内镜治疗食管静脉曲张方法的临床研究

食管静脉曲张(EV)破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压症最凶险的并发症。内镜食管静脉硬化术(EVS)和内镜食管静脉套扎术(EVL)是治疗食管静脉曲张出血的首选方法，但越来越多的临床研究显现出两者各有利弊，为此我们采用EVL EVS EVL联合方法(夹心法)治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血，并将3种方法的临床效果进行对比研究，现报告如下。     

法莫替丁、硝苯吡啶对预防食管静脉套扎术并发症的观察

套扎术是目前治疗肝硬化门脉高压症引起的食管静脉曲张破裂出血主要和有效的方法,为降低内镜下食管静脉套扎术(EVL)术中出血,术后胃静脉曲张,门脉高压性胃粘膜病变加重所致出血,我们使用法莫替丁、硝苯吡啶。现总结如下：     

食管静脉曲张结扎与结扎加硬化治疗的对照研究

为比较内镜下食管静脉曲张结扎治疗(EVL)和EVL加续贯食管静脉硬化治疗(EVS)的疗效，选择2000年10月至2002年10月59例肝炎肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者随机分为EVL组和EVL EVS组，进行对照研究，重点比较两组食管静脉曲张消失率、再出血率和死亡率。     

790例门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张内镜检查分析

为深入评价胃镜检查在肝硬化门脉高压诊疗中的作用 ,对肝硬化门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张790例患者行内镜检查 (含急诊内镜检查 12 3例 )。结果显示轻度静脉曲张占 2 6 .71% ,中度占2 9.75 % ,重度占 43.5 4%。单独食管或食管、胃底静脉曲张同时存在共 783例 ,占 99.11% ,单独胃底静脉曲张仅 7例 ,占 0 .89%。对并发上消化道出血患者急诊内镜提示 :静脉曲张破裂出血占74% ,胃粘膜病变出血占 12 .2 % ,消化性溃疡出血占 10 .5 7% ,4例未能确定出血病因。认为肝硬化并发上消化道出血急诊内镜检查是安全的 ;胃镜检查除了对门脉高压的诊断有重要价值外 ,还可观察门脉高压性胃十二指肠溃疡和胃粘膜病变 ;并可及时明确出血原因 ,以及针对原因制定治疗措施 ;必要时还可进行内镜下止血治疗。     

套扎与硬化对肝硬化食管静脉曲张疗效的Meta分析

目的 比较内镜下套扎(EVL)与硬化(EVS)对肝硬化食管静脉曲张的疗效.方法 检索维普数据库、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库、Pubmed 1985年1月-2012年7月发表的有关内镜下EVL和EVS治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张的相关文献,采用RevMan 4.2进行Meta分析.结果 有9项前瞻性随机对照试验纳入研究.Meta分析结果显示,EVL治疗的再出血率低于EVS治疗(OR=0.52,95％ CI:0.32 ～0.85,P=0.009),并发症少于EVS治疗(OR=0.30,95％ CI:0.20 ～ 0.43,P＜0.00001),达到食管静脉曲张消失需要内镜治疗次数少于EVS治疗(WMD=-1.24,95％ CI:-2.09 ～-0.38,P=0.004),而食管静脉曲张复发率高于EVS治疗(OR =2.21,95％ CI:1.47 ～3.32,P=0.0001),在急诊止血率、静脉曲张消失率、死亡率方面,两组差异无统计学意义.结论 与EVS治疗相比,EVL治疗再出血率低、并发症少、食管静脉曲张消失所需治疗次数少,因此EVL疗效更好,可作为内镜下治疗食管静脉曲张的首选.     

门静脉高压脾切除门奇静脉离断术后再出血的食管胃静脉曲张分类研究

目的：探讨门静脉（门脉）高压患者脾切除门奇静脉离断术（脾切断流术）后再发上消化道出血的平均时间、内镜下食管和胃静脉曲张的分类特点及门脉高压性胃病的发病率。方法：190例肝硬化门脉高压出血患者分为脾切断流术后再出血组（40例）和未行手术组（150例）,统计手术患者术后至首次出血的平均时间间隔,每组患者分别行内镜检查,观察并对比其曲张静脉的分型特点及门脉高压性胃病发生率。结果：脾切断流术后再发出血时间平均为24个月,再出血患者内镜皆提示存有食管和（或）胃静脉曲张,2组患者内镜下的曲张静脉分型构成比有明显差异,脾切断流术者以单纯食管静脉曲张及食管胃静脉曲张（GOV）1型为主,未发现孤立性胃静脉曲张（IGV）1型及IGV2型,60．0％患者存在门脉高压性胃病,其发病率及严重程度均高于未行手术组患者。结论：脾切断流术治疗门脉高压近期止血疗效确切,但术后曲张静脉并未有效消退,须强调手术的规范性,并在再出血高发时段定期内镜随访．及时掌握食管胃曲张静脉及门脉高压性胃病的发展情况,早期干预治疗,从而改善患者预后。     

内镜下圈套结扎治疗食管静脉曲张的体会

在我国食管胃底静脉曲张(EGV)破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压症(PHG)患者常见的死亡原因，其病死率达30％-40％以上，20％-30％的肝硬化食管静脉曲张(EV)患者迟早会发生出血(EVB)。内镜下食管静脉套扎术(EVL)是近年来治疗食管静脉曲张的一种新方法。我院自1997-2003年对21例食管静脉曲张患者行内镜下圈套结扎治疗，现报告如下。     

内镜下套扎与硬化剂注射联合治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的护理

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压病人的严重并发症，大多起病急，出血量大，采用传统的药物止血和三腔管压迫止血，疗效不显著，且病死率高。2004—03／2005—08我们采用镜下食管胃底曲张静脉结扎（EVL）与硬化剂注射治疗取得了较满意的疗效。现总结报告如下。     

经内镜栓塞术联合套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的探讨胃底静脉曲张栓塞术联合内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的疗效。方法经急诊胃镜检查发现活动性胃底静脉曲张出血合并Ⅱ°以上食管静脉曲张且排除其他病因的上消化道出血患者共156例,分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞同时食管静脉EVL治疗;对照组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞治疗2个月后行食管静脉EVL。结果两组均未发生与治疗相关的并发症。止血成功率治疗组为96．3％（77／80）,对照组为97．4％（74／76）,（P〉0．05）;近期再出血率治疗组为6．4％（5／78）,对照组为21．3％（16／75）,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者随访6个月,再出血率分别为13．0％（9／69）、25．4％（17／67）,差异有统计学性意义（P〈0．05）。胃底静脉曲张改善总有效率治疗组和对照组分别为61．6％、59．1％,食管曲张静脉改善总有效率为74．0％、67．9％,差异均无统计学意义。结论胃底静脉曲张栓塞联合EVL是治疗肝硬化胃底静脉曲张出血并食管静脉曲张的安全有效方法,同时联合治疗更能降低再出血率。     

三腔二囊管压迫治胃底静脉曲张出血的护理1例

三腔二囊管（简称三腔管）压迫止血是治疗门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的重要手段。但可引起一些并发症，且患者感觉痛苦常不愿意接受。在护理中要注意观察。我科于2007年7月收治一位肝炎后肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者。用生长抑素静滴止血效果欠佳，选用三腔二囊管压迫止血。体会如下。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.