细粒棘球绦虫疫苗候选分子EgA31的GST融合蛋白原核表达及纯化

目的 :构建细粒棘球绦虫疫苗候选分子EgA31重组质粒 ,表达及纯化EgA31 GST融合蛋白 ,为疫苗的研究奠定基础。方法 :PCR扩增EgA31cDNA ,将得到的cDNA经限制性内切酶酶切 ,然后亚克隆入pGEX 5X 3质粒 ,转化BL2 1宿主菌 ,IPTG诱导重组质粒的表达 ,亲和层析纯化表达产物 ,Bradford法测定重组蛋白含量 ,用SDS PAGE和Westernblot进行分析鉴定。结果 :SDS PAGE显示分离纯化的EgA31 GST融合蛋白为 4 5kDa ,测序检验重组质粒中EgA31cDNA序列正确。EgA31 GST融合蛋白免疫豚鼠得到的抗血清可与细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴总蛋白在 6 6kDa处特异性反应。结论 :EgA31 GST融合蛋白获得高效表达 ,并成功纯化 ,初步实验证明具有良好的免疫原性 ,可用于进一步疫苗的免疫注射实验     

细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗的构建及其表达效率研究

目的 构建细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗,分析Eg95分子在该疫苗中的表达效率.方法超声粉碎细粒棘球蚴组织提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增Eg95的抗原编码基因;将该基因定向克隆到大肠杆菌-分枝杆菌穿梭表达载体pB-CG,构建重组质粒pBCG-Eg95;电穿孔法转化BCG,构建细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗.免疫印迹分析重组BCG-Eg95疫苗的表达产物.结果 RT-PCR成功扩增出471 bp的Eg95抗原编码基因;双酶切证实Eg95抗原编码基因成功插入pBCG中;PCR证实rBCG-Eg95疫苗构建成功;免疫印迹分析发现重组BCG-Eg95疫苗的表达产物在相对分子质量(Mr)约为16.5×103处有明显的目的 蛋白表达条带,且能被感染细粒棘球蚴的鼠血清特异识别.结论 成功构建了细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗,为而后的开发利用奠定了理论基础.     

细粒棘球绦虫重组质粒pGEX-Eg95的构建及其在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中的表达

目的构建细粒棘球绦虫重组质粒pGEX-Eg95,并研究该质粒在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中的表达。方法超声粉碎细粒棘球蚴组织提取总RNA,通过RT—PCR扩增Eg95抗原编码基因;克隆至原核表达载体pGEX—1λT,构建重组质粒pGEX-Eg95;转化大肠杆菌BL21,经异丙基硫代-β—D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达后用SDS-PAGE和Western blowing对表达产物进行分析和鉴定。结果RT-PCR扩增出471bp的Eg95抗原编码基因;双酶切证实Eg95抗原编码基因成功插入pGEX-1λT中;SDS-PAGE分析显示表达产物为相对分子质量约42500的重组蛋白,与预期结果一致,表达的蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的21％;Western blot鉴定显示重组蛋白能被细粒棘球蚴感染鼠血清识别。结论成功构建了细粒棘球绦虫重组质粒pGEX-Eg95,该质粒在大肠杆菌BL21中获得了高效融合表达,表达的融合蛋白具有特异的抗原性。     

转细粒棘球绦虫Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿的培育及鉴定

目的培育并鉴定转细粒棘球绦虫Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿,为进一步研究转基因苜蓿疫苗提供依据。方法将构建好的pBI—Eg95-EgA31质粒电穿孔转化根瘤农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens,At）LBA440d株,利用重组根瘤农杆菌（rAt）侵染苜蓿（alfalfa）叶片,卡那霉素抗性筛选伤愈组织体胚,培育转基因苜蓿．用SDS-PAGE、Western—blot、PCR和RT—PCR鉴定转基因苜蓿。结果SDS—PAGE和Western-blot证实Eg95-EgA31融合基因在苜蓿中得到表达,表达产物分子质量约为37500Mr,表达效率约占苜蓿叶总蛋白的0．05％,且能被感染细粒棘球蚴的鼠血清特异识别。PCR和RT—PCR均扩增出1016bp Eg95-EgA31融合基因片段。结论成功培育了转细粒棘球绦虫Eg95-EgA31融合基因苜蓿,为进一步研究细粒棘球绦虫转基因苜蓿疫苗奠定了基础。     

细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb—Eg95-EgA31疫苗诱导小鼠脾细胞增殖变化的研究

目的探讨细粒棘球绦虫（Eg）重组双歧杆菌（Bb）-Eg95-EgA31疫苗免疫和Eg原头节攻击后小鼠的囊重抑制率及脾细胞增殖的变化。方法将细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗分别采用皮下注射、肌肉注射、鼻腔内接种和口服灌胃4种途径免疫BALB／c小鼠,免疫后8周每鼠用50个Eg原头节攻击感染,感染后25周剖杀小鼠,分离细粒棘球蚴包囊并称重,计算囊重抑制率;取脾,分离脾细胞,用Eg粗抗原（EgAg）或刀豆素A（ConA）刺激培养,四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法（MTT法）检测免疫小鼠脾细胞增殖反应,同时设有空载体、Bb和MRS对照。结果以上4种疫苗接种组小鼠的囊重抑制率分别为45．33％、41．33％、70．67％和62．67％;疫苗接种组的脾细胞明显增殖;鼻腔内接种和口服免疫组的脾细胞增殖显著高于皮下和肌肉注射组。结论细粒棘球绦虫重组Bb-Eg95-EgA31疫苗可诱导小鼠产生特异性的细胞免疫反应。     

细粒棘球绦虫抗氧化蛋白TPx的免疫定位

目的：研究抗重组细粒棘球绦虫抗氧化蛋白TPx（rEgTPx）多克隆抗体对天然EgTPx的结合活性，探讨EgTPx在原头蚴内的分布。方法：采集自然感染细粒棘球蚴的绵羊肝脏，在无菌条件下收集包囊内的原头蚴，经消化处理后制备石蜡切片。利用rEgTPx多克隆抗体，以间接免疫荧光法确定抗氧化蛋白EgTPx在原头蚴内的分布。结果：rEgTPx多克隆抗体能够特异性地结合天然EgTPx抗原表位，EgTPx广泛分布在原头蚴的体表皮层、皮下层和钙颗粒细胞内。结论：确定了EgTPx蛋白在细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴内的分布，为研究EgTPx在原头蚴发育的生物功能奠定基础。     

CMTM1-v17/CKLFSF1-v17多克隆抗体的制备、亲合纯化与鉴定

目的：CMTM1-v17是我室克隆的人类新基因，为进一步研究CMTM1-v17的功能，需制备高纯度的CMTM1-v17的抗体。方法：根据生物信息学分析的结果，用PCR法扩增人CMTM1-v17分子C端的cDNA片段（编码118～149位氨基酸），亚克隆到GST融合蛋白表达载体pGEX-4T-2上。将重组质粒pGST-CMTM1-v17导入大肠杆菌BL21，诱导表达GST-CMTM1-v17 C端融合蛋白，经GST亲合层析、凝血酶切割后获得CMTM1-v17 C蛋白作为抗原免疫家兔制备抗血清。抗血清经抗原亲合层析后用Western blot和免疫组化方法进行鉴定。结果：通过重组表达获得抗原蛋白，免疫家兔并纯化抗血清得到特异的抗CMTM1-v17抗体，该抗体能检测到CMTM1-v17超表达和细胞内源性的蛋白。结论：成功制备了抗CMTM1-v17的多克隆抗体，对进一步研究CMTM1-v17的功能提供了一个有用的工具。     

GST-GP302融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及其抗血清的制备

目的 :在大肠杆菌中表达血小板糖蛋白GPIbα之vWF结合区(GP30 2 )与谷胱甘肽S 转移酶GST的融合蛋白并制备其抗血清。方法 :将GP30 2片断插入GST融合表达载体 pGEX 4T 1,重组载体酶切鉴定后 ,在大肠杆菌中经IPTG诱导表达获得GST GP30 2融合蛋白 ,SDS PAGE分析表达产物。包涵体经变性复性后免疫新西兰白兔 ,制备抗血清 ,ELISA、Westernblot检测重组抗原的免疫活性。结果 :重组质粒酶切鉴定表明 ,GP30 2基因已正确插入到 pGEX 4T 1中 ,经IPTG诱导后 ,表达出相对分子质量 (Mr)约为 5 90 0 0的融合蛋白 ,获得了ELISA效价为 1× 10 -5的多克隆抗体。Westernblot证明所制备的多抗可以与血小板糖蛋白特异性结合。结论 :GP30 2片断在大肠杆菌中的成功表达及制备得到的多克隆抗体 ,为检测血小板糖蛋白GPIbα及其在其他体系中的表达提供了一种检测途径     

细粒棘球蚴AgB亚单位基因的联合表达和血清学评价

目的为进一步提高AgB抗原在诊断中的敏感性和特异性,将细粒棘球蚴AgB1和AgB2两个亚单位基因在同一载体中进行联合表达,并对联合表达的重组抗原和单基因表达的AgB1、AgB2在血清抗体检测中的差异进行比较研究。方法在表达载体PET32a中构建AgB1＋AgB2（AgBs）联合基因的重组质粒,用ELISA检测重组抗原与病人血清的反应性。结果构建了AgBs重组质粒,经测序证实插入的联合基因片段序列正确。AgBs重组质粒表达的融合蛋白分子量为38kDa,为不溶性蛋白。联合表达抗原AgBs对细粒棘球蚴病（CE）血清的敏感性为84．4％,特异性为80．5％;单基因表达的AgB1和AgB2的敏感性分别为75．6％和57．8％,特异性分别为72．6％和91．2％。结论成功构建了AgB亚单位联合表达基因,联合表达的AgBs抗原对CE血清的诊断价值优于单基因表达的AgB1或AgB2抗原。     

细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗对感染小鼠脾细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗免疫和Eg原头节攻击后小鼠脾细胞凋亡的变化.方法:将细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗采用皮下注射、鼻腔内接种、口服灌胃和肌肉注射4种途径分别免疫BALB/c鼠,免疫后8周用Eg原头节进行攻击感染,感染后18周杀鼠取脾,分离脾细胞,流式细胞仪检测脾细胞的凋亡发生率,同时设有BCG和PBS对照.结果:疫苗接种组的脾细胞凋亡发生率明显低于感染对照组;口服和肌肉注射组的脾细胞凋亡发生率显著低于皮下和鼻腔内接种组.结论:Eg原头节感染可引起小鼠脾细胞发生凋亡,细粒棘球绦虫重组BCG-Eg95疫苗接种可抑制感染鼠脾细胞的凋亡,疫苗口服和肌肉注射是两种较好的免疫途径.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.