Loss of the SEDL gene product (Sedlin) causes X‐linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda: Identification of a molecular defect in a Japanese family

A 23‐year‐old man was diagnosed as having X‐linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT; MIM 313400) based on his disproportionately short trunk, short stature, characteristic radiological features of the spine (posterior hump, end plate sclerosis, and disc space narrowing) and the hips (short and thick femoral necks), and positive family history. This Japanese family was found to have an intragenic deletion flanking intron 2 and exon 3 of the SEDL gene that not only included the 5′ untranslated region but also the coding sequence for the first methionine through the 25th alanine. This mutation was present in the proband and his unaffected mother (a heterozygote), but not in an unaffected sister and an unaffected uncle. The nature of the mutation predicted that the SEDL protein (Sedlin) was not produced in the proband, indicating that loss of Sedlin caused SEDT. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良SEDL基因新突变

目的　研究X 连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良 (X linkedspondyloepiphysealdysplasiatarda ,SEDL)的发病机理。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 单链构象多态及变性聚丙烯酰胺测序凝胶电泳技术 ,并结合DNA序列分析方法 ,对 5例SEDL患者及 3 0名正常对照SEDL基因的全部编码外显子及其邻近序列进行突变分析。结果　在 1例SEDL患者中发现了致病突变 ,并经DNA序列分析证实 ,SEDL基因第 5内含子剪接受体处IVS5 2— 1delAG紧接第 6外显子 3 2 2— 3 3 2delTTTTCAATGAA共 13个碱基缺失。结论该突变系国内外尚未见报道的新突变 ,这一突变可引起SEDL。     

Loss of the SEDL gene product (Sedlin) causes X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda: Identification of a molecular defect in a Japanese family

A 23-year-old man was diagnosed as having X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT; MIM 313400) based on his disproportionately short trunk, short stature, characteristic radiological features of the spine (posterior hump, end plate sclerosis, and disc space narrowing) and the hips (short and thick femoral necks), and positive family history. This Japanese family was found to have an intragenic deletion flanking intron 2 and exon 3 of the SEDL gene that not only included the 5' untranslated region but also the coding sequence for the first methionine through the 25th alanine. This mutation was present in the proband and his unaffected mother (a heterozygote), but not in an unaffected sister and an unaffected uncle. The nature of the mutation predicted that the SEDL protein (Sedlin) was not produced in the proband, indicating that loss of Sedlin caused SEDT.     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良SEDL基因剪接受体突变导致潜在剪接位点激活

目的 深入研究X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良（X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL）的发病机理，为最终防治本病提供依据。方法 应用逆转录-PCR及克隆测序方法对1例涉及SEDL基因第5内含子剪接受体缺失的SEDL患者进行mRNA表达研究。结果 该患者存在2个不同片段长度的mRNA表达产物，与GenBank正常序列进行BLAST比较后发现，393bp的表达产物是第6外显子内一个新的潜在剪接位点激活后形成的产物；433bp的表达产物与8号染色体的部分基因组序列完全一致。结论 SEDL基因第5内含子剪接受体位点及其后的第6外显子共13个碱基的缺失突变导致第6外显子内一个新的潜在剪接受体位点激活，使转录后的mRNA丢失了第6外显子内47bp的编码序列，并使紧接其后的2个密码子产生移码，导致翻译的提前终止（D109-S123del；S124fsX126）。另外，该突变可能激活了8号染色体上假基因SEDLP2的转录，从而部分地补偿了SEDL蛋白的功能。     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系SEDL基因突变研究

目的：确定中国汉族中一个X－连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良（spondyloepiphyseal dyskplasia tarda,SEDL)大家系SEDL基因突变类型，探讨SEDL发病的分子基础。方法：用聚合酶链反应扩增产物双向直接测序方法检测了患者构成SEDL基因可读框的第3－6外显子及相邻侧翼区的DNA序列，将测序结果与GenBank公布的SEDL基因正常序列对比找出突变。然后在家系其他成员中证实该突变。结果：在2例患者（Ⅳ15、Ⅴ3）SEDL基因第2内含子剪接受体处发现了IVS2－2A→C突变，4个外显子的核苷酸序列未见改变。该突变在4例女性携带者得到证实，她们的基因型表现为野生型与突变型杂合现象。家系中2名未受累男性和15名无关健康个体未检测到这一突变。在该家系还检测出4个无症状的携带者。结论：首次发现SEDL基因IVS2－2A→C突变。该突变引起SEDL基因第2内含子3'端剪接受体改变，使之不能与外显子3正常剪接，可能是SEDL发病的分子基础。检测该突变可进行基因诊断，有重要的临床价值。     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系SEDL基因突变及基因诊断

目的 确定一个X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良(X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL)家系的基因突变类型;建立一种快速基因诊断方法.方法 采用体格检查、影像学检查及家系分析进行临床诊断.针对SEDL基因的第3～6外显子及其侧翼序列设计4对引物,建立基于PCR的变性高效液相色谱技术(denaturing high performance liquid chromatography,DHPLC)快速基因分型方法.常规酚-氯仿法从该家系3代18名成员的外周血中提取基因组DNA,经PCR/DHPLC分析,筛查出SEDL基因突变所在的片段,对该片段进行序列分析以确定突变位点及类型.结果 DHPLC分析发现该家系的SEDL基因突变位点在第4外显子片段,序列分析证实为c.218C》T突变,导致氨基酸序列S73L改变.在该家系的18名成员中,3例男性患者,5例女性肯定携带者和2例未婚女性携带者均带有该突变,其余表型正常的8名成员中未检测到这一突变.各成员的DHPLC峰型所代表的基因型与表型结果相吻合.结论 首次报告中国人SEDL基因c.218C》T突变,丰富了中国人SEDL基因的突变谱.采用的技术快速、可靠,能对SEDL进行快速基因分型和产前诊断.     

Mild phenotypic manifestation of a 7p15.3p21.2 deletion.

A 28 month old girl with dysmorphic features was found to have an interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 7p15.3-7p21.2. The patient had ptosis, dacryostenosis, pectus excavatum, short hands, and her development was normal or mildly delayed. Craniosynostosis and growth retardation, which were present in two other patients with similar deletions, were not present. Because of the mild manifestations, this case expands the clinical spectrum of the 7p15-7p21 deletion phenotype.     

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDL,MIM #313400)

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDL) is a radiologically distinct, X-chromosome linked primary skeletal dysplasia characterised by disproportionate short-trunked short stature, dysplasia of the large joints (hip) and flattened thoracic and lumber vertebral bodies. Molecular basis for SEDL has been elucidated by the identification of various mutations (currently >30) in the SEDL gene from Xp22 region. The function of the SEDL protein is not known although it is speculated that it may participate in the ER-to-Golgi transport as part of a novel highly conserved multiprotein TRAPP complex.     

The deletion 9p syndrome. A 61-year-old man with deletion of short arm 9

Deletion of short arm 9 was found in a 61-year-old, mentally retarded male with few of the previously described signs typical of deletion of short arm 9 in children. A survey is given of the nine previously described cases of deletion of short arm 9.     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系基因突变研究

目的 研究X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良(X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL)患者的发病机理,并探讨该病的快速基因诊断方法.方法 应用逆转录聚合酶链反应,结合序列分析方法,对一个X-SEDL家系2例患者及育龄女性进行SEDL基因突变分析.结果 cDNA序列分析显示患者为G209A突变,并对突变所在第4外显子进行PCR扩增并测序进一步证实.患者女儿为该突变的携带者.结论 由于SEDL基因较小,直接对患者提取总RNA,逆转录后直接进行PCR扩增、测序,可直接发现基因阅读框内的多种类型的突变,相对于针对每一个外显子单独扩增检测更加直接、快速.     

A pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 and a rearrangement involving chromosomes 9 and 10, observed in two generations. Clinical description of chromosome 9 (p12-p21) deletion syndrome

The clinical picture associated with a deletion of a central part of the short arm of chromosome no. 9 is described in two siblings. The clinical signs differ from those described in deletion of the terminal part of the short arm. Pericentric inversion of chromosome no. 9, combined with a rearrangement involving chromosomes 9 and 10, was found in the mother and the maternal grandmother of the propositus.     

Neuroaxonal dystrophy presenting with neonatal dysmorphic features, early onset of peripheral gangrene, and a rapidly lethal course

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (IND) is a well-established autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease. Clinical signs generally begin toward the end of the first or during the second year of life. We are aware of at least 4 cases of pre- or perinatal onset of this condition, and report here on 2 brothers who were affected at birth and had an unusual clinical course with onset of peripheral gangrene that progressed to autoamputation of digits. Both boys died in infancy with pathological changes compatible with IND. The somewhat different clinical course in these brothers leaves open the possibility that this is a variant of neuroaxonal dystrophy due to an X-linked recessive mutation.     

X连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系SEDL基因突变分析

目的 鉴定中国西南地区一个4代迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良大家系的分子遗传缺陷.方法 采用X染色体荧光标记微卫星标记物进行连锁分析,并通过直接序列分析筛查SEDL基因突变.结果 DXS987与DXS8051之间呈现连锁(最大LOD值:3.82;θ=0),致病基因定位于Xp22.2-Xp23.1;序列分析发现SEDL基因第4外显子发生点突变(c.239A＞G),导致在第80位编码氨基酸由组氨酸置换为精氨酸(H80R).结论 SEDL基因与此中国迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良大家系表型完全连锁,并发现该基因新的致病突变(H80R).     

Schizophrenia and mental retardation in an adult male with a de novo interstitial deletion 9(q32q34.1).

A 28 year old man with mental retardation and therapeutically controlled schizophrenia was found to have a de novo interstitial deletion in the long arm of a chromosome 9 (46,XY,del(9)(q32q34.1). Additional phenotypic abnormalities included short stature, a short webbed neck with a low posterior hairline, dysmorphic facies, a narrow palate with an inverted V soft palate, and tapered fingers with bilateral short fifth metacarpals. Interstitial deletion of chromosome 9 is a rare finding and we are aware of only one other case involving the q32q34.1 region.     

Unaffected patients with a homozygous absence of the SMN1 gene

In this report, we present three families in which we identified asymptomatic carriers of a homozygous absence of the SMN1 gene. In the first family, the bialleleic deletion was found in three of four siblings: two affected brothers (SMA type 3a and 3b) and a 25-years-old asymptomatic sister. All of them have four SMN2 copies. In the second family, four of six siblings are affected (three suffer from SMA2 and one from SMA3a), each with three SMN2 copies. The clinically asymptomatic 47-year-old father has the biallelic deletion and four SMN2 copies. In the third family, the biallelic SMN1 absence was found in a girl affected with SMA1 and in her healthy 53-years-old father who had five SMN2 copies. Our findings as well as those of other authors show that an increased number of SMN2 copies in healthy carriers of the biallelic SMN1 deletion is an important SMA phenotype modifier, but probably not the only one.     

Variable penetrance of hypogonadism in a sibship with Kallmann syndrome due to a deletion of the KAL gene

We report on the clinical and molecular characterization of 3 sibs with X-linked ichthyosis and variable expression of Kallmann syndrome. One of the affected brothers had mild hyposmia and showed normal pubertal progression. However, we demonstrated the same partial deletion of the X-linked Kallmann gene, sparing the first exon in the mildly affected patient as well as in one of his severely affected brothers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Autosomal insertional translocation mimicking an X-linked mode of inheritance

Unbalanced insertional translocations are a rare cause of intellectual disability. An unbalanced insertional translocation is a rare chromosomal imbalance, which may result from a balanced insertional translocation present in a phenotypically normal parent. We report here three brothers with intellectual disability, short stature, microcephaly, craniofacial anomalies and small testes. Since their parents and their sister were all phenotypically normal, the pattern of the family suggested an X-linked mode of inheritance. Surprisingly, we identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the three brothers an 8q22.3q23.2 deletion resulting from a balanced insertional translocation present in their healthy father. The deletion encompassed the ZFPM2 gene known to be involved in gonadal development, which is consistent with the small testes and abnormal endocrine dosages in the affected brothers. The present report also illustrates that parental analyses by aCGH or qPCR methods are not sufficient when a de novo deletion or duplication is identified in an affected child and that FISH analysis should be performed on metaphase spreads in both parents to deliver an accurate genetic counseling.