苯吸入染毒对BALB／C小鼠的诱癌作用

报道了不同剂量苯吸入染毒２７周对雌性ＧＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠诱发白血病的作用，４００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，４０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３苯染毒组各发生２例白血病。病理学和血液学检查结果证实：白血病均消瘦，巨脾；白细胞计数极高；骨髓部分或全部由单一造血细胞成分取代，脾的正常结构被破坏并由单一细胞取代；其他器官单一性细胞浸润并无炎症反应，符合白血病的诊断。表明苯对ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠是一强烈的致癌物，ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠是苯致白血病模型的     

苯的骨髓毒性机理研究进展

苯的骨髓毒性机理研究进展上海医科大学龚梓初苯（ｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ，ＢＺ）是一种重要的工业化学物，广泛用作溶剂或制造化工产品的原料。人长期过量接触苯可引起白细胞减少，再生障碍性贫血和白血病。然而，苯引起骨髓毒性和白血病的机理迄今尚未完全阐明。近年来，关于苯...     

乙醇,甲苯对苯诱癌作用的影响

报道了乙醇、甲苯对苯诱癌作用的影响。结果表明，４０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３组，４０ｍｇ．ｍ＾３苯合并饮用１０％乙醇组和４００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３苯组小鼠各２５只中分别发生２，３，２例白血病，对照组和甲苯与４０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３苯联合作用组均阴性。     

乙醇、甲苯与苯对肝肾等器官的联合毒作用

乙醇、甲苯与苯对肝肾等器官的联合毒作用夏昭林，金锡鹏，许祖德，陆培廉，顾学箕（上海医科大学公共卫生学院，２０００３２）苯、甲苯及乙醇均为分析纯，近交系ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠，健康雌性，体重１５～２０ｇ，随机分入各实验组每组２５只，动式吸入染毒，６ｈ／ｄ，６...     

苯致白血病两例报告

苯致白血病两例报告冉学红高连升于民海刘成立我科收治的急性单核细胞白血病（Ｍ５ｂ）和骨髓增生异常综合征（ＭＤＳ）ＲＡＥＢ－Ｔ型，后发展为Ｍ５ｂ的两例病人，经过职业病诊断小组讨论，确诊为慢性重度苯中毒（苯性白血病）。现报告如下。【例１】女，２６岁，乡办鞋...     

乙醇、甲苯、苯对骨髓造血的联合毒作用

目的 探讨乙醇、甲苯、苯对骨髓造血干细胞和造血微环境的联合毒作用。方法 乙醇、甲苯、苯对雌性ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠染毒２７周,应用脾集落技术测定其多向造血干细胞和应用整体灌注固定原位电镜观察其骨髓造血微环境。结果 在染毒２～４个月时４０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３苯合并自由饮用１０％乙醇组较单纯同等剂量苯染毒对骨髓多向造血干细胞形成有促进作用,且ＦＣＭ测定示其骨髓细胞合成期比例显著增加,并出现异倍体峰,提示乙醇增强了苯     

乙醇,甲苯与苯对肝肾等器官的联合毒作用

应用光镜，电镜观察和功能测定研究乙醇、甲苯与苯吸入当毒２７周对雌性ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠的肝、肾等器官的联合毒性及其动态变化，结果表明其对肾、肺的损伤较轻；但对肝可致脂肪沉积，气球样变和嗜酸样变性及点状坏死，４００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３苯组和４０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３苯合并饮１０％乙醇组尤为显著，且随染毒时间延长，病变程度和范围亦加重，染毒２个月时，电镜观察可见线粒体肿胀，边集，肝细胞及肝窦内有较多的脂滴和髓样小体，内质网     

苯白血病诊断的商榷

苯白血病诊断的商榷吴汇川，史大光，蒋仲连，刘金荣，宋虹苯白血病是由于工人在生产环境中长时间接触苯而发生的造血系统的血液肿瘤。苯与白血病的关系早已引起医学工作者的关注，并被大量的流行病学调查、动物实验和临床病例研究所证实。苯白血病的诊断是复杂的，因为不...     

慢性苯中毒致白血病15例分析

[目的]分析苯致白血病的特点，为加强苯致白血病的研究及采取的预防措施提供科学依据。[方法]对15例病例的临床、现场卫生学调查等资料进行分析。[结果]本组病例类型多样，以急性白血病（73．3％）和髓性白血病（93．3％）为主。苯致白血病的潜隐期长短差异较大（5个月～12年），平均42．8个月；低剂量接触苯的工作场所，仍有苯白血病的发生。[结论]必须从根本上预防，严格限制苯作为稀释剂或溶剂的使用，减少苯中毒带来的损害。     

苯白血病患者GSTμ基因缺失情况分析

目的：探讨苯白血病患者ＧＳＴμ基因缺失频度，为进一步研究ＧＳＴμ基因缺失与苯白血病之间的关系寻找线索。方法：采用聚合酶链反应（Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ Ｃｈａｉｎ Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）技术检测ＧＳＴμ基因型。结果：苯白血病组ＧＳＴμ基因缺失率为７３．５３％，明显高于白血病组（４４．４４％）和对照组（４６．８８％）（Ｐ〈０．０１）。苯白血病组的相对危险度为３．１５，说明在同样接触苯的情况下，ＧＳＴμ基因缺失者患苯白血病的危险性是ＧＳＴμ基因携带者的３．１５倍。结论：ＧＳＴμ基因缺失可能是苯白血病的危险性因素之一。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.