床手术治疗提供重要指导信息。