隐睾发生的危险因素研究

目的：研究隐睾发生的危险因素。方法：采用以医院为基础的1：2配比的病例对照研究方法，按统一的调查方法对99例隐睾及198例对照组面对面问卷调查。应用SAS6。12软件对所调查因素进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析，结果：胎儿隐睾与母亲孕早期感冒伴发热（OR＝9．37，95％CI：2．25－39．09），孕期发生先兆流产（OR＝4．66，95％CI，2．02＝10．74），孕期发生先兆子痫（OR＝16．33，95％CI：1．40－191．20），父亲职业性接触农药（OR＝12．79％CI；2．90－56．43），低出生体重（OR＝5．77，95％CI：1．39－23．98），母亲怀孕年龄＜24（OR＝2．89，95％CI：1．29－4．06）呈正相关。结论：母亲孕早期感冒伴发热，孕期发生先兆流产及先兆子痫，父亲职业性接触农药，低出体重，母亲怀孕年龄＜24岁是隐睾发病的主要危险因素。     

尿道下裂危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨尿道下裂病因。方法 采用以医院为基础的1:2配比的病例对照研究方法,以统一的调查表及调查方式对107倒尿道下裂及214例对照进行面对面问卷调查,应用SAS 6.12软件对所有调查因素进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析。结果 胎儿尿道下裂的发生与母亲孕前自然流产史(OR=3.87,95％CI:1.60～9.39)、孕期发生先兆流产(OR=3.57,95％CI:1.31～9.64)、孕早期感冒伴发热(OR=7.63,95％CI:2.50～23.24)、孕中期用抗感染和/或解热止痛药(OR=16.46,95％CI;3.46～78.21)、父亲职业性接触农药(OR=3.70,95％CI:1.49～9.16)及胎儿低出生体重(OR=12.62,95％CI:2.97～53.67)呈正相关,与母亲孕早期增加蛋白质类营养(OR=0.33,95％CI:O.15～0.74)呈负相关。结论 母亲孕前自然流产史、孕期发生先兆流产、孕早期感冒伴发热、孕中期用抗感染和/或解热止痛药、父亲职业性接触农药、胎儿低出生体重等可能增加胎儿发生尿道下裂的危险,而母亲孕早期增加蛋白质类营养可能降低胎儿发生尿道下裂的危险。     

杭州市萧山区２０１１－２０１５年围产儿 出生缺陷状况调查研究

摘要：分析杭州市萧山区２０１１－２０１５年出生缺陷资料,收集、整理２０１１－２０１５年各接产医院出生监测报 表和出生监测登记卡,并进行质控校正。计算每年出生缺陷发生率,对出生缺陷类别进行顺位排列,对不 同情况下的出生缺陷进行比较。采用ＳＰＳＳ１７．０软件,计数资料比较采用χ ２ 检验,犘＜０．０５为差异有统计 学意义。结果显示,杭州市萧山区２０１１－２０１５年共发现出生缺陷１１５９例,出生缺陷发生率１１．００‰。出 生缺陷前五位依次为先天性心脏病、多指（趾）、总唇裂、并指（趾）、小耳及外耳其他畸形。＜２０岁和≥ ３５岁年龄组围产儿出生缺陷发生率高于其他年龄组,差异有统计学意义（χ ２＝１７．０６４,犘＝０．００２）。男孩 出生缺陷发生率高于女孩,差异有统计学意义（χ ２＝２７．９１３,犘＝０．０００）。城镇出生缺陷发生率高于农村, 差异有统计学意义（χ ２＝６．９５９,犘＝０．００８）。出生缺陷围产儿死亡率为１５６．１７‰,孕中期确诊出生缺陷后 选择治疗性引产,使围产儿出生缺陷发生率下降３．５９‰。加强围产期保健、提高孕中期产前诊断质量,及 时确诊严重出生缺陷,可避免出生缺陷的发生并提高出生人口素质。 关键词：围产儿;出生缺陷 中图分类号：Ｒ７１５．５　　文献标识码：Ｂ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１７）０４ ０３００ ０３     

北京市活产儿中巨大儿的发生及影响因素分析

目的：描述2013年北京市活产儿中巨大儿的发生情况,并对部分影响因素进行了分析和探讨。方法在2013年出生的206498名新生儿中找出出生体重≥4000 g的活产儿信息,并就性别、孕周、户籍、出生地点等因素进步比较分析。结果2013年北京市活产新生儿中巨大儿发生率为8．19％;其中,男性发生率为10．11％,女性发生率为6．10％,男、女新生儿的巨大儿发生率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝1104．228,P＜0．001）。新生儿性别（OR＝0．538）、分娩孕周（OR＝1．637）、出生地点（OR＝1．111）及出生季节（OR＝0．971）可能是巨大儿发生的影响因素（均P＜0．05）。结论2013年北京市巨大儿发生高于全国平均水平,有必要采用行之有效的措施控制巨大儿的发生。     

贲门癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的：探讨贲门癌发生的危险因素，为深入进行病因学研究提供线索。方法：对福州市6所医院2000年和2001年4月至7月的住院病人603例进行多组病例对照研究。贲门癌组为病理、手术和胃镜确诊的贲门癌191例，非贲门部胃癌190例，健康对照组为与肿瘤病例同期住院的骨科、泌尿外科的非肿瘤病人222例。采用统一调查表进行床边询问，对资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic分析。结果：贲门癌的主要危险因素有一一级亲属患肿瘤（OR＝4．286 95％CI：2．431－7．554）、进食速度快（OR＝2．028 95％ CI：1．142－2．912）、三餐不按时吃（OR＝1．909 95％ CI：1．396－2．610）、饮用井水（OR＝1．741 95％CI：1．042－2．910）每日吸烟量多（OR＝1．347 95％CI：0．989－1．835）。主要保护 因素有：常吃新鲜水果（OR＝0．645 95％CI：0．439－0．945）、使用冰箱年数长（OR＝0．731 95％CI：0．536－0．997）、化程度高（OR＝0．468 95％CI：0．276－0．74）。结论： 贲门癌与非贲门部胃癌可能有不同的危险因素，值得进一步研究。     

脐血 IgE 阳性与父母过敏史及新生儿出生情况的相关性研究

目的 探讨影响新生儿脐血 IgE 阳性值的相关因素。方法 对临产孕妇进行问卷调查及血清25-羟维生素 D3检测,并采集脐血检测 IgE,跟踪新生儿记录出生情况,对影响脐血 IgE 的相关因素进行分析。结果 母亲有过敏性疾病史（OR ＝1.65,95％CI：1.05～2.57）、出生时为巨大儿体重（OR ＝3.36,95％CI：1.93～5.88）、男孩（OR ＝1.90,95％CI：1.29～2.81）和出生时有窒息史（OR ＝2.88,95％CI：1.00～7.87）等4项因素是脐血 IgE 阳性的独立危险因素。结论 脐血 IgE 阳性,除了出生性别和母亲有过敏史外,还与出生时窒息及巨大儿有关,应重视与此有关的孕期保健。     

先天性消化道畸形影响因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨先天性消化道畸形发病的影响因素,为预防先天性消化道畸形发病提供参考。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,对2011年4月至2012年8月在湖南省儿童医院住院的120例先天性消化道畸形患儿及同期同科室住院的170例非先天性消化道畸形患儿父母进行问卷调查,数据分析采用SPSS 18.0软件。结果先天性消化道畸形与母亲孕前3个月内或孕期服用药物(OR=3.35,95％CI：1.5l～7.41)、服用叶酸(OR=O.28,95％CI：0.15～0.52)、接触油性漆(OR=5.05,95％C1：1.32～19.29)、接触农药(OR=15.20,95％C1：1.55～148.99)及母亲孕前短期内患儿父亲服用药物(OR=3.70,95％CI：1.13.12.10)、吸烟(OR=2.39,95％CI=1.24～4.62)、饮酒(OR=2.47,95％C1：1.20～5.07)、接触室内清洗剂(OR=16.42,95％c,：1.71—157.92)、接触油性漆(OR=9.92,95％C／：2.66～36.98)有关。结论先天性消化道畸形的发生受多种环境因素影响,其中母亲孕前短期内或孕期服用药物、接触油性漆、接触农药、母亲孕前短期内患儿父亲服用药物、吸烟、饮酒、接触室内清洗剂为危险因素,母亲孕前短期内或孕期服用叶酸为保护因素。     

男性不育症危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探讨男性不育症的危险因素，方法：对94对病例和对照1：1配比进行病例对照研究。结果：长期大量吸烟（OR＝3．45，95％ CI：1．95－6．10）、婚外性生活史（OR＝7．29，95％CI：2．54－20．89）、高温大棚蔬菜种植（OR＝6．73，95％CI：1．91－23．69）、苯类化学品接触（OR＝20．53，95％CI：4．67－90．25），解脲支原体感染（OR＝5．55，95％CI：2．8－13．533）与男性不育症有关联，为其危险因素，结论：男性不育症是由多种因素长期反复作用的结果，其预防应从整治环境污染，加强职业防护，提高自我防护能力，改变不良工作生活习惯等方面做起。     

围产儿先天性外部畸形的1：2配比病例对照研究

目的：探讨先天性外部畸形发病的危险因素,方法：对宝安区各级医疗机构监测的52例先天性外部畸形病例进行1：2配比病例对照研究。结果：单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析表明：宝安区先天性外部畸形的主要危险因素是：是否足月产（多因素条件logistic回归分析偏回归系数＝1．4171,标准误＝0．4601,OR＝4．115）,孕早期不良精神刺激（偏回归系数＝2．1870,标准误＝0．7873,OR＝8．909）,孕早期用药（偏回归系数＝1．9178,标准误＝0．8072,OR＝6．808）,孕早期接触有害化学因素（偏回归系数＝0．9602,标准误＝0．4262,OR＝2．612）。结论：先天性外部畸形是多因素性疾病,环境及精神因素与其发病有明显联系。     

低出生体重儿危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探索低出生体重儿发生的危险因素。方法：对2003年10月1日至2004年9月30日绍兴市妇保院出生的179例低体重儿进行1：1病例对照研究。结果：低出生体重儿发生的危险因素依次是早产（OR=87．37），母亲合并内科疾病（OR=10．02），合并畸形（OR=6．24），家族低出生体重儿史（OR=5．37），孕后营养差（OR=5．34），女婴（OR=3.70）,母亲患妊高症（OR=3．27），低收入（OR=2．91），产检次数≤5次（OR=2．53）。结论；孕周不足、母亲合并内科疾病、合并畸形、有低出生体重儿家族史、孕后营养差、女婴、母亲患妊高症、低收入、产检次数少是绍兴市低出生体重儿发生的危险因素。     

Maternal occupational risk factors for oral clefts. Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformation Working Group

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the role of maternal exposures at work during pregnancy in the occurrence of oral clefts. METHODS: The occupational exposures of 851 women (100 mothers of babies with oral clefts and 751 mothers of healthy referents) who worked during the first trimester of pregnancy were studied. All the women were part of a multicenter European case-referent study conducted using 6 congenital malformation registers between 1989 and 1992. In each center, the mother's occupational history, obtained from an interview, was reviewed by industrial hygienists who were blinded to the subject's status and who assessed the presence of chemicals and the probability of exposure. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by a multivariate analysis including maternal occupation or occupational exposures during the first trimester of pregnancy and possible confounding factors such as center of recruitment, maternal age, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and country of origin. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounding factors, cleft palate only was significantly associated with maternal occupation in services such as hairdressing [OR 5.1, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0-26.0] and housekeeping (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-7.2). The analysis suggests that the following occupational exposures are associated with orofacial clefts: aliphatic aldehydes (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8-5.9) and glycol ethers (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-3.3) for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and lead compounds (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.3-12.2), biocides (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-6.0), antineoplastic drugs (OR 5.0, 95% CI 0.8-34.0), trichloroethylene (OR 6.7, 95% CI 0.9-49.7), and aliphatic acids (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.5-22.8) for cleft palate only. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the limited number of subjects, these results must be interpreted with caution. However, they point out some chemicals already known or suspected as reproductive toxins.     

Association of transposition of the great arteries in infants with maternal exposures to herbicides and rodenticides

The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a case-control study of congenital heart defects in liveborn infants conducted in 1981--1989, interviewed parents about a wide range of environmental exposures that occurred during and before the pregnancy. In the period 1987--1989, the questionnaire was expanded to include a detailed inquiry about exposures to pesticides. An analysis of these latter data revealed an association of maternal exposure to any pesticides during the first trimester with transposition of the great arteries in their infants (TGA; n = 66 infants), relative to 771 control infants, with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 3.3). No other heart defects were associated with pesticides. When analyzed by type of pesticide and adjusted for covariates, there were associations of TGA with maternal exposures to herbicides (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.2) and to rodenticidal chemicals (OR = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.4, 12.1) but not to insecticides (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.6). No data were collected on specific chemicals or brand names. These results raise new questions about the possible epidemiologic association of TGA with some classes of pesticides and warrant new, carefully targeted investigations.     

Paternal laboratory work and congenital malformations

Animal studies indicate male-mediated teratogenicity for certain carcinogens/mutagens. Nevertheless, paternal occupational determinants of malformations in humans have been sparsely investigated. Data on male employees at Swedish universities from 1970 to 1989 were linked to the Medical Birth Register. The relationship between major malformations and exposure to laboratory work and to specific laboratory agents/techniques before the third trimester were analyzed using logistic regression. For major malformations, "laboratory work in general" (n = 3237) gave an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.3 (95% CI = 0.8-2.1) and carcinogenic solvent use (n = 2489) of 2.0 (95% CI = 0.8-4.9) around the time of conception. For carcinogenic solvents and neural crest malformations, OR was 4.9 (95% CI =1.5-15.8). In conclusion, the prevalence of congenital malformations was not increased in offspring of males with laboratory work in general (1970-1989). Paternal work with agents such as carcinogens could, however, be of concern.     

1009例婴幼儿先天性心脏病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨母亲围孕期危险因素暴露与婴幼儿先天性心脏病的发病风险。方法 病例选择2012年3月1日~2013年10月1日在西京医院经超声心动图检查确诊为先天性心脏病的婴幼儿,对照选择为同期做超声心动图未发生先天性心脏病的婴幼儿。对病例组和对照组父母亲一般情况、母亲孕期环境因素暴露情况进行问卷调查。结果 435例先天性心脏病的婴幼儿和574例未发生先天性心脏病的婴幼儿的父母亲基本情况及母亲围孕期相关危险因素分析结果显示,母亲怀孕早期服用药物（OR=4.65,95%CI:2.84~7.66）、病毒感染（OR=3.15,95%CI:1.66~6.01）、房屋装修（OR=1.87,95%CI:1.24~2.80）、染发烫发（OR=2.18,95%CI:1.37~3.49）、父母工作环境污染暴露（OR=2.88,95%CI:1.86~4.47）均是造成心血管畸形的独立危险因素。随着暴露因素的增多,先天性心脏病发病的危险程度显著增加。当孕期同时受到3种或3种以上危险因素的暴露时,婴幼儿罹患先天性心脏病的危险性是单因素暴露的16.35倍。结论 婴幼儿先天性心脏病的发病与围孕期危险因素的暴露存在相关性。     

Moderate alcohol drinking and risk of preterm birth

OBJECTIVE: We have analysed the association between alcohol drinking before and during the three trimesters of pregnancy and risk of preterm birth of babies with normal weight for gestational age or with low weight for gestational age (SGA). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: General and university hospitals in Italy. SUBJECTS: Cases were 502 women who delivered preterm births <37 weeks gestation. The controls included 1966 women who gave birth at term (>/=37 weeks of gestation) to healthy infants of normal weight (ie between 10th and 90th centile according to the Italian standard) on randomly selected days at the hospitals where cases had been identified. INTERVENTIONS: Interview. RESULTS: No increased risk of preterm birth was observed in women drinking one or two drinks/die in pregnancy, but three or more drinks/die increased the risk (multivariate odds ratios (OR) 2.0 for >/=3 drinks during the first trimester, 1.8 during the second and 1.9 during the third). When the analysis was conducted separately for preterm births with normal weight or SGA, the increased risk was observed in preterm SGA only (multivariate OR for >/=3 drinks/die during the first trimester=3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-11.1); the estimated multivariate OR for >/=3 drinks/die during the first trimester of preterm babies with normal weight for gestational age was only slightly above unity and not statistically significant (multivariate OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.5-3.7). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows an increased risk in mothers who drink >/=3 die units alcohol in pregnancy of preterm births.     

孕早期环境因素与儿童先天性心脏病关系的病例-对照研究

目的 了解孕早期环境因素对儿童先天性心脏病(简称先心病)的影响,为防治先心病的发生提供科学依据.方法 选择2005年1-6月在中南大学湘雅一医院和湘雅二医院治疗的无先心病家族史的0～7岁湖南籍的汉族先心病患儿为病例,采用以医院为基础的1:1配对病例-对照研究方法,对先心病病例和对照的母亲进行问卷调查,对资料进行单因素分析和多因素条件Logistic回归分析.结果 多因素分析结果显示,摄入叶酸(OR=0.340,95%CI:0.178～0.649)、饮牛奶(OR=0.660,95%CI:0.460～0.947)、食用肉类(OR=0.771,95%CI:0.583～0.867)、妊娠反应(OR=0.457,95%CI:0.271～0.770)可预防先心病的发生;感染(OR=2.736,95%CI:1.462～5.121)、用药(OR=2.735,95%CI:1.483～5.044)、化学毒物接触(OR=2.764,95%CI:1.065～7.177)、重大精神刺激(OR=2.211,95%CI:1.022～4.782)是引起先心病发生的危险因素.结论 孕妇加强孕早期营养,保持良好的心态,避免感染、用药,防止化学毒物的接触,可预防儿童先心病的发生.     

Risk factors for cryptorchidism: a nested case-control study

Summary. .A nested case-control study of cryptorchidism (i.e. undescended testicles) was undertaken as part of a hospital-based cohort study of 6699 singleton male neonates in New York City. Since some of the cryptorchid infants experienced spontaneous descent of their testes, separate analysis was performed for this third group of late descenders' ( n = 140). Cases ( n = 63) represented infants whose testes remained undescended at the one year assessment. Controls ( n =219) represented the next male infant who was delivered immediately after an infant who was cryptorchid at birth. The only independent risk factors for cryptorchidism were Asian ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.90,95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-12.41), swollen legs or feet during pregnancy (adjusted OR=2.16, 95% CI = 1.15-4.04), a family history of cryptorchidism (adjusted OR=4.32, 95% CI = 1.91-9.80), low birthweight (adjusted OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.39-12.08), and use of analgesics during pregnancy (adjusted OR = 1.93/95% CI = 1.03-3.62). Multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed to identify those factors that were associated with late testicular descent. In this analysis the independent risk factors were black or Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.09-3.83), a family history of cryptorchidism (adjusted OR = 4.25,95% CI = 1.84-9.78), consumption of cola-containing drinks during the pregnancy (adjusted OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.10-3.99), a low birthweight delivery (adjusted OR = 9.78, 95% CI = 3.39-28.20), and preterm birth (adjusted OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.66-9.70).     

Pregnancy outcome among offspring of airline pilots and cabin attendants

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the occurrence of perinatal death, low birthweight, preterm birth, and birth defects (total, major, neural tube defects, total cleft, cleft palate, hypospadias, and Down syndrome) in the offspring of airline pilots and cabin attendants. METHODS: A cohort of offspring of airline pilots and cabin attendants was established and characterized in terms of parental exposure to cosmic radiation the year before birth or ever. Pregnancy outcome was derived from the Medical Birth Register of Norway. The reference group comprised offspring of parents without occupational exposure to cosmic radiation. RESULTS: No deviant risks were observed for the offspring of male pilots, either for the year preceding birth (N=2,111) or ever (N=2,356). Specific birth outcomes were fewer for the pilots than for the referents (N=1,621,186), except for Down syndrome, which was more frequent [odds ratio (OR) 1.41, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.53-3.76]. For exposure the year preceding birth (N=2,512), the risk of low birthweight was lower for the female cabin attendants than for the referents (adjusted OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69-1.00), while Down syndrome was more frequent (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.60-3.47). For exposure ever (N=3346), the risk of low birthweight was lower (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70-0.96) for the cabin attendants, while hypospadias (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.61-3.04) and Down syndrome (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.03-3.45) were more frequent CONCLUSIONS: In general, offspring of air pilots and cabin attendants do not seem to be at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.